Ovarian cancer is a form of cancer that is not often talked about. It is a type of cancer that grows in the ovaries, which are the main part of the female reproductive system. Women who are diagnosed with this form of cancer often do not exhibit any symptoms in the early stages of the disease, which can make it difficult to catch. Unfortunately, this also means that the cancer has typically spread to other parts of the body by the time it is detected, making it more difficult to treat successfully. While the thought can be scary, it is important to understand the various ovarian cancer symptoms, in order to catch it as early as possible. In this article, we'll explore everything you need to know about ovarian cancer- from risk factors and symptoms to ovarian cancer stages diagnosis, treatments, and more. We hope our insights leave you feeling educated and empowered in your battle against ovarian cancer!

What is ovarian cancer?

Women have two ovaries which are an important part of the female reproductive system. Ovaries are located on each side of the uterus and produce eggs and hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone. Ovarian cancer can start in one or both ovaries, when abnormal cells grow and multiply out of control and even in the abdominal lining, called the peritoneum. Like other cancers, ovarian cancer can invade and grow spreading to other tissues and organs leading to a condition known as metastasis. Epithelial ovarian cancer is reported to be the most common type of ovarian cancer, in which cancer cells start growing on the surface of the ovary.

Symptoms of ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer-related symptoms are hard to find in its earliest stages, and is often detected in the advanced stage of cancer.  So it is always recommended to consult a gynaecologist in cases of irregular menstruation or any abnormalities related to the female reproductive system. The ovarian cancer symptoms include:

• Vaginal bleeding (not occuring because of menstruation)
• Irregular menstrual periods
• Watery or white vaginal discharge that contains blood
• Urge to urinate frequently
• Discomfort in the pelvic area
• Fullness after eating less amount of food
• Bleeding from the vagina after menopause
• Gastrointestinal problems like bloating
• Swelling in the lower abdomen
• Pain in the lower belly
• Constipation
• Painful intercourse
• Fatigue

Risk factors associated with ovarian cancer

According to studies, there is no particular way to prevent ovarian cancer, but we might be able to reduce the chances of developing this disease by understanding a few risk factors, such as: 

• Women with advancing age between 50 to 79 years are at a higher risk of getting this cancer
• Inherited gene mutations (such as BRCA): The genes that are responsible for ovarian cancer are breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) and breast cancer gene 2 (BRCA2), which increase the risk for breast or ovarian cancer. You can consult with your doctor about getting gene testing, especially if the risk runs in your family.
• Certain post-menopausal conditions can trigger the cells of the female reproductive system to mutate, leading to ovarian cancer.
• Birth control:Most studies have found that women using oral contraceptives or taking long-acting progesterone shots every 3 months for birth control have a slightly higher risk of ovarian cancer than women who have never used them.
• Being overweight or obese has been directly linked to having a higher risk of developing many cancers, including ovarian cancer.
• Postmenopausal hormone therapy,in which oestrogen combined with progesterone has been used to help relieve symptoms of menopause, have been found to increase the risk of developing cancer.
• Having a family history of endometrial cancer or colorectal cancer can also raise the risk of developing ovarian cancer.

Stages of ovarian cancer

After diagnosing ovarian cancer, healthcare professionals assess its stage and grade to develop an effective treatment plan. There are four ovarian cancer stages, determined by the extent of the disease's spread.

• Stage I: In this ovarian cancer stage, cancer is present in both ovaries and fallopian tubes and in the space around the ovary (called the peritoneal cavity).
• Stage II: In this stage, the cancer is not only in the ovaries but has spread to the uterus and also to other nearby structures in the pelvis.
• Stage III: In this stage, the tumour is 2 centimetres or more in size, and has spread beyond the pelvic area, lymph nodes and it could impact other organs, like the liver and spleen.
• Stage IV: Stage IV cancer is the most severe stage in which the cancer has spread to the inside of organs such as the liver or spleen, and also to the lymph nodes of the groin or into the chest.

Types of ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancers are divided based on the cell in which they form. Three main common types of ovarian cancer have been reported so far namely:

• Epithelial cells which occur in the lining of the ovary
• Germ cells that forms eggs which help in reproduction
• Stromal cells that form the structure of ovaries and help in hormone release

How is ovarian cancer diagnosed?

A doctor diagnoses ovarian cancer based on the existing signs and symptoms and may ask for a medical history, and a thorough physical examination. Here are a few steps that a doctor make take in the process of diagnosis:

1. The doctor will first ask about family and medical history, since a family history of cancer or the presence of any existing medical conditions raises the risk of ovarian cancer.
2. CA 125 blood test: This test measures the level of Cancer Antigen 125 (CA 125) protein in the blood. High levels of this antigen may indicate the presence of ovarian cancer.
3. Pelvic exam: The doctor will examine the cervixand assess the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes for any sort of lump. The doctor may take a small sample of cells from the which is then sent to a pathology lab.
4. Ultrasound: In this method, high-energy sound waves are used to create echoes that form a distinct picture of the pelvic area tissues.
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging: This is a powerful technique that uses magnets and radio waves to create clear images of the ovaries.
6. Computed Tomography (CT) scan: This technique involves the use of a powerful X-ray that makes detailed images of our body.

How is ovarian cancer treated? 

The standard approach for ovarian cancer treatment typically includes a combination of surgery and chemotherapy. During surgery, doctors remove the cancerous tissue through an operation. Chemotherapy, on the other hand, involves the use of special medications to either shrink or eliminate the cancer. These medications can be taken orally or administered intravenously, and in some cases, a combination of both methods may be used.

Another treatment option for ovarian cancer is targeted therapies, which specifically target cancer cells in order to inhibit their growth or spread. These targeted therapy drugs can be taken orally or given through intravenous infusion. To determine the most suitable targeted ovarian cancer treatment specifically for you, your doctor may recommend genetic testing.

Can ovarian cancer be prevented?

While cancer cannot be prevented, there are certain things you can do to reduce your chances of developing this disease, especially if you are at a high risk of getting it. These include:

• Using birth control pills for five or more years.
• Undergoing tubal ligation, removal of ovaries or fallopian tubes, or a hysterectomy.
• Having children and considering breastfeeding for a year or more.
• Genetic testing could also help to look for a change in the genes responsible for ovarian cancer.
• Maintain a healthy weight, as studies show being overweight may increase the risk of getting cancer

Remember to consult your doctor to discuss personalised strategies for reducing your risk. While these methods can be effective, it's important to weigh the risks and benefits associated with each option. For example, while birth control pills can lower ovarian cancer risk, they may increase the chances of breast cancer. Take proactive steps, but understand that there is no guarantee against cancer.

Conclusion 

While educating yourself is certainly an invaluable way to protect yourself from ovarian cancer, it's equally important to take further proactive steps like getting health insurance. Having health insurance can give you access to services that may help spot ovarian cancer in its early stages. Additionally, many health insurance plans cover expensive treatments and medications that will be helpful if you do develop ovarian cancer further down the road. We hope this article has shed light on what you need to know about ovarian cancer, but the main takeaway here is simple: knowledge is power! Equip yourself with strategies of protection in order to keep yourself safe against this severe disease.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

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• Uterine Cancer Treatment: A Comprehensive Guide
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• Uterine Fibroids Treatment: Options and Considerations
• Understanding Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment

Chickenpox might seem like a harmless childhood rite of passage, but the viral disease warrants closer attention. Increasing reports of its occurrence have been reported among adults in recent times. While the itchy blisters and mild fever tend to resolve on their own, chickenpox poses certain risks—particularly for babies, pregnant women, and those with weakened immune systems. This blog will explore the chickenpox virus in depth, including how it spreads, common symptoms, and treatment options.

What is Chickenpox?

Chickenpox is a contagious disease brought on by the Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV). It can cause an extremely itchy, blister-like rash, among other chickenpox symptoms. The rash first appears on the chest, back, and face and then spreads over the entire body. It is transmitted from person to person through direct contact and usually lasts for five to seven days.

Symptoms of Chickenpox

The chickenpox rash appears 10 to 21 days after exposure to the varicella-zoster virus. It often lasts about 5 to 10 days. Other chickenpox symptoms that may appear 1 to 2 days before the onset of the rash include:

• Fever
• Appetite loss
• Headaches
• Tiredness

Once the chickenpox rash appears, it undergoes three phases:

• Raised bumps called papules break out over a few days.
• Small fluid-filled blisters called vesicles form in about one day and then break and leak.
• Chickenpox causes crusts and scabs, which cover the broken vesicles and take some more time to heal. For the next few days, new bumps will keep showing up. You may even have bumps, blisters, and scabs simultaneously. This virus can be spread to other people for up to 48 hours before the appearance of the rash. And the virus stays contagious until all the broken blisters have finally crusted over.

The disease is relatively mild in healthy kids. But sometimes, the rash can cover the entire body, which can cause great discomfort. Blisters may even form in the throat and eyes. They may also form within the inside of the urethra, anus, and vagina.

Chickenpox symptoms in adults who did not get the disease as kids may be similar to those seen in children, but they could be more serious.

Causes of Chickenpox

A virus called varicella-zoster causes chickenpox. This highly contagious virus belongs to the family of herpesviruses, which also includes herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, Epstein-Barr virus, and others. Chickenpox spreads through direct contact with the rash. It can also spread when an infected individual coughs or sneezes and breathes in the air droplets.

How Does Chickenpox Spread?

Individuals who have never had chickenpox, have never received the vaccination, or have a weakened immune system are at the greatest risk of acquiring the infection. Chickenpox is easily transmitted by touching an infected person's blisters, saliva, or mucus. The virus can also spread through the air by coughing and sneezing. It can be spread indirectly by touching an infected person's freshly contaminated items, like clothing. A person with shingles can also cause chickenpox in a person who has never had chickenpox through direct contact. It's important to remember that dry and crusted blisters are no longer contagious.

Diagnosis of chickenpox

Diagnosing chickenpox involves a clinical evaluation based on the characteristic symptoms. The distinctive itchy rash with fluid-filled blisters, fever, and fatigue is a crucial indicator of chickenpox. A doctor or nurse will directly know whether a child or adult has chickenpox by recognising a person's telltale rash and asking a few questions about their symptoms.

If a person is not vaccinated and is unsure of contracting chickenpox as a child, laboratory tests can determine the virus's presence in the body. Adults who have had chickenpox as children will not get the disease again because they develop immunity to the virus. Testing also helps doctors distinguish the symptoms of chickenpox from other conditions with similar symptoms, such as shingles, which is brought on by the same virus that causes chickenpox.

Treatment of Chickenpox

Chickenpox has no cure, but it usually resolves within a week or two without treatment. A doctor may prescribe medication for severe conditions and can advise you on reducing symptoms of itchiness and discomfort.

The following are some chickenpox treatments that may alleviate symptoms:

• Pain-relieving drugs: Acetaminophen may help reduce a high fever and pain when a person has chickenpox. This has to be taken as per the instructions provided by the doctor. Avoid using aspirin-containing products to treat chickenpox, as this can lead to complications.
• Avoiding dehydration: Drink plenty of fluids, preferably water, to prevent dehydration as it can complicate chickenpox.
• Limit certain foods. Avoid salty or spicy foods. If chewing is painful, soup is a good option, but avoid making it too hot.
• Reduce itching: Although difficult, it is essential to minimise scratching to reduce scarring. Topical ointments or cool bath tablets can be helpful.

The following may also help prevent scratching:

• Place soft gloves or even socks over a child's hands when they go to sleep so they do not scratch themselves during the night
• Wear loose clothing

A doctor may prescribe an antiviral medication for pregnant women who get an early diagnosis, for newborn babies, and for those with a compromised immune system.

How Can Chickenpox Be Prevented?

Prevention of chickenpox involves a combination of vaccination, good hygiene practices, and isolation measures. Here are essential preventive measures:

• Vaccination: Ensure that children receive the recommended two doses of the chickenpox vaccine as part of routine immunisation schedules. Adults susceptible to chickenpox or without the disease should also consider vaccination.
• Isolation: Keep individuals with chickenpox isolated from others, especially those who are not immune, until all blisters have crusted over. Avoid as much physical contact as possible with infected people to prevent the spread of the virus.
• Hygiene Practices: Encourage regular washing of hands with soap and clean water, especially if you've had direct contact with an infected person or their belongings. Teach respiratory hygiene, such as covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing to stop the virus from being transmitted.
• Avoiding High-Risk Situations: Individuals with weakened immune systems or pregnant women who are not immune should avoid contact with those infected with chickenpox.

Complications Associated with Chickenpox

Among unvaccinated people who develop chickenpox, a few may have more severe symptoms. Adults are more prone to developing complications than children, but even in adults, it is a rare occurrence.

Contact a doctor if any of the following symptoms show up:

• Infection: If the skin surrounding the spots and blisters becomes red and tender or sore. This may be an indication of a bacterial infection.
• Breathing problems: If a person has breathing difficulties, they may develop pneumonia, which must be addressed immediately.
• Encephalitis: A person can develop inflammation of the brain. Symptoms include confusion, sleepiness, behaviour, or personality changes.
• Reye's syndrome: In rare cases, recovering children and teenagers may develop swelling of the liver and brain.
• Bleeding: A person can experience haemorrhage, which is characterised by blood loss from a ruptured blood vessel.
• Sepsis: An improper response to chickenpox infection within the body may cause sepsis, which is a medical emergency that can lead to organ failure and even death. This is very rare.

Pregnant women have a slightly higher chance of developing pneumonia due to chickenpox. There is also a risk of the mother passing the infection on to her foetus. There is a higher risk of the foetus developing congenital varicella syndrome if the infection occurs during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. This can cause severe scarring in the foetus, as well as eyesight issues, brain drainage, and shortened arms or legs.

Conclusion

Understanding the various symptoms, treatment options, and preventive measures for chickenpox is crucial for maintaining public health. Vaccination remains the most effective tool in curbing the spread of this infectious disease. Promoting good hygiene practices and awareness can also contribute to a safer and healthier community. Moreover, comprehensive health insurance coverage is vital in ensuring access to timely medical care, covering potential complications, and easing the financial burden associated with healthcare expenses.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Lymphoma is the general term for a group of blood cancers that occurs in our lymphatic system. This vital system is made up of a network of tissues, vessels and organs that helps in fighting infections in our body. This cancer is also known as blood cancer, as it starts in the white blood cells (lymphocytes) in the lymphatic system. A specific reason for the occurrence of lymphoma and related cancer cannot be attributed to any specific cause and the research continues. In this article, we will explore what is lymphoma, its causes, treatment options and more.

What is lymphoma?

Lymphoma, a type of cancer, affects the lymphatic system that plays a vital role in defending the body against infection.  This type of cancer can quickly metastasize or spread to different tissues and organs like the liver, bone marrow, spleen, thymus and lungs. It can occur at any age, but the most commonly reported cases of lymphoma are of children and young adults aged 15-24 years. There are 2 main types of lymphoma: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is the most common type that develops from B and T lymphocytes (cells) present in the lymph nodes or tissues throughout the body. Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer of the immune system that involves abnormal large B lymphocytes that usually moves from one lymph node to an adjacent one.

Symptoms of lymphoma

The most common lymphoma symptoms can include:

• Swelling of one or more lymph nodes that does not cause pain
• High fever persisting for a longer period without infection
• Unexplained weight loss
• Loss of appetite
• Persistent fatigue or tiredness
• Sweaty nights
• Unusual itching
• Shortness of breath
• Cough and chest pain
• Swelling in armpits, neck or abdomen
• Bruising or Bleeding

Causes of Lymphoma

Doctors do not understand the real lymphoma causes. However, there are certain factors that can increase our risk of developing lymphoma. These include:

• Genetics: Disease-fighting white blood cells go through genetic mutation and continue to multiply in the lymphatic fluid. As a result, cancer spreads to the patient's lymph nodes, liver and spleen.
• Viral disease: There is an increased risk of acquiring lymphoma after exposure to certain viruses including HIV(human immunodeficiency virus) and Epstein-Barr (causes mononucleosis)
• Weak immune system: A person would be at higher risk of developing lymphoma if their immune systemis weakened by other conditions or medical treatments. For example,  people who undergo organ transplantation and have to take immunosuppressant medication to keep their bodies from rejecting the transplanted organ would have a weak immune system.
• Autoimmune disease: Individuals with autoimmune diseases have an increased susceptibility to blood cancer, a condition in which the body mistakenly targets its own cells. Conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and celiac disease are associated with a heightened risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

How is Lymphoma diagnosed?

To diagnose lymphoma in a suspected patient, a doctor will perform a biopsy by removing cells from an enlarged lymph node which is then sent to a hematopathologist for examination. The other tests to diagnose lymphoma are:

• Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: This technique involves the use of powerful X-rays that create detailed pictures inside the body
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET): This scan is done to acquire a three-dimensional image, to look for lymphoma in the bone marrow.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging: It is a powerful technique that uses magnets and radio waves to acquire images of the lymph nodes.
• Bone Marrow Biopsy: Bone marrow biopsy, in which a small amount of liquid is taken from the bone marrow, is done to identify if cells present in the bone marrow are cancerous or not.
• Gland Biopsy: It involves the biopsy of lymph nodes or tissue of the nearby cells
• Ultrasound: In this method, high-energy sound waves are used to create echoes that form a picture of the abdominal organs.
• Lumbar puncture: This is performed where a small amount of fluid from the spine is removed and tested for cancer cell growth.

How is lymphoma treated?

Lymphoma treatment can vary based on the type of lymphoma, its stage and symptoms, and the associated health risk to the patient. These include the following therapies:

• Chemotherapy uses certain drugs to destroy cancer cells or stop them from multiplying further.
• Radiation Therapy is the type of treatment that involves utilising high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells. This type of therapy is done in patients that do not need to undergo surgery.
• Targeted therapy utilizes drugs and other substances to target specific cancer cells.
• Immunotherapy therapy drugs like nivolumab and pembrolizumab are also given to the lymphoma patient which uses the body’s T cells to attack the cancer cells.
• Stem cell transplant: If the doctor doesn’t see any improvement with these treatments, the patient undergoes chemotherapy in an attempt to destroy as many cancer cells as possible, after which, a stem cell transplant is carried out, where stem cells from a donor are transplanted to the cancer patient to replace the damaged cells.

What to expect from the condition?

Being diagnosed with bone marrow cancer can be a life-altering experience that is both emotionally and physically challenging. Coping with the news and managing the range of physical changes can seem overwhelming, but it's important to remember that you're not alone. Establishing and fostering a support network is essential for navigating the challenges of treatment. The unwavering support of friends, family, and healthcare professionals offers encouragement, guidance, and a compassionate ear. Although the journey may present obstacles, rest assured that there are accessible resources to help you navigate the tough times with ease. Remember, it's okay to ask for support and to take things one day at a time.

How to take care of yourself?

Receiving a diagnosis of bone marrow cancer can be overwhelming for patients and their loved ones alike. Thus, involving yourself in activities like meditation, and breathing exercises can help to ease stress and can improve the quality of life. Cancer patients can enroll themselves in cancer wellbeing programs which can mentally help them to stay strong. Eating healthy and staying physically active can also help manage side effects of treatment. Managing stress and seeking emotional support can also improve your well-being. Remember to take things one step at a time and seek help when needed.

Conclusion 

The journey of being diagnosed with cancer and receiving treatment is a tremendous challenge. Timely diagnosis has a significant impact on the effectiveness of treatment. To provide appropriate care for cancer patients, a strong financial state is necessary to cover the expenses of treatment. Health insurance can be an instrumental tool for anyone facing a cancer diagnosis. This is because health insurance can provide invaluable financial support, ensuring that cancer patients receive the diagnosis and treatment they require without enduring the added stress of mounting medical bills. So, just remember, with prompt detection of lymphoma symptoms and appropriate care, one can effectively combat cancer treatment.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

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• Understanding Lymphopenia: Unveiling Its Causes
• What lymphocyte count is considered dangerous?
• Causes of Hairy Cell Leukemia: Unraveling the Origins of a Unique Blood Disorder
• Causes of Leukemia: Unraveling the Origins of Blood Cancer

Tuberculosis occurs worldwide and remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in many countries, including India. There were an estimated 10.4 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths caused by TB globally in 2015. Of these, there were an estimated 2.8 million new cases in India, and 0.48 million people died in India due to TB in 2015.

It is a cause for concern as India stands first in terms of absolute number of cases. Let us dive deeper into the tuberculosis meaning and its other aspects.

What is tuberculosis?

Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily targets the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. It spreads through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

Only some people infected with tuberculosis bacteria become sick immediately. Some may develop latent TB infection, where the bacteria are present but do not cause illness. In such cases, tuberculosis causes no symptoms, and the person is not contagious.

Types of tuberculosis

There are several stages and forms of the disease:

• Primary TB: This is the first stage of a tuberculosis infection. Your immune system may be able to fight off the germs. But sometimes, it doesn’t destroy all of them, and they keep multiplying. You may not have any TB symptoms at this stage, or you might have a few flu-like symptoms.
• Latent TB Infection: Latent TB infection occurs when the TB bacteria are present in the body but are not actively causing illness. Individuals with latent TB do not experience symptoms and are not contagious.
• Active TB Disease: Active TB disease occurs when the bacteria become active and cause illness. Common symptoms include a persistent cough, chest pain, fatigue, weight loss, and fever.
• Active TB outside the lungs: A tuberculosis infection that spreads from your lungs to other parts of the body is known as extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Your symptoms will depend on which part of your body the infection affects.

Symptoms of tuberculosis

Active tuberculosis symptoms in the lungs include:

• A cough that lasts more than three weeks
• Chest pain
• Coughing up blood
• Feeling tired all the time
• Night sweats
• Chills
• Fever
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
  
  

When TB is outside the lungs, you may have these same symptoms, along with pain near the infected area.

Causes of tuberculosis

The bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes TB. It spreads when an infected person talks, coughs, or sneezes, releasing tiny droplets containing the bacteria into the air. People nearby can inhale these droplets and become infected.

Risk factors for tuberculosis

You're more likely to get tuberculosis if:

• A friend, co-worker, or family member has active TB.
• You live in or have travelled to an area where TB is common, like Russia, Africa, Eastern Europe, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean.
• You're part of a group in which TB is more likely to spread, or you work or live with someone who is diagnosed with TB. This includes unhoused people, people with HIV, those in jail or prison, and those who inject drugs.
• You work or live in a hospital or nursing home.
• You're a healthcare worker for patients at high risk of TB.
• You're a smoker.

You're at higher risk of developing active TB if you have:

• HIV or AIDS
• Diabetes
• Severe kidney disease
• Head or neck cancer
• Low body weight and poor nutrition

Or use:

• Cancer treatments such as chemotherapy
• Medications for organ transplants
• Certain drugs to treat rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and psoriasis

Babies and young children are at higher risk of developing active TB because their immune systems aren't fully formed. Children under 5, teens and young adults aged 15-25, and adults aged 65 and older are most likely to get active tuberculosis.

Diagnosis of tuberculosis

Prompt and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective TB management. If someone shows symptoms or has been in contact with a TB-infected person, seeking medical attention for proper testing is crucial.

Tuberculin Skin Test (TST): This standard method involves a tuberculosis test by injecting a small amount of TB protein under the skin. After 48 to 72 hours, a healthcare provider checks for a raised bump at the injection site. This helps determine if the person has been infected with TB.

There are two common tests for tuberculosis:

• Tuberculosis skin testing

This is also known as the Mantoux tuberculin skin test. A technician injects a small amount of fluid into the skin of your lower arm. After 2-3 days, the person checks for swelling in your arm. You might have to undergo this test more than once.

• Tuberculosis blood testing

These tests, also called interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs), measure the response when TB proteins are mixed with a small amount of your blood.

Treatment of tuberculosis

• Most cases are cured with antibiotics. But it takes a long time. You have to take medications for at least 6 to 9 months. Your tuberculosis treatment will depend on your infection. If you have latent TB, your doctor will give you medication to kill the bacteria so the infection doesn't become active.

• Your doctor may prescribe Isoniazid, Rifampin, or Rifapentin, either alone or combined. You'll have to take the drugs for three months or more. If you see any signs of active TB, call your doctor right away.

• A combination of medicines also treats active TB. The most common are Ethambutol, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Rifampin. You may have to take them for 6 to 12 months.

• If you have drug-resistant TB, your doctor might give you one or more different medicines. You may have to take them for up to 30 months, and they can cause more side effects.

However, some strains of TB are resistant to antibiotics. Bacteria become drug-resistant because of changes in their genetic makeup. That can happen randomly. But when antibiotics are overprescribed or misused, this speeds up the process.

Side-effects of tuberculosis

Like any medication, TB drugs can have side effects. Common Isoniazid side effects include:

• Numbness and tingling in your hands and feet
• Upset stomach, nausea, and vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Weakness

Ethambutol side effects include:

• Chills
• Painful or swollen joints
• Belly pain, nausea, and vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Headache
• Confusion
• Eye issues such as pain and vision problems

Some side effects of Pyrazinamide include:

• Lack of energy
• Nausea and vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Muscle or joint pain

Common Rifampin side effects include:

• Skin rash
• Upset stomach, nausea, and vomiting
• Brown urine
• Yellowish skin or eyes (jaundice)
• Diarrhoea
• Loss of appetite

Complications of tuberculosis

Tuberculosis infection can cause complications, such as:

• Joint damage
• Lung damage
• Infection or damage of your bones, spinal cord, brain, or lymph nodes
• Liver or kidney problems
• Inflammation of the tissues around your heart

How can tuberculosis be prevented?

If you're travelling to a place where TB is common, avoid spending a lot of time in crowded places with sick people. If you have a latent infection, take all your medication so it doesn't become active and contagious.

In case you have active TB, you'll need to take care to protect others from infection during your first few weeks of treatment.

• Limit contact with other people

If you live with others, sleep in a separate room and isolate yourself as much as possible.

• Prevention

Cover your mouth when you laugh, sneeze, or cough. Wear a surgical mask when you're around other people.

• Keep your space ventilated

Open windows, and use a fan. Germs spread more easily in poorly ventilated places.

Conclusion

Understanding tuberculosis, its types, symptoms, and causes is crucial for early detection and effective management. Public awareness, vaccination, and improved living conditions play vital roles in preventing the spread of TB within communities. Additionally, having access to health insurance ensures that individuals can afford timely medical care.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Typhoid or enteric fever is mainly caused by the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi bacteria and also, to a lesser extent, by Salmonella Paratyphi A. Humans are the only reservoir for these organisms. The primary sources of infection are the stool and urine of infected persons, with the essential carriers being contaminated water, food, and flies. The causative agent for this gastrointestinal infection is either waterborne or foodborne. The onset and severity of the disease mainly depend on the organism’s virulence and the infective dose.

Economically developing nations face the disease as a significant public health problem, particularly low-income countries of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, where most of the population strives for safe water and have access to limited sanitation and hygiene infrastructure. A large-scale community study conducted in India in an urban slum setting has described the incidence of the disease as high as 2/1000 population/year under five years of age and 5.1/1000 population/year under ten years of age. A similar study from north India has reported that most cases occurred in children aged 5-12 years, wherein 24.8 per cent of cases were in children up to 6 years of age.

What is Typhoid?

Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection that can spread throughout the body, affecting many organs. Without prompt treatment, it can cause severe complications and even be fatal. Typhoid is caused by a bacterium called Salmonella typhi, which is related to the bacteria that cause salmonella food poisoning. It spreads between individuals through direct contact with the faeces of a person with an infection. No animals carry this disease, so transmission is always from human to human. S. typhi enters through the mouth and spends 1-3 weeks in the intestine. Then, it goes through the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream. From the bloodstream, it spreads into other tissues and organs. The host’s immune system can do little to fight back because S. typhi can live within the host’s cells, safe from the immune system.

Symptoms of Typhoid

Typhoid symptoms typically begin 1-3 weeks after contact with the bacteria. The two main symptoms of typhoid are fever and rash. Typhoid fever is exceptionally high, gradually increasing over several days and reaching up to 104ºF. The rash, which does not affect every infected person, consists of rose-coloured spots, particularly on the neck and abdomen. 

Other symptoms that typhoid causes include:

• Diarrhoea
• Loss of Appetite
• Bloating
• Nausea
• Weakness
• Abdominal Pain
• Constipation
• Headache

Causes of Typhoid

Now, let’s look at what causes typhoid.

Typhoid is caused by the bacteria S. typhi. It spreads through food, drinks, and water contaminated with infected faecal matter. Washing fruit and vegetables with water that is contaminated can also spread it. Some people have typhoid without experiencing any symptoms. Others continue to harbour the bacteria after the symptoms have disappeared. Sometimes, the disease can reappear. Those who test positive for typhoid may not be allowed to work with children or older adults until medical tests are negative.

Who is Usually at Risk?

Typhoid fever is the most prevalent in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. People living, working, or travelling to places where typhoid is prevalent are at risk of contracting the bacteria. Typhoid outbreaks can happen in areas where sanitation and hygiene are insufficient. In the food industry, local outbreaks tend to occur where someone carrying the virus transmits it via food. People who work in restaurants or other food-related businesses may be more at risk. Most infected individuals feel better about a week after starting treatment with antibiotics. But if left untreated, typhoid fever complications can cause death in some cases.

Diagnosis of Typhoid

Diagnosing typhoid fever involves clinical assessment, laboratory tests, and the patient’s medical history. The common and most reliable diagnostic methods include blood cultures, wherein a sample of the patient’s blood, faeces, or urine is tested for the presence of the Salmonella typhi bacterium. The bacteria may not always be detected the first time so that you may need a series of tests. Such laboratory tests may include a complete blood count (CBC) for abnormalities. A Widal test helps detect specific antibodies against Salmonella typhi. These tests help confirm the bacteria’s presence and rule out the possibility of other illnesses with similar symptoms.

Treatment of Typhoid

The treatment of typhoid mainly involves consuming antibiotics to flush out the Salmonella typhi bacteria from the body. Common antibiotics prescribed include Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, and Azithromycin. The choice of antibiotics may depend on the severity of the illness, local antibiotic resistance patterns, and individual body suitability. 

Always complete the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by your doctor. Failure to do so can lead to the presence of hostile bacteria in the body, leading to antibiotic resistance. 

Supportive care is also essential, including remaining hydrated through oral rehydration solutions. In severe cases, the doctor may recommend administering intravenous fluids. Maintaining proper nutrition supports the body’s healing process.

Recent medical advancements have successfully treated typhoid fever within three days, which used to take 10-14 days earlier. This is from administering third-generation Cephalosporins, such as Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, and Cefoperazone. 

How can Typhoid be Prevented?

Countries with less access to clean water and washing facilities typically record higher typhoid cases. Preventing typhoid fever involves a combination of vaccination, good hygiene practices, and avoiding contaminated food and water.

Sometimes, a doctor may treat a person pre-emptively with antibiotics if they know the person will be in an area where the condition is endemic. Typically, they will prescribe Ceftriaxone or Cefixime along with Azithromycin.

Other preventive measures include the following —

• Vaccination: Before travelling to a high-risk area, a person should receive a vaccine against typhoid fever. The typhoid vaccine is available as an oral medication or a one-off injection.
• Capsule: This is a live, attenuated vaccine for adults and children over the age of 6 years. It consists of four tablets that a person should take every alternate day, the last of which is at least one week before travel. 
• Shot: This is an inactivated vaccine needed two weeks before travel for adults and children over the age of 2 years. A previously vaccinated person should get a booster shot two weeks before travelling.

The typhoid vaccine is only 50-80% effective, so a person should still exercise caution when eating, drinking, and coming into contact with people. Anyone living with HIV should not take the live, oral dose. The vaccine may also have adverse effects. 

After the oral vaccine, a person may experience:

• GI (Gastrointestinal) issues
• Nausea
• Headache
• Some people may faint after being vaccinated

However, severe side effects are rare with vaccines.

The following are some general rules to follow in locations where typhoid is prevalent, as these will help minimise the likelihood of typhoid infection:

• Drink bottled water, preferably carbonated.
• If there is no access to bottled water, boil available water for at least 1 minute before consumption.
• Be wary of eating anything that someone else has handled.
• Avoid eating at street food stands, and only eat food that is still hot.
• Do not have ice in drinks.
• Avoid raw fruit and vegetables; peel the fruit yourself, and do not eat the peel.
• Travellers to typhoid-affected areas should be particularly cautious. Besides vaccination, follow safe food and water practices, choose reputable food establishments, and be mindful of personal hygiene.

Complications Associated with Typhoid

A person with severe typhoid fever may experience severe vomiting, diarrhoea, and abdominal bloating. Such a condition requires immediate hospitalisation.

A person can also experience the following complications:

• Internal bleeding in the digestive system and ulcers
• Bowel perforation leads to peritonitis. This occurs in about 8-39% of people
• Sepsis
• Lung complications, such as abscess, empyema, or bronchopleural fistula
• Typhoid encephalopathy, which has a 55% mortality rate
• Meningitis
• Neurologic symptoms such as psychosis and muscle rigidity
• Myocarditis or Pericarditis

Conclusion

We recommend understanding and implementing preventive measures against typhoid fever as crucial to safeguarding individual and community health. Vaccination, proper hygiene practices, and access to clean water significantly reduce the risk of infection and the severity of the disease. One vital aspect often overlooked in health protection is the importance of health insurance. In the event of unexpected illnesses such as typhoid, health insurance provides a financial safety net, ensuring that individuals can access timely medical care.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Are you worried about your oral health? Have you been experiencing unexplained mouth pain or sore areas inside your mouth? Then it’s possible that you could be at risk for developing mouth cancer. In this article, we’ll answer all your questions about mouth cancer, such as “What is mouth cancer”, “What causes mouth cancer”, and much more, so that you have peace of mind when it comes to your overall wellness.

What is Mouth cancer?

So, what is oral cancer? Oral, or mouth cancer, is a severe disease that affects the lips, tongue, gums, and other areas in the mouth. It starts as a small lesion or bump that may initially go unnoticed, but it can rapidly grow and spread to other body parts. One of the most alarming things about mouth cancer is that it can be quite the challenge to detect  in its early stages, but there are certain symptoms to be aware of, which we will discuss in the next section.

Symptoms of Mouth cancer

It’s important to know what are the symptoms of mouth cancer, as it helps to self-assess the disease and we can seek a doctor’s consultation immediately to confirm whether we have this type of cancer or not. The following symptoms are:

• Asore on our lip or mouth that won’t heal after taking treatment
• A mass or lump anywhere in the mouth
• Bleeding gum and loosening of teeth
• Pain or difficulty in swallowing
• Trouble wearing dentures
• Alump in the neck region
• An earache that won’t go away
• Unexplained weight loss
• Lower lip, face, neck, or chin numbness
• White, red and white, or red patches on the inner lining of one’s mouth and tongue
• Hoarseness in voice and chronic sore throat
• Swelling and pain in the jaw or stiffness while opening the mouth
• Tongue pain
• Excessive salivation
• Swollen lymph nodes in the neck

In case you notice any of these changes in your mouth or nearby areas, you should contact your health care professional immediately to diagnose oral cancer disease at the initial stages.

Causes And Risk Factors Of Mouth Cancer

Cancer occurs when a genetic alteration causes cells to grow uncontrollably, forming a tumour. Over time, these cells can spread to other areas of the body. Squamous cell carcinoma is responsible for approximately 90% of mouth cancers, originating in the squamous cells that line the lips and inside of the mouth.

Although it is not completely clear what causes oral cancer, there are some factors that can increase a person's chances of developing this disease. These include:

• Tobacco use
• Heavy alcohol consumption
• Exposure to the human papillomavirus (HPV)

Apart from this, there are other factors that could increase your risk of getting mouth cancer, such as:

• Exposure to UV light from the sun
• Past radiation therapy for the neck or head
• Prolonged exposure to certain chemicals like sulfuric acid or formaldehyde
• Poor oral hygiene
• A weak immune system
• A family history of the disease

Additionally, age and gender can also play a role in the development of mouth cancer. By knowing the potential causes and risk factors of mouth cancer, individuals can take proactive steps to minimise their risk of this deadly disease.

Stages of Mouth cancer

There are four stages of oral cancer:

• Stage 1: The cancerous cells formed in the lining of the oral cavity start invading nearby cells. Generally, the size of the tumour is 2 cm or smaller and 5 mm deep. In this stage, cancer hasn’t spread to the surrounding areas.
• Stage 2:  The tumour spread size is 2-4 cm and 10 mm deep. In this stage 1 cancer hasn’t spread.
• Stage 3: In this stage of mouth cancer the bruise becomes more than 4 cm in size and 10 mm in depth. The cancerous cells in this stage start invading one or two lymph nodes but not to other parts of the body.
• Stage 4: At this last stage, the tumours are any size and th cancer cells have spread to nearby tissue and organs like jaw muscles, skulls, neck, lymph nodes, etc. This stage is also called metastasis, or advanced stage.

Complications related to mouth cancer

As with any form of cancer, early detection is key to successful treatment. It is thus important to be aware of the various symptoms associated with mouth cancer. Unfortunately, even with prompt treatment, there can be complications related to this disease. Some common complications include:

• Difficulty swallowing: Dysphasia is the medical term for having difficulty swallowing, as this process involves movement and interaction of muscles, which can be easily disrupted when the cell proliferates in the oral cavity.
• Disruption with speech: The radiotherapy and surgery involved in mouth cancer therapy can affect the process of speech which makes it difficult to pronounce certain sounds.
• Emotional impact: Being diagnosed with cancer and going through treatment is also one of the factors that trigger depression due to which we can feel down and hopeless.

How is Mouth cancer diagnosed?

The latest developments and innovations in the field of science have led scientists to diagnose cancer at early stages based on our symptoms, clinical examination, and blood test by using tumour markers and tissue biopsy of the suspected region in the body.

A biopsy is performed by removing a small part of the affected tissue to detect the presence of cancerous cells, the study is called histopathology to confirm the diagnosis of cancer. There are 3 main methods for carrying out a biopsy:

• Punch Biopsy: A tissue slice of the affected area is cut and examined in a histopathology laboratory to look for any cancerous cell
• Fine needle aspiration- A needle is used to draw out a small sample of tissue or fluids from the lump and then checked for cancerous cells.
• Panendoscopy- This method is used if the suspected tissue is at the back of our throat in the nasal cavity.

A doctor may run further tests to scan for the cancer that provide high resolution images such as:

• X-Ray
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan
• Computerised tomography (CT) scan
• Positron emission tomography (PET) scan

How is Mouth cancer treated?

The treatment of mouth cancer will depend on the type and size of the tumour and how far it has spread in the body as well as our general health. The treatment of cancer is not done by one oncologist but by a team of doctors called the ‘Tumour Board’ which comprises a surgical oncologist, medical oncologist, radiation oncologist, palliative care specialist, pathologist and radiologist.

So, based on the condition and general health of the patient; the doctor decides the treatment plan. If the cancer hasn't spread beyond the oropharynx that includes the throat at the back of our mouth, treatment may include a combination of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

If the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, then a patient is treated to slow the progress of the cancer and help relieve symptoms by using surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Doctors may recommend treatment procedures that include:

1. Surgery: In this procedure, the surgical removal of facial tissue is done on the area affected by the growth of cancer cells so that it cannot spread further to nearby organs.

2. Radiotherapy: This therapy is one of the most popular and effective medical treatments to treat mouth cancer patients. Here, radio-oncologists use radioactive chemicals or X-rays to kill the DNA structure of cancerous cells

3. Chemotherapy: This therapy involves doctors using chemical treatments that are given through an intravenous drip that helps in blocking cell growth resulting in the loss of ability of cancerous cells to reproduce inside the mouth.

4. Immunotherapy: In immunotherapy, doctors try to improve a patient's immune response by giving some drugs like pembrolizumab, cetuximab and nivolumab to fight against cancer.

Can Mouth Cancer Be Prevented?

While mouth cancer cannot be fully prevented, there are certain preventive measures we can take to lower our risk of developing the disease:

• Avoid smoking
• Avoid use of tobacco products
• Avoid alcohol consumption
• Avoid excess exposure to sun
• Regular dental checks
• Maintain a healthy diet
• Avoid consumption of betel nut

Following preventive measures can help us in getting an early diagnosis, which would effectively treat and cure mouth cancer.

Conclusion  

We hope this article has given you an insight into what is mouth cancer, a serious disease that shouldn’t be taken lightly. As for what to do next, make sure you have adequate health insurance in case of any type of emergency, as it could help cover the costs associated with diagnosis and treatment of mouth cancer. Keeping up with routine check-ups and taking extra care of your mouth can also go a long way in helping to prevent the onset of mouth cancer. Stay vigilant about your health and take steps today to make sure you’re safeguarding yourself from this disease. It may seem daunting at first, but by taking small yet meaningful actions, you'll be putting yourself in the best position for good oral hygiene- which is one step in the right direction!

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Related Articles:

• Mouth Cancer: Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
• Causes of Throat Cancer: Understanding the Origins of a Silent Threat
• Causes of Thyroid Cancer: Unraveling the Complex Origins of a Silent Threat
• Causes of Tongue Cancer: Understanding the Origins of a Silent Threat
• Understanding Throat Cancer Treatment Options

While not as widespread today as in previous times, leprosy is a severe disease with a long and complex history. This infectious disease is caused by the slow-growing bacteria Mycobacterium leprae, which can affect the skin, eyes, nerves, and nasal mucosa (nose lining). This disease is frequently misunderstood and stigmatised. Thus, there is a need to understand leprosy's meaning clearly to debunk the many myths associated with it. This article will explore everything you need to know about leprosy, from its symptoms to treatment.

What is Leprosy?

Leprosy is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium. This disease primarily affects the skin, nerves, and mucous membranes. Contrary to common belief, it is not highly contagious. It mainly spreads through respiratory droplets. The bacteria target the nervous system, leading to skin lesions and nerve damage. The incubation period can be lengthy, making early detection crucial for effective treatment.

Symptoms of Leprosy

Leprosy disease affects the skin and nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. It can also impact the eyes and the inner lining of the nose. The main leprosy symptoms include skin sores, lumps, or bumps that don't heal for a long time. These sores are flat and lighter in color compared to the surrounding skin.

Other symptoms include:

• Stiff, thick, or dry skin
• Skin growths
• Lumps or swelling on the face or ears

Additionally, nerve damage can cause:

• Loss of feeling in affected areas
• Weakness in muscles
• Eyesight problems
• Stuffy nose or nosebleeds (if the mucous membranes in the nose are affected)

When the condition advances, symptoms may include:

• Loss of eyebrows and/or eyelashes
• Sores on the soles of your feet
• Pain, redness, and burning
• Deformities of the nose, hands, and feet
• Blindness
• Shorter toes and fingers

Causes of Leprosy

The slow-growing bacterium Mycobacterium leprae causes leprosy. The proper transmission mode is not fully understood, but studies show it occurs through respiratory droplets when an infected person with untreated leprosy coughs or sneezes.

Several factors contribute to the development of leprosy, including:

• Prolonged Close Contact: Leprosy is not highly contagious, but prolonged and close contact with an untreated person carrying the bacteria increases the risk of transmission.
• Weakened Immune System: People with poor immune systems are more susceptible to getting leprosy
• Genetic Susceptibility: Some individuals could have a genetic predisposition that makes them more vulnerable to leprosy.

Forms of Leprosy

Specific symptoms and treatment of leprosy depend on the form of leprosy a person has. The types of leprosy include:

• Tuberculoid: This is a mild form and less contagious than other forms. People with this type have only one or a few patches of flat, pale-coloured skin. Nerve damage underneath this skin may make the skin feel numb.
• Lepromatous: This is a more severe and contagious form of leprosy. It causes widespread skin bumps and rashes, numbness, and muscle weakness. It may also cause damage to the nose, kidneys, and reproductive organs in men.
• Borderline: People with this form have symptoms of both the tuberculoid and lepromatous forms.

Doctors may also assess leprosy based on the number of lesions (sores) present, which is a more straightforward method:

• Single lesion paucibacillary (SLPB): One lesion (sore)
• Paucibacillary (PB): Two to five lesions
• Multibacillary (MB): Six or more lesions

Diagnosis of Leprosy

Diagnosing leprosy involves a combination of clinical evaluation, skin examinations, and laboratory tests. Critical steps in diagnosing leprosy include:

• Clinical Assessment

Doctors examine skin lesions and assess sensory and motor nerve function. The symptoms can be any one or more of these: skin patches with altered sensation, numbness, muscle weakness, and so on. A professional healthcare expert can detect it better.

• Skin Biopsy

A skin biopsy helps confirm the presence of Mycobacterium leprae. A small skin sample is taken from an affected area and examined under a microscope for the characteristic bacteria.

• Nerve Biopsy

To assess the damage caused by leprosy, some doctors undertake a nerve biopsy. The decision of whether to do it or not depends on professional experts.

Detecting any disease earlier is crucial because prevention is better than cure, and leprosy is no exception. Health workers, particularly in areas where leprosy is more prevalent, are trained to recognise the signs and symptoms of the disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends an approach based on clinical criteria for areas with limited resources, facilitating early detection and treatment.

Treatment of Leprosy

WHO recommends the standard Multidrug Therapy (MDT) approach for treating leprosy. Leprosy treatment aims to eliminate the bacteria causing leprosy, prevent further complications, and reduce the risk of transmission. Critical aspects of leprosy treatment include:

• Multidrug Therapy (MDT)

A treatment administered quite often in leprosy cases is drug therapy. A combination of antibiotics is prescribed. The most commonly used medications are dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine. This treatment depends on the type and severity of leprosy.

• Supervised Treatment

MDT is usually administered under supervision to ensure compliance and proper use of medications. This approach helps prevent the development of drug resistance.

• Monitoring and Follow-up

Regular monitoring of patients during and after treatment is essential. Follow-up examinations assess the response to treatment, monitor for potential side effects, and address potential complications.

• Dealing with Complications

Leprosy can lead to severe complications like deformities, ulcers, and nerve damage. Additional medical measures like surgeries or rehabilitation may be necessary for such issues.

Complications Associated With Leprosy

Without the right treatment, leprosy can cause permanent damage to the skin, nerves, arms, legs, feet, and eyes. Leprosy's complications can include:

• Loss of sight
• Iritis
• Thinning and losing hair
• Infertility
• Permanent swelling, bumps, and lumps on the face, which lead to disfiguration
• Erectile dysfunction and/or infertility in men
• Kidney damage leading to organ failure
• Muscle weakness that does not allow the patient to flex their feet or causes your hands to take on a claw-like form
• Permanent damage to the inside of the nose, causing nosebleeds and a stuffy nose
• Permanent nerve damage outside of the brain and spinal cord, like those in the arms, legs, and feet

Conclusion

Although leprosy was once widespread and surrounded by false beliefs, it is now effectively treated. Educating ourselves about its bacterial origin, the value of early detection, and the success of multidrug therapy has played a vital role in eliminating the misconceptions and the stigma associated with this disease. As we work towards eradicating leprosy, it's crucial to highlight the importance of health insurance. Having health insurance can play a crucial role in achieving a world free of leprosy by having access to timely and thorough medical treatment.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

An acute and highly contagious illness, smallpox is caused by the Variola virus, a member of the orthopoxvirus family. It was one of the most devastating diseases known to humanity and caused millions of deaths before being successfully eradicated. The smallpox virus is believed to have originated more than 3,000 years ago, either in India or Egypt. Widespread smallpox epidemics and the associated death tolls fill the pages of history books. 

Smallpox is transmitted between people when infected aerosols and air droplets spread in face-to-face contact with an infected person. Thankfully, this dreaded illness is treatable today. Let’s continue reading to have a fair understanding of smallpox and how it is treated. 

What is smallpox?

Smallpox is a potentially deadly disease. The variola virus causes smallpox, which manifests in two forms: Variola major, the more severe and lethal form, and Variola minor, the milder version. The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets or contact with contaminated objects, making it easily transferable. Smallpox has been a relentless adversary, wreaking havoc across continents and shaping the course of history. Its impact extends beyond individual health. It has caused widespread outbreaks and pandemics throughout history, influencing events globally. The severity of smallpox outbreaks has affected populations, leading to societal disruptions, economic challenges, and changes in the geopolitical landscape.

Symptoms of Smallpox

Smallpox causes different symptoms depending on the phase of the illness. Phases and associated smallpox symptoms include —

• Incubation period: Historical accounts show that when someone contracted the smallpox virus, they exhibited no symptoms for 7 to 19 days. The virus was not contagious during the incubation period.
• Early symptoms: Once the incubation period is over, the following flu-like symptoms occur

• High Fever
• Chills
• Headache
• Bodyache
• Vomiting

These symptoms last for 2 to 3 days. The virus is highly contagious during this time.

• Early rash: Just as the patient starts to feel better, a rash will appear. It begins on the face and eventually spreads to the hands, forearms, and all over the body. The virus will remain contagious until the rash disappears.
  
  
• Pustular rash: This rash develops into bumps filled with pus (abscesses) within two days of appearing. The pustules break open and scab over.

• Scabs: The scabs eventually fall off, leaving scars like pit marks. The virus remains contagious until all the scabs fall off.

Smallpox Vaccines

Smallpox vaccines have played a pivotal role in safeguarding global health by preventing the spread of the Variola virus. Developed through a groundbreaking discovery by Edward Jenner in 1796, the vaccine involves using a closely related virus, Vaccinia, to stimulate immunity against smallpox. 

This preventive measure is administered through smallpox vaccination and has been crucial in eliminating the virus’s natural transmission trajectory. The success of vaccination campaigns and international collaboration ultimately led the World Health Organization to declare the eradication of smallpox in 1980. People no longer receive routine smallpox vaccinations.

While most people experience only mild side effects, the smallpox vaccine can have potentially fatal side effects; hence, only individuals at high risk of exposure get vaccinated. The vaccine is known for causing a tell-tale scar. Those vulnerable to developing severe reactions can include individuals with:

• Weakened immune systems
• Chronic skin conditions, such as eczema

Types of Smallpox

There are four smallpox variations, and they comprise —

• Variola minor: This is a common but less fatal type of smallpox. A 2021 review of research estimates that less than 5% of those infected have died.
• Variola major: This is a more common and deadly type of smallpox. The same review estimates that 30% of cases were fatal.
• Haemorrhagic smallpox: This is a rare and deadly type of smallpox that causes organs to leak blood into the mucous membranes and skin.
• Malignant smallpox: This is a rare and deadly type of smallpox whereby smallpox lesions do not develop pus-filled bumps on the skin. Instead, they remain soft and flat throughout the entire period of illness.

Transmission of Smallpox

The smallpox virus is contagious from when symptoms develop until all the scabs fall off. It can spread through direct and relatively prolonged face-to-face contact with infected persons. The most common ways it spreads are through: 

• Contact with bodily fluids of an infected person 
• Saliva droplets when an infected person coughs/sneezes
• Sharing bedding or clothing with a diseased person

Treatment of Smallpox

Antiviral treatment may reduce the symptoms and severity, but there is no definitive cure for the smallpox virus. The treatment options can include:

• Tecovirimat, an FDA-approved treatment
• Cidofovir, which has approval for use during an outbreak
• Brincidofovir, an FDA-approved treatment

In the unlikely event of exposure to the smallpox virus, vaccination within 1-3 days can prevent the illness from assuming severe proportions. Furthermore, antibiotics may help reduce the bacterial infections associated with the virus.

Conclusion

The eventful journey through the history of smallpox teaches us about the challenges, triumphs, and the power of solutions in the form of vaccines. Even as we celebrate mankind’s victory over smallpox, we are reminded that health is precious. Hence, health insurance is essential today; it helps protect if severe ailments challenge us. So, let’s remember to take care of our health and consider having health insurance to ensure we're adequately covered if we need medical assistance. 

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Our eyes are one of the most important organs in the human body. They allow us to see the world around us and experience its beauty. However, the importance of our eyes often goes unnoticed until we experience an issue. One such issue is eye cancer, which is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition. Eye cancer can affect any part of the eye, and early detection is critical for successful treatment. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of eye cancer. We will talk about what eye cancer is, its types, and what causes eye cancer. We will also look at what are the symptoms of eye cancer and some tips that can help reduce the risk of acquiring it. Furthermore, we will delve into treatment options for eye cancer and the overall outlook for those affected.

What is Eye Cancer?

So, what is eye cancer?. Eye cancer, or ocular cancer, refers to the abnormal growth of cells within the eye. It can occur in any of the eye’s three major parts, i.e. the eyeball, the orbit, and the adnexal structures. Let’s understand these parts a bit better.

• The eyeball is filled with a jelly-type fluid called the vitreous humor. It has three layers: the sclera, the uvea, and the retina. The outer wall is termed the sclera. Uvea is responsible for nourishment to the eye. The retina transmits information from the eye to the brain.
• The orbit is the bone and tissue framework around the eye.
• The adnexal structures comprise the eyelids and tear glands.

Eye cancer can occur in any of these parts. Scientists are actively investigating genetic changes within DNA that trigger eye cancer.

Types of Eye Cancer

Eye cancer, though rare, manifests in various forms. They also have a distinctive prevalence across different age groups.

For adults, the most common type is melanoma. Intraocular melanoma starts in the cells that give the eye its color. Uveal melanoma is the most frequent. It accounts for 85% of cases of primary intraocular cancers. Most of these occur in the choroid (middle layer of tissue in the eye wall). Conjunctival melanoma affects the clear layer over the sclera, and is less common among adults.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is the next most common eye cancer in adults. It's more likely in people with immune system-related issues.

There are also rare primary eye cancers like orbital and adnexal cancers in adults.

Among children, the main eye cancer is retinoblastoma. A very uncommon type is medulloepithelioma.

Symptoms of Eye Cancer

Let us now understand what are the symptoms of eye cancer. Understanding what are the first signs of eye cancer is crucial for timely detection and prompt treatment. In many cases of eye cancer, individuals may not experience noticeable symptoms until the disease has advanced. However, certain indicators warrant immediate attention from a healthcare professional:

• Blurry or sudden loss of vision
• Tiny floating specks (floaters) or flashes of light
• Partial loss of your visual field
• A growing dark spot on your eye's colored part (iris)
• Changes in pupil size or shape
• Shifts in eyeball position
• Bulging eye appearance
• Altered eye movement

Pain is uncommon in eye cancer unless the tumor is large. Remember, these signs could also be linked to other issues, not just cancer. Healthcare providers use tests like ophthalmoscopy, ultrasound, and fluorescein angiography to diagnose eye cancer.

Risk Factors Associated with Eye Cancer

Let us now analyse what causes eye cancer. While there’s no certain cause, various factors can contribute to an increased risk of eye cancer. These are listed below:

• Eye colour: People with light-colored eyes, such as blue or green, have a higher likelihood of uveal melanoma.
• Age: Older individuals are more prone to developing eye cancer
• Certain inherited conditions: Conditions like dysplastic nevus syndrome, oculodermal melanocytosis, and BAP1 cancer syndrome can significantly elevate the risk of eye cancer.
• Presence of moles or freckles around the eye area: Moles present either on the skin or within the eye, can increase the risk of this disease.
• Family history of eye cancer: Individuals with immediate family members who have a history of eye cancer are at a heightened risk.

Tips to Prevent Eye Cancer

Eye cancer cannot always be prevented, however there are certain precautions you can take to reduce of acquiring this disease:

• Less Sun Exposure: Stay out of strong sunlight when possible.
• Cover Up: Wear protective clothes, like hats, in the sun to protect your skin and eyes.
• Use Sunscreen: Apply sunscreen to keep your skin safe.
• Wear UV-absorbing Sunglasses: Choose sunglasses that block 99% to 100% of UVA and UVB rays, safeguarding your eyes and the skin around them.

While the connection between sunlight and eye melanomas isn't entirely proven, some doctors think wearing sunglasses could help lower the risk.

How is Eye Cancer Treated?

Before starting treatment, the doctor will check how big the tumor is and if it has spread to other parts of the eye or body. This is called staging.

They might also look at the cancer cells under a microscope to understand what type they are and how they might respond to treatment.

If the tumour is small or slow-growing, the doctor might suggest waiting and monitoring tumour growth. Treatment would start if the tumour gets bigger or causes problems.

The treatment plan might include:

• Surgery: The size of the tumour and its location will determine the type of surgery. Depending on where the tumour is and how big it is, the doctor might remove a small part of the eye or even the whole eyeball. But this could lead to some loss of vision.
• Radiation:The doctor might aim high-energy radiation emitted from a machine close to the cancer. This is often chosen over surgery because it can keep your vision and the look of your eye.
• Laser Therapy: This uses special light to heat and kill the tumour. It's good for small eye cancers, but it might cause some problems like bleeding or vision issues.

Every person's eye cancer treatment is different. The goal is to treat the cancer well while trying to keep your vision and eye health as good as possible.

Overall Outlook Towards Eye Cancer

Localized eye melanoma has a 5-year survival rate of 84%, and 18% if it spreads to other body parts.

Some cases of eye cancer can be cured with treatment. In other cases, treatment can slow down its spread and growth.

In follow-up visits, healthcare teams watch for symptoms and use tests to check if cancer comes back or spreads. They also help manage treatment effects and try to keep your vision clear.

Though no surefire ways exist to prevent eye cancer from returning or worsening, healthy choices like not smoking, eating well, staying a healthy weight, and exercising can improve overall health.

People can find support from cancer groups or personal counseling. Lots of resources are available to help those dealing with cancer navigate their journey.

Conclusion

In conclusion, eye cancer is an unfortunate and life-threatening condition that can arise in anyone. It is important to stay informed of the signs and symptoms of eye cancer, and to seek medical advice immediately if any doubts arise. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including protecting your eyes with UV sunglasses when outdoors, can help reduce the risk of acquiring eye cancer.

Eye cancer can impose significant financial burdens on patients and their families. Hence, it is important to consider health insurance for cancer related treatments. If in an unfortunate scenario of one being diagnosed with eye cancer health insurance for cancer can prove to be a prudent step to ensure comprehensive care.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

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• Causes of Conjunctivitis: Understanding the Triggers Behind Eye Irritation
• Eye Infections: Doctors Consider Air Pollution a Prime Culprit
• Home Remedies to Stop Watery Eyes: Natural Solutions for Soothing Relief
• How to Protect Your Eyesight and Prevent Cataracts at Any Age
• Tips to Keep Your Eyes Healthy at Workplace

Bone Marrow is one of the most important elements in our bodies, as it plays a vital role in producing blood cells and providing immunity. It also serves as a storehouse for stem cells, which have many potential uses within the medical field. Not only this, but bone marrow can be affected by certain types of cancer known as "bone marrow cancer". There are different forms of this condition, depending on the bone marrow cell type that turns cancerous. This article will delve into the causes, symptoms, and treatment of bone marrow cancer.

What is Bone Marrow Cancer?

An abnormal multiplication of any of the cells present in the bone marrow, including precursor blood cells, stem cells, or adult cells is considered a diseased condition termed as bone marrow cancer. Since these cells are the major components that make up the blood, any malignancy arising in these cells can affect other parts of the body. The cancer can spread to other organs when the cancerous blood cells get carried to different locations in the body through blood. Hence, bone marrow cancer is considered a malignant form of cancer. It is also known as blood cancer because the malignancy arising in the soft tissue of the bone eventually affects the blood.

Causes of Bone Marrow Cancer

Mutations in the DNA of the cells are the reason for the development of cancer but the exact cause that leads to this change is unknown in many cases. Hence, the precise bone marrow cancer causes are not fully understood. Researchers have identified certain risk factors linked to bone marrow cancer which includes:

• Increasing age
• Radiation exposure
• Family history of the particular bone marrow cancer type
• Exposure to carcinogenic chemicals
• Having other bone marrow-related disorders

Types of Bone Marrow Cancer

There are three main forms of blood cancer depending on the bone marrow cells that have become cancerous. These are:

1. Multiple myeloma: Multiple myeloma is a cancer of the plasma cells, which is a type of white blood cell. These cells are involved in the production of antibodies that are targeted against antigens. But in multiple myeloma, the malignant plasma cells generate abnormal proteins that cause health complications. The cancerous cells aggregate in the bone marrow, outnumbering the healthy blood cells.

• Leukemia: Leukemia is a general term to denote the cancer of blood-forming cells. It usually involves the abnormal multiplication of white blood cells. There are mainly two forms of leukemia: lymphocytic leukemia affecting the lymphocytes, and myelogenous leukemia involving myeloid cells.
• Lymphoma: Cancers that begin in the lymphatic system are categorised under the broad term lymphoma. It arises when the cells of the immune system that are dedicated to fighting off infections, called lymphocytes, grow out of control. This cancer can develop in any part of the lymphatic system, like the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, and bone marrow. It can also metastasize to the liver or kidney. There are two main classifications of lymphoma: Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Symptoms of Bone Marrow Cancer

The signs and symptoms of bone marrow cancer vary depending on the type and stage of the cancer. The common indications of multiple myeloma may include:

• Bone pain or fractures
• Feeling exhausted
• Having a high rate of infections due to a shortage of disease-fighting white blood cells
• Change in the frequency of urination
• Excessive thirst
• Confusion as a result of high levels of blood calcium
• Losing body weight for no reason
• Vomiting

The symptoms of leukemia may manifest as:

• Extreme tiredness
• Lack of energy
• Shortness of breath
• Fever accompanied by chills
• Night sweats
• Enlarged lymph nodes
• Unexplained loss of weight
• Tiny red dots appearing on the skin
• Easily getting bruises and bleeding
• Bone pain
• Frequently occurring infections

Some of the signs and symptoms that indicate the possibility of having lymphoma are:

• Fever accompanied by chills
• Low energy levels
• Swollen or enlarged lymph nodes
• Swollen underarms, neck, arms, legs, or groin
• Having night sweats
• Experiencing nerve pain
• Having numbness in different body parts
• Having tingling sensation, pain in the chest or lower back
• Itchy rashes appearing on the body
• Feeling of fullness in the stomach.

How is Bone Marrow Cancer Diagnosed?

After carefully analysing the symptoms, the doctor may suggest running certain tests to confirm the diagnosis. This includes a blood test and bone marrow examination. A complete blood cell count is done to evaluate the number of white and red blood cells and platelets. Any abnormal increase in any of these cells may be an indication of blood cancer.

There are two types of bone marrow testing for cancer, which are aspiration and biopsy. In bone marrow aspiration, a small sample of the bone marrow’s liquid part is taken using a needle. This is then examined to check the number of red and white blood cells and platelets. Bone marrow biopsy procedure involves removing a tissue sample from the bone marrow and examining it under the microscope to investigate if the cells are cancerous.

How is Bone Marrow Cancer Treated?

The treatment method adopted for bone marrow cancer varies for each person. It depends upon the type of cancer, stage, the extent of cancerous growth, the patient’s age, and overall health. The common approaches to the treatment of bone marrow cancer include:

• Chemotherapy: In chemotherapy, drugs that can either destroy or arrest the growth of cancer cells are administered to the patient through an intravenous drip or orally.
• Radiation therapy: Radiotherapy employs beams of intense energy ionising radiations, like X-rays or proton radiation to kill the cancer cells.
• Immunotherapy: Cancer immunotherapy uses substances produced by the body or synthetic ones to enhance the immune system of the patient. This will help the body to identify and destroy the cancer cells. Immunotherapy is used alone or in combination with chemotherapy or other treatment methods.
• Targeted therapy: This treatment uses drugs that can precisely identify and bind to specific proteins in the cancer cells that help them in their growth and survival. The chemical substance then destroys the malignant tissue.
• Stem cell transplant: Stem cell transplant involves the replacement of bone marrow cells destroyed by cancer or cancer treatment with healthy bone marrow stem cells from a donor.
  
  

An Outlook Towards Bone Marrow Cancer

The prognosis of bone marrow cancer varies significantly among individuals. It depends on various factors like the type of bone marrow cancer, stage, whether the cancer cells have spread to other body parts, age of the patient, response to treatment, etc. If a patient receives an early diagnosis before the spread of the malignant cells, then they are more likely to respond effectively to the therapies. The cancer cells in such cases can be destroyed and the remission chances remain low. But certain types of bone marrow cancer are so aggressive that treatment may not be effective. The therapies may continue for a longer time with an increased risk of complications occurring.

The general outlook for multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma is non-curable but can be managed with treatments. The following table provides information about the survival rate of multiple myeloma patients.

The general outlook for leukemia

Some leukemia types are curable with treatment. The life expectancy of patients with leukemia varies based on several factors like the biological features of the cancer, the person’s age, general health, and how well the body responds to treatment.

The 5-year survival rate for individuals aged 20 years or older with acute myeloid leukemia is 28%. For younger people aged less than 20 years, the life expectancy rate is 69%.

The general outlook for lymphoma

Although the recovery depends upon the type and stage of the bone marrow cancer, both types of lymphoma; Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s are considered very treatable. The five-year survival rates for Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma are given below.

Conclusion 

If you’ve ever wondered what is bone marrow cancer and its treatment options, we hope this article has given you an insight into this. Cancer treatments are often expensive but it can be eased with cancer insurance. Cancer insurance provides financial and healthcare protection against hospitalization, therapies, and other non-medical expenditures. Purchasing a cancer insurance policy in the wake of the increasing number of cancer incidence worldwide has become extremely important. Check if your health insurance covers cancer or consider a dedicated cancer policy for added protection. This will help a person cope with financial needs during the treatment period.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

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• Causes of Breast Cancer: Understanding the Origins of a Silent Threat
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• Tongue Cancer Treatment: Surgery, Therapy, and Innovations

Our skin is a remarkable testament to our overall health and well-being. Unfortunately, some people have to deal with chronic skin conditions that affect their physical and mental well-being. One such condition is psoriasis. Psoriasis is characterised by red, itchy, and scaly skin that can cause great discomfort. While no cure is available, various treatments effectively alleviate symptoms. But what causes it, what does it signify? This article will answer all your questions about psoriasis.

What Is Psoriasis?

So, what is psoriasis? Psoriasis is a long-lasting skin condition with an abnormal multiplication of skin cells, up to 10 times faster than the usual rate. Consequently, this leads to the formation of raised patches on the skin. They can appear red, purplish, or brown and can grow anywhere on the body. It is important to note that psoriasis is not contagious and cannot be transferred from one person to another. However, it can occur among family members.

Symptoms of Psoriasis

Symptoms of psoriasis may range from mild to severe, depending on the type of psoriasis, location, and severity. Listed below are some common symptoms:

• Plaques

This condition features recurring red, inflamed patches covered with silvery scales, often found on elbows, knees, and the torso. These patches can also develop on the scalp, palms, soles, and genital area, causing severe discomfort and irritation. The appearance of lesions may vary based on an individual’s skin tone, ranging from pink or red to purple or dark brown.

• Nail alterations

Nail psoriasis alters the nails, leading to pitting, discolouration, and thickening, often causing separation from the nail bed and discomfort. This condition may also result in nail ridges and increased brittleness, impacting appearance and physical well-being. These changes may cause pain and difficulty in performing everyday tasks involving the hands and feet.

• Others

Other psoriasis symptoms include dry and cracked skin and stiffness, rashes that flare up for a few weeks or months and then subside, and small scaling spots (commonly seen in children). This can be quite painful, interfering with sleep and making it hard to focus on tasks.

Types of Psoriasis

Listed below are the different types of psoriasis, which differ from each other by their signs and symptoms:

• Erythrodermic psoriasis

Erythrodermic psoriasis, or exfoliative psoriasis, is a rare, severe form of psoriasis causing red or purplish skin and shedding. It’s a medical emergency, often requiring hospitalisation due to potential temperature regulation issues. It can result due to poorly controlled plaque psoriasis, sunburn, infection, alcohol use disorder, stress, or if a person abruptly stops using certain psoriasis medications.

• Psoriatic arthritis

Psoriatic arthritis leads to joint pain, stiffness, and swelling. In India, an estimated 0.25% of individuals with psoriasis also experience this condition, with a higher incidence among those already diagnosed with psoriasis. This condition significantly impacts mobility and quality of life, requiring medical and lifestyle interventions.

• Flexural or inverse psoriasis

Inverse psoriasis occurs in skin folds, appearing red or purple and often shiny, due to reduced skin shedding in moist areas. Frequently mistaken for fungal or bacterial infections, it can cause great discomfort due to skin-on-skin contact. Most individuals with inverse psoriasis also experience another form of psoriasis elsewhere on their body, resulting in discoloured, shiny lesions in skin folds under the breasts, armpits, and groin.

On light skin, lesions appear bright red, while on darker skin, they appear darker than the surrounding skin, often purplish or brown.

• Pustular psoriasis

Pustular psoriasis, whether affecting specific areas or the entire body, shows white pustules surrounded by red or darkened skin. It can be life-threatening, and individuals may undergo cycles of pustules and remission.

Causes of Psoriasis

Psoriasis is thought to result from a blend of genetic and environmental factors. It is believed to involve a malfunctioning immune system, where the body’s infection-fighting cells mistakenly attack healthy skin cells. Although genetics is implicated in psoriasis, its inheritance pattern is intricate, often skipping generations.

Environmental triggers, such as infections (e.g., strep throat), weather conditions (e.g., cold, dry climates), and skin injuries (e.g., cuts, sunburns), can provoke or worsen symptoms. Lifestyle choices like smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, and second-hand smoke exposure are counted among psoriasis causes. Certain drugs, like lithium, high blood pressure drugs, antimalarials, and specific antibiotics, can exacerbate symptoms. Abrupt withdrawal of oral or injected corticosteroids can also contribute to the development of psoriasis.

Risk Factors Associated with Psoriasis

Psoriasis can affect anyone, but certain risk factors may increase an individual’s susceptibility to developing the condition. Genetics is a significant risk factor for psoriasis. A family history of the condition increases the likelihood of an individual developing psoriasis. Studies have shown that certain genes are associated with psoriasis, although it is not solely determined by genetics.

Additional risk factors for psoriasis include certain medical disorders and lifestyle decisions like binge drinking or smoking. Psoriasis is more common in people with autoimmune diseases, like type 2 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. Obesity is also seen to be associated with a higher incidence of psoriasis. Drinking excessively poses a significant risk, particularly for young men. Additionally, alcohol consumption can hinder the effectiveness of treatments. Engaging in smoking can also increase your chances of developing psoriasis by double. Moreover, smoking hampers the ability to alleviate symptoms.

Diagnosis of Psoriasis

When diagnosing psoriasis, a doctor conducts a thorough physical exam, checking for plaques on specific areas such as the scalp, ears, elbows, knees, belly button, and nails. The family history of psoriasis is also considered. Lab tests, including biopsies, may be performed to rule out skin infections. A dermatologist examines the skin, nails, and scalp for signs of psoriasis, inquiring about symptoms, nail and joint problems, family history, and recent life changes. In some cases, a skin biopsy is taken for microscopic examination. This comprehensive approach helps confirm the presence of psoriasis, guiding the development of an effective treatment plan.

Stages of Psoriasis

Psoriasis can vary in severity, with different levels of involvement observed. In milder cases, psoriasis plaques cover less than 3% of the body. Moderate psoriasis involves 3–10% coverage, while severe psoriasis extends beyond 10%. Recognising the condition’s progression helps guide appropriate treatment strategies for symptom management.

Treatment of Psoriasis

Psoriasis treatments vary, aiming to inhibit new skin cell growth or alleviate itching and dryness. The doctor will personalise a treatment plan, considering factors such as rash size and location, age, overall health, and other pertinent details. Standard therapies encompass a range of approaches tailored to individuals’ needs.

Psoriasis medication options include:

• Steroid creams
• Prescription topical cream
• Moisturisers for dry skin
• Salicylic acid
• Coal tar (used for scalp psoriasis, available in various forms like lotions, creams, foams, shampoos, and bath solutions)
• Vitamin D-based cream or ointment (a potent version prescribed by doctors, as regular vitamin D in food and supplements doesn’t have the same effect)
• Retinoid creams
• Calcineurin inhibitors
• Anthralin treatment

For moderate to severe psoriasis, treatments encompass various options:

• Methotrexate: In severe cases, this medication necessitates close monitoring due to potential bone marrow, liver, and lung issues, requiring regular lab tests, chest X-rays, and possibly a liver biopsy.
• Retinoids: Available in different forms, these drugs, akin to vitamin A, carry significant side effects, including congenital disabilities, making them unsuitable for pregnant or planning women.
• Cyclosporine: Used for severe, unresponsive cases, this immune system suppressant requires vigilant health monitoring due to potential kidney damage and elevated blood pressure.
• Biologic treatments: These therapies offer a specialised approach to treatment by targeting the overactive immune response in psoriasis

Light therapy, also known as phototherapy, involves using ultraviolet light to slow down the growth of skin cells in psoriasis patients. One form of treatment is psoralen plus ultraviolet-A radiation (PUVA), which combines a medication called psoralen with a particular form of UV light.

Some may also consider alternative therapies or home remedies to help alleviate psoriasis symptoms. These include applying aloe vera to affected areas or taking oat baths for skin relief.

Living With Psoriasis and Managing It

Here are a few tips for people with psoriasis:

1. Avoid trigger foods

Although no specific foods cause psoriasis, certain ingredients can worsen the condition. This includes dairy, refined carbs, saturated and trans fats, added sugar, and gluten.

1. Dealing with high costs

The management and treatment of psoriasis can be extremely costly. Expensive medications, doctor visits, missed work, and therapy can all add up. Due to the unpredictable nature of medical costs, it pays to invest in robust health insurance that can relieve financial worries during times of need and provide the backing required to face health challenges with greater ease.

1. Management at home

A person can do a few things to manage this skin condition better. This includes:

• Bathing regularly using a gentle cleanser
• Getting sunlight adequate
• Engaging in daily exercise,
• Get good sleep
• Practicing relaxation techniques like meditation
• Keeping a journal of potential triggers

1. Prioritise mental health

Psoriasis can cause anxiety, depression, sexual dysfunction, substance abuse, sleep disturbances, disordered eating habits, and, in even rare cases, psychosis, which can severely impact mental health. Consult your physician, who can recommend approaches for addressing what you may be experiencing.

Conclusion

Psoriasis can be quite difficult to deal with, particularly because it affects the skin, which is often a root source of our insecurities. So, if you’ve been recently diagnosed with it, have been living with it for some time now, or just wanted to know about it better, we hope this article has helped. Understanding the various causes, symptoms, and treatment options for psoriasis is important to cope with this skin disease properly. If you are afflicted with this disease, remember to reach out to healthcare professionals, connect with others who also have psoriasis, and take care of your physical and mental health.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Bronchitis is an inflammation of thе bronchial tubеs and affects thе rеspiratory systеm. It manifеsts in acutе and chronic forms. Typically triggered by viral infеctions or prolonged exposure to irritants, this condition prеsеnts itself with symptoms such as coughing, chеst discomfort, and shortnеss of brеath.

While acutе bronchitis is oftеn linkеd to common illnеssеs, chronic bronchitis is a component of chronic obstructivе pulmonary disease (COPD). Understanding the causes, symptoms, and distinctions is crucial for effective management and prеvеntion.

What is Bronchitis?

To know what is bronchitis disease, let's begin by being clear that this is a rеspiratory condition characterised by inflammation of thе bronchial tubеs—thе air passagеs that carry air to thе lungs. It еxists in two forms: acutе bronchitis, typically triggered by viral infеctions or irritant еxposurе, and chronic bronchitis. The latter is associatеd with prolongеd еxposurе to irritants such as cigarеttе smokе. Inflammation in thе bronchial tubеs can lead to symptoms such as coughing and difficulty breathing.

Symptoms of Bronchitis

The primary and common symptoms of both acute and chronic bronchitis disease include breathing problems, such as:

• Coughing: Pеrsistеnt and oftеn producеs mucus, which can bе clеar, whitе, yеllowish-gray, or grееnish.

• Chеst discomfort: Infected individuals may еxpеriеncе tightnеss or a fееling of hеavinеss in thе chеst.

• Shortnеss of brеath: Brеathlеssnеss or difficulty brеathing, еspеcially when the person is physically active.

• Fatiguе: Gеnеralisеd wеaknеss and tirеdnеss can accompany bronchitis.

• Sorе throat: Irritation and discomfort in thе throat may persist, еspеcially in cases whеrе bronchitis is triggеrеd by a viral infеction.

• Body achеs: Muscular discomfort and achеs throughout thе body.

• Whееzing: A whistling or high-pitchеd sound whilе brеathing, indicating narrowеd airways.

• Nasal congеstion: In cases where bronchitis is associated with a cold or flu, nasal congеstion may occur.

• Chills: Shivеring or fееling cold dеspitе being in normal room tеmpеraturе.

• Sputum production: The cough may bring up mucus, which can vary in colour and consistеncy.

Causes of Bronchitis

Bronchitis is commonly caused by viral infеctions, with influеnza and rhinovirus being the leading and frеquеnt culprits. Additionally, еxposurе to irritants such as tobacco smokе, air pollution, or workplacе dust and chеmicals can contribute to its dеvеlopmеnt.

Acutе bronchitis oftеn follows rеspiratory infеctions, whilе chronic bronchitis is frеquеntly linkеd to long-tеrm еxposurе to irritants, primarily cigarеttе smokе. In rare cases, bactеrial infеctions may also triggеr bronchitis. 

Undеrstanding thеsе causеs is crucial for prеvеntivе mеasurеs, as avoiding tobacco smokе and minimising еxposurе to rеspiratory irritants can significantly rеducе thе risk of dеvеloping bronchitis.

Risk Factors Associated With Bronchitis

Some of the factors that increase the risk of bronchitis are:

• Smoking: Activе and passivе еxposurе to tobacco smokе significantly increase the risk of bronchitis.

• Occupational exposurеs: Prolongеd еxposurе to workplacе pollutants, dust, and chеmicals can contribute to bronchial irritation.

• Wеakеnеd immunе systеm: Individuals with compromisеd immunе systеms, еithеr from mеdical conditions or mеdications, arе morе suscеptiblе to developing bronchitis.

• Rеspiratory infеctions: Prеvious or concurrеnt rеspiratory infеctions, еspеcially among individuals with wеakеnеd immunе rеsponsеs, can еlеvatе thе risk.

• Environmеntal factors: Living in areas with high air pollution lеvеls incrеasеs the suscеptibility to bronchitis.

When Should You Consult The Doctor?

Consult a doctor immediately if you еxpеriеncе pеrsistеnt or sеvеrе symptoms of bronchitis. If your cough lasts longer than thrее wееks, is accompaniеd by blood in thе mucus, or if you have difficulty brеathing to thе еxtеnt that daily activitiеs arе impairеd, sееk mеdical attеntion promptly. 

Individuals with undеrlying health conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructivе pulmonary disease (COPD) should be particularly vigilant. Additionally, if you havе high fеvеr, chеst pain, or if your symptoms worsеn dеspitе homе rеmеdiеs or ovеr-thе-countеr mеdications, it's crucial to consult a hеalthcarе profеssional. 

Timеly mеdical intеrvеntion can hеlp idеntify thе undеrlying causе, dеtеrminе the appropriatе trеatmеnt, and prеvеnt potеntial complications associatеd with bronchitis. Remember that if left untreated, bronchitis can turn into pneumonia, which is much more severe and time-consuming to get cured of.

Diagnosis of Bronchitis

The diagnosis of bronchitis typically involves a comprеhеnsivе assessment by a hеalthcarе professional. After seeking a dеtailеd mеdical history, the professional focuses on thе onsеt and duration of symptoms, as wеll as any rеlеvant еxposurеs to irritants or rеcеnt rеspiratory infеctions. Thе hеalthcarе providеr will then conduct a physical еxamination, listеning for abnormal brеath sounds, such as whееzing or cracklеs, and assеssing thе ovеrall rеspiratory function.

Diagnostic tеsts may bе rеcommеndеd to furthеr confirm thе diagnosis and rulе out othеr rеspiratory conditions. Chеst X-rays can help visualisе thе lungs and rule out pnеumonia or other complications. Pulmonary function tеsts mеasurе lung capacity and airflow, providing valuablе information about rеspiratory function. In some cases, sputum analysis may bе conductеd to еxaminе thе colour, consistеncy, and prеsеncе of bactеria or othеr infеctious agеnts.

Thе hеalthcarе providеr may also еmploy laboratory tеsts to identify thе specific cause of bronchitis. Blood tеsts, such as a complеtе blood count (CBC), may rеvеal an еlеvatеd whitе blood cеll count, indicating an infеction. Viral or bactеrial culturеs may bе pеrformеd on rеspiratory samplеs to pinpoint thе pathogеn rеsponsiblе.

An accurate diagnosis еnablеs health professionals to tailor an appropriate treatment plan. They can address thе undеrlying causе and provide symptom rеliеf for individuals affеctеd by bronchitis.

Treatment of Bronchitis

Acutе bronchitis typically rеsolvеs spontanеously within a fеw wееks, but in thе rarе instancе that bactеrial infеction is thе causе, your doctor may prеscribе antibiotics. For individuals with asthma, allеrgiеs, or еxpеriеncing whееzing, inhalеrs may bе rеcommеndеd to allеviatе symptoms by еnhancing airflow and facilitating еasiеr brеathing. 

Additionally, sеlf-carе mеasurеs can aid in еasing acutе bronchitis symptoms:

• Hydration: Consuming plеnty of watеr, around 8 to 12 glassеs pеr day, hеlps to thin mucus and makes it morе managеablе to cough up.
• Rеst: Amplе rеst is crucial for allowing thе body to rеcovеr and hеal during thе coursе of acutе bronchitis.
• Pain rеliеvеrs: Mеdications such as acеtaminophеn can bе usеd to manage pain and fеvеr associatеd with acutе bronchitis. Avoid giving aspirin to children.

• Humidification: Using a humidifiеr or stеam, such as a hot showеr, can be beneficial in loosеning mucus, providing rеliеf from rеspiratory discomfort.

• Cough mеdicinеs: Ovеr-thе-countеr cough mеdicinеs such as guaifеnеsin can hеlp in loosеning mucus, making it еasiеr to еxpеl. Howеvеr, it's еssеntial to consult with a hеalthcarе professional, еspеcially whеn considеring thеsе mеdications for childrеn. 

Chronic bronchitis trеatmеnts focus on symptom managеmеnt:

• Mеdications, including antibiotics, anti-inflammatoriеs, and bronchodilators, hеlp opеn airways.
• Mucus-clеaring dеvicеs facilitatе еasiеr fluid еxpulsion through coughing.
• Oxygеn thеrapy еnhancеs brеathing for improvеd rеspiratory function.
• Pulmonary rеhabilitation, an еxеrcisе programme, aids in еasiеr brеathing and incrеasеd physical activity.

How Can Bronchitis Be Prevented?

Prеvеnting bronchitis involvеs adopting mеasurеs that minimisе thе risk of rеspiratory infеctions and irritants. Kеy stratеgiеs includе practising good hand hygiеnе to rеducе thе sprеad of viruses, avoiding closе contact with individuals who havе rеspiratory infеctions, and gеtting vaccinatеd from illnеssеs such as influеnza and pеrtussis. 

Quitting smoking and minimising еxposurе to sеcondhand smokе and other air pollutants is crucial. Furthermore, individuals with chronic rеspiratory conditions should еffеctivеly manage their conditions and follow prеscribеd trеatmеnts to rеducе thе likеlihood of dеvеloping bronchitis—rеgular еxеrcisе and a hеalthy lifеstylе positively contributе to ovеrall rеspiratory hеalth.

Conclusion

Bronchitis, whеthеr acutе or chronic, dеmands undеrstanding and proactivе mеasurеs for еffеctivе managеmеnt and prеvеntion. Awarеnеss of its causes, prompt mеdical attеntion to address sеvеrе symptoms, and adhеrеncе to prеscribеd trеatmеnts contributе to a hеalthiеr rеspiratory systеm. 

We are prioritising prеvеntivе stratеgiеs such as vaccination and minimising еxposurе to irritants fostеrs rеspiratory wеll-bеing, еmphasising thе importancе of holistic rеspiratory carе. Having health insurance ensures access to timely medical consultations, treatments, and preventive care, helping you maintain optimal respiratory health without financial strain.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Your tongue possesses remarkable versatility, carrying out a wide range of tasks. Its impressive mobility allows coordinated functions like speaking, sucking, and swallowing. Not only that, this skilled organ acts as a sensory powerhouse, governing your sense of taste and displaying remarkable sensitivity to touch. In addition, it houses numerous immune cells, actively contributing to your body's defence mechanisms. Understandably, any condition that affects your tongue, such as tongue cancer, can lead to distress and discomfort. However, by promptly identifying and addressing such issues, you can be secured financially and mentally.

What is Tongue Cancer?

Tongue cancer typically arises from abnormal cell growth on your tongue and falls into the category of head and neck cancers. There are various types of tongue-related cancers, but the most common type starts from the flat, slim cells that cover the surface of your tongue, known as squamous cells. This type of cancer is commonly called squamous cell carcinoma.

Your tongue is divided into two distinct parts, namely, the oral tongue and the base of the tongue, both of which can be susceptible to cancer. The oral tongue makes up the first two portions you see when you stick your tongue out. On the other hand, the base of your tongue is located at the back and is very close to your throat.

Symptoms of Tongue Cancer

The following are some of the most common tongue cancer symptoms.

You might notice early stage tongue cancer symptoms such as an unhealed ulcer, sore, or lump on your tongue that tends to bleed easily. This condition can lead to sensations of pain or a lingering burning feeling within your tongue.

Pay attention to tongue cancer symptoms such as discovering a lump in your neck, experiencing a persistent sore throat, or feeling like something is obstructing your throat over time. This condition might even impact your ability to speak clearly and lead to the development of bad breath, unintentional weight loss, and persistent fatigue.

Causes of Tongue Cancer

The following are some of the most popularly known tongue cancer causes.

Tongue tumour is strongly linked to the excessive use of tobacco and alcohol, as well as exposure to the human papillomavirus (HPV). While it used to mainly affect older men, this disease in recent years has started affecting women and younger individuals more frequently. This change is partly due to the rise in HPV infections. HPV, a widely spread sexually transmitted infection, affects nearly everyone who is sexually active.

There are other aspects that contribute to the risk of tongue tumour. These include getting older, with those over 45 years of age being more susceptible. Not having enough fruits, vegetables, and sources of vitamin A in your diet also increases your risk.

How is Tongue Cancer Diagnosed?

To diagnose your condition, the doctor will gather your medical history and check for tongue cancer symptoms. They will first typically examine your tongue and neck using a mirror. Based on the analysis, tests will be suggested.

Tongue cancer usually requires a biopsy, where a small piece of tissue is taken from the tumour for cancer diagnosis. PET scans use radioactive materials to detect increased activity in your organs. Radiographic imaging, as well as CT scans, provide detailed images.

How is Tongue Cancer Treated?

The following are some of the popular options available to treat tongue cancer:

Radiation therapy works by stopping cancer cells from dividing and slowing down tumour growth. This approach can also destroy and shrink tumours. Advanced methods allow for stronger radiation doses with fewer side effects compared to traditional methods.

For cancers found on your tongue, your doctor might recommend surgically removing the main tumour, especially if it's smaller. In cases of a larger tongue tumour or potential spreading to your neck's lymph nodes, your surgeon might suggest removing those affected nodes.

Chemotherapy can be combined with radiation therapy or used after surgery to significantly decrease the chances of the cancer coming back. Additionally, chemotherapy may be used to slow tumour growth and manage symptoms when a cure isn't possible.

Can Tongue Cancer Be Prevented?

Though complete prevention of tongue tumour is not possible, there are several precautions you can take to reduce the risk, such as:

- Steer clear of tobacco products

- Embrace a well-balanced and nourishing diet

- Opt to consume alcohol in moderation or consider avoiding it entirely.

- Take the step to get vaccinated against HPV for added protection.

Even if you take steps to decrease your risk, tongue cancer might still emerge. That's why it's essential for you to have routine checkups, enabling the prompt detection of early stage tongue cancer.

Conclusion

In conclusion, recognising and managing tongue cancer symptoms early on is pivotal in improving your quality of life. Timely intervention can help soothe the physical and emotional burdens linked to this condition. Further, invest in a health insurance as soon as possible, with full coverage for cancer treatment. This will provide you protection whenever necessary. By staying vigilant with regular checkups and embracing a balanced lifestyle, you take proactive steps to safeguard your tongue health and minimise the impact of tongue cancer.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

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• Causes of Tongue Cancer: Understanding the Origins of a Silent Threat

• Can Sugar Cause Cancer?

• Understanding Throat Cancer Treatment Options

• Tongue Cancer Treatment: Surgery, Therapy, and Innovations

From ancient times, man has known that the stomach is the root cause of every disease. Our ancestors knew very well that most diseases start with wrong food choices. Despite this knowledge, inappropriate diets and food choices have led to an increase in gastrointestinal diseases worldwide, including in India. 

Given dynamic changes in lifestyle, diseases, and illnesses of the gastrointestinal system have grown in the last decade. As the pace of life keeps quickening, our food habits worsen. We don't even focus much on what we feed our bodies. We are also overly inclined towards processed food. Over time, these bad habits give us health conditions such as acid reflux and other diseases. Acid reflux is a condition that affects significant aspects of our daily life. It deteriorates the quality of our digestive system and our day-to-day lives.

What is Acid Reflux?

More commonly known as heartburn, acid reflux causes a burning sensation in the abdomen and chest. This chronic disease occurs when stomach acid or bile flows into the food pipe and irritates the lining. If you experience acid reflux more than twice a week, it could indicate GERD or Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Acid reflux can take months to resolve. It needs medical attention and may require a medical diagnosis. It is also self-diagnosable if the person is alert about the sensations in their food pipe and other symptoms. The symptoms play a vital role in the diagnosis of this disease. More than 10 million acid reflux cases are reported every year in India. It is also becoming common in the younger generation. 

What Causes Acid Reflux?

The stomach contains hydrochloric acid that digests food and removes toxic elements. Hydrochloric acid is powerful and has the potential to digest the organs as well. This fact about the acid may sound quite alarming, but our stomach has a mucus lining that protects it from this acid. However, the oesophagus or the food pipe doesn't have this protective lining. Furthermore, our tummies have a gastroesophageal sphincter, which is a valve between the food pipe and the stomach. It is in the form of rings made of muscle. It prevents food from getting directly into the stomach but does not back up into the oesophagus. When this valve malfunctions, the food starts moving up the food pipe, causing a burning sensation. This sensation is called acid reflux and is one of the leading causes of acidity.

Acid Reflux Risk Factors

Acid reflux can affect people of all ages, sometimes for unknown reasons. It may happen due to lifestyle choices or unpreventable causes.

The risk factors of being affected by acid reflux or GERD include:

• Obesity
• Smoking (active or passive)
• Low levels of physical exercise
• Medications, including drugs for asthma, calcium-channel blockers, antihistamines, painkillers, sedatives, and antidepressants
• Pregnancy

Food and dietary habits that have been linked to acid reflux include:

• Caffeine
• Alcohol
• Fatty foods
• Spicy foods
• Tomatoes and tomato sauces
• Onions and garlic
• Eating large meals
• Lying down within 2-3 hours of eating a meal
• Consuming chocolate, carbonated drinks, and acidic juices

Symptoms of Acid Reflux

Acid reflux symptoms generally get neglected due to a lack of attention and awareness. People typically take acid reflux symptoms lightly instead of paying more attention. These symptoms are usually suppressed with over-the-counter medications and home remedies.

The symptoms may include burning pain in the chest that usually occurs after eating. It can worsen when lying down.

Affected individuals may experience burning in the chest, belching, nausea, or regurgitation. Bitter taste, discomfort in the upper abdomen, or dry cough are also common among patients. 

Diagnosis of Acid Reflux

Acid reflux is commonly known as heartburn, and it usually creates discomfort in the chest. The condition leads to a lot of confusion, fear, and anxiety in patients. Acid reflux is treatable and manageable, but patients usually misunderstand the symptoms as life-threatening conditions. 

Due to confusing symptoms, acid reflux is often misinterpreted as other diseases that have chest-related complications, such as: 

• Heart attack
• Pneumonia
• Chest wall pain
• Pulmonary embolism

Doctors usually diagnose GERD after analysing the symptoms of heartburn in response to lifestyle changes and acid reflux medication. 

GERD may need the following procedures done to determine its presence in the body: 

Endoscopy: It is one of the standard methods. It is done by using a flexible tube with a camera and light attached. It helps doctors to see and analyse the interior of the gastrointestinal tract. It includes the oesophagus, stomach, and upper part of the small intestine. This procedure helps in diagnosing various conditions and examining abnormalities. It also helps in obtaining tissue samples if necessary.

Biopsy: During an endoscopy or other procedures, a biopsy is done. It usually helps in a deeper analysis of a condition. A small tissue sample is removed from the body for examination under a microscope. This sample is analysed and seen in a lab to determine the presence of any irregularities, contaminations, or sicknesses.

Barium X-ray: This imaging method includes drinking a dusty or chalky fluid containing barium. It is a differentiation material noticeable on X-ray. After an individual takes it, X-rays are taken to see the inner parts of the throat, stomach, and upper duodenum. Barium covers the coating of these organs. It helps to feature their construction and any abnormalities. It lets specialists see and recognise ulcers, cancers, or blockages.

Esophageal Manometry: It's a demonstrative test utilised to quantify the tensions and capability of the throat. A flimsy, adaptable tube is embedded into the nose or mouth and afterwards guided into the throat to evaluate its capacity to move food and fluids into the stomach. This test helps diagnose some conditions, such as oesophageal spasms, achalasia, motility disorders, and GERD. 

24-hour pH Impedance Monitoring: This test measures the acidity or pH levels within the oesophagus over 24 hours. A thin tube is inserted through the nose into the lower oesophagus to measure acid reflux. The procedure also measures impedance, detecting the movement of liquids or gasses in the oesophagus. It helps diagnose Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) and assess the severity of acid reflux. It is an accurate method and helps a lot with inadequate treatment. 

All of these procedures are essential for the diagnosis of GERD. They help while evaluating various conditions and provide valuable information about the condition of the patients. These tests help the doctor to create a more effective treatment plan for their patients. 

Treatment of Acid Reflux

Various methods are adopted for acid reflux treatment, including proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H2 blockers. These are safe and effective medications that decrease acid production and reduce the risk of damage caused by acid reflux. 

• Antacids

They usually contain chemical compounds such as calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, aluminium, and magnesium hydroxide. These compounds provide rapid but short-term relief, functioning as a temporary treatment for acidity.

• Alginate antacids

The alginic acid in alginate antacids works by accumulating a foamy gel at the top of the gastric pool. The acid reflux becomes less harmful as the food pipe is prevented from coming in contact with harmful stomach acids.

Other treatment methods include:

• Sucralfate acid suppressants
• Potassium-competitive acid blockers
• Transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation (TLESR) reducers
• GABA (B) receptor agonist
• mGluR5 antagonist
• Prokinetic agents
• Pain modulators
• Tricyclic antidepressants
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
• Theophylline, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

Lifestyle measures such as improving posture, for instance, sitting up straighter and maintaining a healthy weight, may also help.

Complications Associated With the Condition

GERD can lead to severe complications in the long term, which include:

• Sinusitis, or inflammation of the sinuses; adult-onset asthma
• Acid regurgitation into the lungs
• Esophagitis, or inflammation, swelling, or irritation of the oesophagus
• Oesophageal stricture, or narrowing of the oesophagus
• Esophageal ulcers or bleeding
• Barrett's Oesophagus, which is a condition involving precancerous changes to the oesophagus
• Oesophageal cancer

These complications arise from delay or ignorance in the treatment of GERD. One of the most severe complications is oesophagus cancer. It can result in lifetime complications and has a low survival rate.

Conclusion

Acid reflux is a common ailment that can assume severe proportions, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease if ignored for a long time. The diagnosis and treatment of GERD is expensive, and it is a chronic disease that needs prolonged treatment. Amidst such scenarios, opting for health insurance is smart as it helps manage finances, regular and unforeseen, enabling a stress-free life. Take the case of individuals who regularly experience acid reflux. If they proactively try eliminating the condition early on, unnecessary expenses will not happen. However, the highly hectic nature of today's lifestyle can push seemingly harmless illnesses such as acid reflux into the background. Having health insurance ensures you are financially prepared for the diagnosis and treatment of conditions like GERD, providing peace of mind and access to quality healthcare when needed.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Smoking is an addictive and harmful habit that can lead to health issues we must have never imagined. Every time smokers light a cigarette, poisonous chemicals enter their bodies and start destroying them. However, once we quit the habit, our bodies clear the toxic chemicals and start the repairing process. The changes can get noticed within days or weeks, from normal breathing to recovering our smell and taste sensations. The body also starts to work energetically. In this article, let's explore the health benefits of quitting smoking.

Why should you quit smoking?  

Among various harmful habits a person can have during his/her lifetime, smoking is considered dangerous. Nobody can find one cool benefit from smoking tobacco products like cigars, cigarettes, or e-cigarettes. The constituents of tobacco include nicotine, carbon monoxide, tar, and acetone. All these constituents are well-known to cause damage to the organs and tissues of the body. 

It is common that we hear “smoking causes cancer.” But it not only causes cancer, one can also see long-lasting adverse reactions on the skin, eyes, oral cavity, heart, and lungs. It can also cause fertility and mental health issues affecting a person’s quality of life. Hence, start the process of quitting smoking to heal the body.

Reasons to Quit Smoking

Kicking a habit is not an easy job and cannot be achieved overnight. It takes time, but it is the mind that controls the action. Thus, a smoker can try to quit the habit at any point in time. Some cannot because of aggressive addiction, while others search for reasons as to why they should quit smoking. Let’s look at the reasons and benefits of quitting cigarettes.

1. Respiratory health improves 

One of the positive effects of quitting smoking is improved respiratory health. The chance of developing COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), a common respiratory disorder causing difficulty breathing due to airway blockage, can get eliminated once we quit smoking. Quitting smoking not only repairs its adverse reactions but also improves the worsening health-related issues. For example, if an asthmatic person stops smoking, the symptoms may decline, and the response to treatment can get better, ensuring better respiratory health. Quitting the habit can also reduce respiratory infections (like pneumonia and bronchitis) and symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and production of sputum. 

2. Heart health improves

Giving up smoking ensures our heart functions normally. Once a person quits smoking, blood circulation to the heart improves, thereby reducing the risk of heart diseases and mortality. The good cholesterol (high-density lipoprotein) levels also increase. Moreover, the risk of stroke reduces. 

Individuals suffering from cardiac ailments can notice improvements in their heart health when they stay away from smoking. But do not imagine that these changes can happen in seconds or minutes; it can take around one to two years to notice the improvement of the heart condition. Also, it decreases the chance of a heart attack and death due to cardiac ailments. 

3. Risk of cancer decreases

Smoke contains almost 4000 to 5000 chemicals detrimental to humans. According to the American Cancer Society, at least 70 of those chemicals can cause cancer. These chemicals enter the lungs and affect not only the respiratory system but also the other parts of the body. Even our DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is affected. 

The burning chemicals released from cigarettes can lead to cancer of the following organs:

• Mouth
• Oesophagus
• Cervical
• Throat
• Larynx
• Lungs
• Liver
• Kidney
• Stomach
• Pancreas
• Bladder
• Colon
• Rectum

However, once an individual stops smoking, the conditions reverse and repair to almost normal but slowly. Besides, even those with an identified health condition can benefit from kicking the habit.

4. Reproductive health improves

Smoking is not only restricted to men. Even women smoke nowadays. Hence its a responsibility to mention the health benefits of quitting the habit in women as well. A pregnant woman or a female who intends to get pregnant must forget the habit of smoking to improve her health. The most common pregnancy-related complications are underweight babies, preterm birth, and babies with developmental defects. So a mother cannot be negligent on this note. Once the mother quits the habit at the initial phase of pregnancy, the risks of these complications become negligible. 

5. Mental health improves

Many people have the misconception that smoking cigarettes relieves them from stress in their daily routines. But little do they know that quitting smoking during stress can make them feel much better than before. Also, many are afraid to face withdrawal symptoms. But once they pass the challenging stage of the de-addiction program, their stress, anxiety, and depression reduce, and they can feel at ease. Achieving the quitting goal itself boosts a person’s confidence level and enhances his/her mood. Hence, do not give the reason for mental health issues for smoking; instead, quit the habit and fight the problem. 

6. Financial benefits

Smokers can save a lot of money when they quit the habit. According to the American Lung Association, people in the US can save around $1380-$2,540 annually when they quit smoking. The savings can increase further if the person is a heavy smoker. Usually, smokers do not get excluded from health insurance plans, but their premiums are higher than non-smokers. In addition, a non-smoker gets discounted plans compared to a smoker with higher expenses due to increased risks of developing health-related issues. Hence, quitting the habit can help save money that goes into paying premiums. 

Process of Quitting Smoking

Some improvement in health after quitting smoking happens in record time. However, it takes time to heal completely. The following is the timeline of improvements noticed after quitting the habit. 

Effective tips to quit smoking

Quitting a habit requires a big commitment and dedication and must be taken in an easy way during the initial phases of withdrawal. The urge to smoke might keep flashing but sticking to the goal will make things brighter in the future. The following are some tips to quit smoking. 

• Consult a physician and take medications, nicotine replacement therapy, and counselling. 
• Join a de-addiction program where you can find new friends helping you throughout the process. There are also online programs available nowadays. 
• If you feel lonely during de-addiction, advise your friends to join you.
• Identify your trigger factors, approach them differently, or avoid them completely. For example, when you feel like smoking when you head to a particular location, try to avoid visiting the place during the process of quitting smoking. 
• Keep your mouth engaged when you crave cigarettes. For example, start chewing gums and sugarless candies, or eat snacks when you get the urge to smoke. 
• Get family and friends’ support to help you distract yourself during the process of quitting smoking.
• Try relaxing with a long bath, music, yoga, and meditation. 
• Take long walks or go to the gym and do relaxing workouts daily. Plan new exercises every day so that you do not get bored. 

Frequently Asked Questions

When will I see the benefits of quitting smoking?

The process of quitting smoking might be difficult, but it has fruitful benefits starting from the minute you stop smoking. Generally, within 20 minutes, the pulse rate of the individual reduces. In 24 hours, the harmful constituents of tobacco mixed in the blood get washed away, oxygenation of blood increases, and blood pressure drops down, reducing stress levels. The person's respiratory system heals in a few months, and no symptoms are evident. After a few years, the risks of developing cancer, coronary artery disease, and stroke also get reduced.    

Can those who smoke get Health Insurance?

Yes, smokers can get health insurance. But the premiums become higher for smokers in comparison to a non-smoker. The reason behind the difference in amounts is the health risks in smokers, such as cancer, heart, and respiratory problems. Thus, they have a higher insurance premium. And if they quit smoking, they are charged the same as a non-smoker and can get a few discount options as well. 

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

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Whether it's bending your elbow to lift a cup of tea in the morning or swivelling your hips to the beat of your favourite song, our joints are responsible for allowing us to move in all the ways we need to go about our daily lives. Unfortunately, not everyone is lucky enough to have perfectly functioning joints. One common condition affecting many people is osteoarthritis — a degenerative joint disease that generally affects older individuals. In this article, we'll help you understand what is osteoarthritis, its symptoms, treatment methods, and more.

What is Osteoarthritis?

So, what is osteoarthritis?

Osteoarthritis is a really common disease that usually comes with age. It happens over a long time when the cartilage in the joints that cushions the ends of the bones starts wearing away. That’s why people with osteoarthritis experience inflammation, pain, swelling, and other symptoms. This disease can make your joints stiff and easy to damage. Over time, even the cartilage disappears completely. In simple words, your joints can’t handle shocks as well as they used to.

Types of Osteoarthritis

There are two types of osteoarthritis you should know about.

The first one is called primary osteoarthritis, and it generally affects different places in your body, like the spine, fingers, thumbs, toes, hips, and knees.

The second type is called secondary osteoarthritis, which happens when you already have a joint abnormality. This can be caused by sports injuries or forms of inflammatory arthritis like psoriatic, gout, and rheumatoid.

Symptoms of Osteoarthritis

Here are some signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis to look out for —

• Hurting joints: You may feel pain when moving or after doing any activity.
• Morning stiffness: Joints might feel stiff when you wake up or after being still for a while.
• Tender to the touch: Applying light pressure to or near the joint might cause tenderness.
• Limited flexibility: You might have difficulty moving the joint fully.
• Grating feeling: You could experience a grating sensation or hear popping/crackling sounds.
• Bone spurs: Hard lumps, like extra bits of bone, can form around the affected joint.
• Swelling: Soft tissue inflammation around the joint might cause swelling.

Causes of Osteoarthritis

You’re probably wondering, “What causes osteoarthritis?” As stated earlier, osteoarthritis occurs when the cushiony cartilage in the joints starts breaking down. In general, cartilage keeps movement smooth and painless. But when it wears away, your bones are left to rub against each other directly, which is painful. There are a few different reasons why people get osteoarthritis, but the most common ones are —

• Being overweight: If you want to avoid this type of arthritis, it's important to maintain a healthy weight.
• Genetics: Sometimes, people inherit a gene defect that makes their cartilage break down faster, leading to osteoarthritis.
• Injuries: Injuries from playing sports or taking a tumble can contribute to osteoarthritis. The specific type of arthritis might depend on where the injury occurred. For example, a bad lower back injury could lead to spine osteoarthritis.
• Other health conditions: If you have rheumatoid arthritis, you're more likely to develop osteoarthritis. Certain conditions like excessive hormone growth or too much iron in the body can also increase the risk of osteoarthritis.
• Joint stress: Overworking your joints can also lead to osteoarthritis. For instance, this can happen when your job requires repetitive bending of the knees.

Stages of Osteoarthritis

Let's break down the stages of osteoarthritis for a better understanding.

• Stage 1: This is a minor stage where joints have experienced slight wear and tear. There might be little or no pain in the affected area.
• Stage 2: This is a milder condition where bone spurs become more noticeable, and the affected area feels stiff. Patients might need a brace for support.
• Stage 3: At this point, the cartilage around the joints starts to erode. Patients may experience inflammation and discomfort while performing normal activities.
• Stage 4: In this severe stage, the cartilage is completely damaged, leading to painful and inflamed joints. The overgrowth of bone spurs can also cause unbearable pain.

Risks Associated with Osteoarthritis

While osteoarthritis can affect almost anyone, there are a few things that can increase your chances of getting it:

• Women are more at risk of developing the disease than men.
• After menopause, the likelihood of getting osteoarthritis increases for women.
• You’re more susceptible to this condition if your job involves heavy lifting or climbing.
• Having other health conditions like diabetes can also increase your risk for osteoarthritis.
• You may inherit a tendency to develop this condition.

Diagnosis of Osteoarthritis

When you see a doctor, he/she will check your joint to see if it's tender, swollen, red, and flexible using physical tests. The doctor will also ask about your pain level and how it changes with activity and rest. But that's not all. Your doctor may recommend other diagnostic processes, such as —

• Imaging tests: These tests let the doctor get a closer look at your joint. Your doctor may suggest —
• X-rays: Although cartilage isn't visible on X-ray images, narrowing of the space between bones can indicate cartilage loss. X-rays can also show the presence of bone spurs.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): This procedure utilises radio waves and a magnetic field to provide extremely detailed images of bones and cartilage. While not always necessary for diagnosing osteoarthritis, MRI can provide additional information in complex cases.

• Lab tests: Sometimes, blood or joint fluid analysis can help confirm the diagnosis. Your doctor may perform these tests —
• Blood tests: While there’s no specific blood test to diagnose osteoarthritis, certain tests can help rule out other reasons behind joint pain, like rheumatoid arthritis.
• Joint fluid analysis: The doctor may utilise a needle to take a fluid sample from the affected joint, which can then be tested for signs of inflammation.

Treatment of Osteoarthritis

You’re likely to wonder, “What is the best treatment for osteoarthritis?” Unfortunately, there’s no one-size-fits-all solution. Treatment for OA involves managing multiple symptoms to bring patients much-needed relief. Here are the top treatment options to consider —

• Medicine: There are medications out there to help ease your pain, including

• Acetaminophen: It's been proven to provide relief for mild to moderate pain, but be careful not to exceed the recommended dose to avoid liver damage.
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Over-the-counter options like Ibuprofen and Naproxen Sodium are effective at recommended doses.
• Duloxetine: Although commonly used as an antidepressant, it is also used to treat chronic pain.

• Therapy: Here are some effective therapies to consider —

• Physical therapy: Strengthen your muscles, improve flexibility, and reduce pain with targeted exercises. Plus, simple activities like swimming or walking can work wonders.
• Occupational therapy: This offers smart solutions for everyday tasks. Find ways to ease the strain on your achy joints, from toothbrushes with comfy grips to shower benches.

You’re probably wondering, apart from medication and therapy, what is the best treatment for osteoarthritis in the knees or other joints? Here are a few things you can do to help manage this condition:

• Get a good night’s sleep to reduce inflammation and swelling in your joints
• Maintain a healthy weight, as it has a host of other benefits
• Apply heat and cold compresses to your joints

Frequently Asked Questions

1.     Are there therapy options that help with osteoarthritis?

Yes, you can try therapies like acupuncture or massage therapy. Just remember to chat with your doctor first. He/she might suggest a physiotherapist or occupational therapist for expert guidance.

2.     Is surgery required to cure osteoarthritis?

If conservative treatments aren't doing the trick, your doctor might suggest some procedures like —

• Bone realignment: If one side of your knee has been damaged more than the other due to osteoarthritis, bone realignment surgery helps shift the weight away from the part of your knee that's worn out.
• Joint replacement surgery: Your surgeon replaces worn-out joint surfaces with plastic and metal parts.

Conclusion

For anyone pondering the question, “What is osteoarthritis of the knee and other joints?” we hope this article has helped. It is a common condition affecting the joints, mainly in older people. While there is no cure for this disease, there are many ways to manage it. Staying active, maintaining a healthy weight, and seeking proper medical treatment can help you deal with osteoarthritis. If you or someone you know experiences any of the above-mentioned symptoms, don't hesitate to seek professional help. Having health insurance can provide access to necessary treatments and therapies, making it easier to manage conditions like osteoarthritis effectively.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

If a person is diagnosed with kidney cancer or worried about it, he/she is likely to have a lot of questions. So learning about what is kidney cancer would be a great starting point. 

Cancer is an ailment that occurs when cells mutate and grow out of control in our body. To help you with a better understanding of what happens when we have cancer, let’s look at how our body works normally. Our body comprises building blocks of elements called cells. If a person is diagnosed with cancer, his/her body makes cells that grow abnormally to form a lump/mass of tissue called a tumour. This tumour grows and later spreads to other tissues and organs of the body.

What is kidney cancer?

In kidney cancer, the renal cells become cancerous (i.e., malignant) and grow uncontrollably, causing tumours to spread to other tissues and organs. This leads to a condition known as metastasis. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs in the abdomen on either side of the spine above the waist. Every person has two kidneys which are reddish-brown, about the size of our fist. The kidney’s primary function is filtering blood, removing impurities like extra minerals, salts, etc., and producing hormones that help control blood pressure and tell the body to produce more red blood cells. Kidney cancer appears first in the lining of tiny tubules present in the kidney; such type of cancer gets known as Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC). These cancer cells proliferate in our bodies when something triggers a change in them and goes out of control.

Let’s understand the impact of kidney cancer cells in our body to avoid further worsening of this organ and feel more in control of our life and health through early diagnosis and treatment.

Symptoms of kidney cancer

If you’re wondering “what are the symptoms of kidney cancer,” the answer is kidney cancer often has no symptoms in the early stages. The symptoms usually appear in advanced cancer stages when viewed by an imaging test, such as ultrasound, MRI or magnetic resonance imaging, or computed tomography (CT). The signs and symptoms are:

• Haematuria (blood in your pee)
• A lump in the kidney
• Swelling in our ankle or leg
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss without diet for no reason
• Shortness of breath
• A pain in your sides
• Bone pain
• High blood pressure
• Anaemia (low red blood cell count)
• Fever that is not due to infection and does not go away

How would one know if they have kidney cancer?

There are no specific routine laboratory tests for kidney cancer diagnosis. The doctor will physically check your abdomen for lumps or tissue mass. The doctor can see our medical history, family history and types of treatment one had undergone in the past. Building upon these findings, the doctor will request us to go for one or more tests and may send us to a urologist if he/she suspects there is something wrong with our kidneys. Here are some tests healthcare providers may ask you to take – 

• Complete blood count to check how well your kidneys are working and detect the presence of any blood-related disease
• Bone scan to see if the ailment is present in your bones and chest X-ray to look for the spread of cancer cells in the lungs
• CT scan or PET scan for complete body examination
• Complete metabolic panel (CMP)
• Magnetic resonance imaging uses strong magnetic and radio waves to detect soft tissues in the body
• Urine analysis to check for blood or any infection in the urine sample
• Kidney function test
• Kidney Tissue Biopsy to look for any sort of malignancy
• Abdomen ultrasound to check if the tumour is solid or fluid-filled by creating pictures of the kidney using sound waves
• Renal arteriogram to evaluate blood supply in the tumour mass

Stages of kidney cancer

Now that you know what are the symptoms of kidney cancer, let’s look at the stages of the ailment.

Studying the fundamental insights of different stages of kidney cancer and its symptoms can help diagnose the early stages of this disease. There are four stages of kidney cancer, and the higher the stage, the more advanced the cancer will be.

• Stage I: If the tumour size is 7cm, is only present in the kidney, and has not spread to the lymph nodes or other tissues
• Stage II: If the tumour size is larger than 7 cm and this tumour or tissue mass is present only in the kidney and has not spread to the lymph nodes
• Stage III: If the tumour has spread to major blood vessels in the body like the renal vein, inferior vena cava, fatty tissue and lymph nodes around the kidney but not the ipsilateral adrenal gland and Gerota’s fascia
• Stage IV: If the tumour has spread further than the fatty layer of tissue around the kidney and nearby lymph nodes and spreads to other organs, like the bowel, pancreas, or lungs and beyond Gerota's fascia and ipsilateral adrenal gland

How is kidney cancer treated?

The treatment pathway for kidney cancer aims to have a diagnosis and to know the stage of kidney cancer. Different treatment options are available that help us with clear and concise information about these procedures, depending on the size and location of the tumour. Our age and general health also influence our options for treatment. Everyone’s kidney cancer treatment journey will differ based on the spread of the infection. The doctor may refer us to a specialist for treatment advice, including a urologist, a medical or radiation oncologist, or a surgeon. It is important to take a second opinion from your doctor before starting the treatment of kidney cancer. Discuss the proper treatment plan and its outcome before starting the therapy.

There are several standard treatment options for kidney cancer. The most common method and first-line treatment is surgery in which the entire tumour gets removed, and the doctor may suggest further treatment to eliminate any remaining cancer cells present in the neighbouring cells.

The main type of surgery for kidney cancer depends on how advanced the cancer is. Options for surgery are:

• Radical nephrectomy in which the kidney, adrenal gland, surrounding tissue and lymph nodes get removed; it is the most common type of surgery for kidney cancer done through a small incision with the help of a laparoscope.
• Simple nephrectomy in which the surgery gets done to remove only the kidney gets removed.
• Partial nephrectomy in which the kidney, along with some tissue around it, gets removed. This procedure is also used to remove smaller size tumours.

If surgery is not an option, the doctor may suggest the following methods to help destroy the kidney tumour.

• Cryotherapy involves extreme cold to kill the tumour.
• In radiofrequency ablation, a high-energy radio wave kills the tumour.
• Arterial embolisation involves inserting material, like a special gelatin sponge, through a catheter into an artery that clogs/blocks the blood flow to the tumour or primary renal blood vessel.

Other techniques used are listed below.

• Biologic therapy for kidney cancer: This therapy utilises our immune system to fight kidney cancer by restoring our body's natural defence mechanism and using immunotherapies like interferon alpha or interleukin-2.
• Targeted Therapy: This treatment utilises drugs and other substances to target cancer cells by using targeted therapy with anti-angiogenic agents that block blood vessels and shrink them to enter the tumour. It gets used after surgical procedures.
• Radiation Therapy: This type of treatment involves using high-energy X-rays (i.e., external radiation) to kill cancer cells in patients who do not undergo surgery.
• Chemotherapy: This mode of therapy uses drugs to eliminate cancer cells or prevent them from multiplying, but it is not effective for kidney cancer except for a particular type of spindle cells.

Can kidney cancer be prevented?

Learning about our kidneys is a way to regain control of our life and health. Doctors are researching the exact cause of symptoms of kidney cancer. But we can reduce the risk of this ailment by considering certain factors linked to kidney cancer, such as: 

• Cigarette smoking is a significant cause of concern as a large percentage of cases occur due to this reason.
• Maintaining a healthy weight by exercising and following a diet high in fruits and vegetables may also reduce our chance of getting this ailment.
• We can reduce our risk of kidney disease by managing our blood pressure.
• Avoiding exposure to harmful chemicals (such as trichloroethylene) at work may reduce our risk for renal cell cancer.
• Drinking alcohol is also one of the major factors for kidney disease, as several cases occur due to this reason.
• Kidney cancer is the most treatable ailment when detected in its early stages, so going for an early prognosis is wise.

Conclusion 

Like any illness, cancer can occur without warning. Whether one is recently diagnosed, undergoing or completed treatment for kidney cancer, or is a carer, investing in a health insurance policy could provide us with a safety net. Look for policies that cover critical illness or invest in it as an add-on cover. ICICI Lombard provides us with individual and family health insurance policies with upgraded new add-ons. When our demands and lifestyle are constantly changing, why should our health insurance policy remain the same? Review your needs and upgrade your health insurance policy to meet modern treatment needs.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Related Articles:

• Ways To Keeping Your Kidneys Healthy
• Unlocking Kidney Health: Fruits That Naturally Lower Creatinine Levels
• Understanding Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment
• Modifying Your Lifestyle to Prevent Kidney Stones
• Everyday Habits Damaging Your Kidneys

Our minds are complex, capable of incredible feats but susceptible to dysfunction and disease. Neurological disorders arise when something goes awry in the brain or nervous system, affecting how our bodies and minds work together. One such disorder is apraxia. It is a motor speech disorder that makes planning and executing physical movements of the muscles needed for speech difficult. In this article, we will explore what apraxia is, the signs and symptoms to look out for, potential causes, diagnosis, and treatment options.

What is Apraxia?

So, what is apraxia? It is often described as the disconnection between the brain and the muscles needed for speech. It is a neurological disorder wherein individuals are unable to carry out requested tasks or movements despite comprehending the command, having the willingness to execute the task, and possessing fully functional muscles required for the action. This impairment can occur even if the task has been previously learned.

Types of Apraxia

Listed below are the different types of apraxia:

• Apraxia of speech

Creates difficulties in mouth and tongue movements to articulate words despite the individual's desire to speak.

• Oral apraxia

Impacts the coordination of the jaw, lips, tongue, and palate. It can also hinder the ability to eat and drink.

• Ideational apraxia

Hinders the brain's ability to create a cohesive plan for motor tasks that involve many steps, such as brushing teeth.

• Ideomotor apraxia

Hampers the ability to execute instructions or imitate the movements of others involving the head, arms, or legs.

• Buccofacial apraxia

Affects the voluntary movements of the facial muscles, making it challenging to perform actions such as licking the lips or winking.

• Oculomotor apraxia

Hinders your ability to control the movement of your eyes in the desired direction.

• Constructional apraxia

Affects the ability to draw or replicate basic shapes and construct simple objects.

Difference between Apraxia of Speech and Aphasia

Apraxia and aphasia are often mistakenly mixed up. Yes, they can occur together, but their effects on communication are different. Aphasia hampers your ability to understand and use words effectively – it can make speaking, reading, and writing a challenge. Apraxia, on the other hand, is not about understanding language. It’s about struggling to initiate and complete the movements required for speech despite having no muscle weakness. Aphasia can manifest in different forms, commonly being Broca’s aphasia, which impedes speech, while Wernicke’s aphasia challenges comprehension and expression.

Symptoms of Apraxia

Some common symptoms of apraxia include the following:

• Impaired facial movements, such as coughing or winking
• Challenges in performing precise movements with your finger, arm, or leg
• Difficulty using tools for specific tasks
• Impaired eye movement
• Struggles in carrying out tasks like brushing your teeth or tying your shoes
• Taking small steps or having difficulty with coordination
• Issues with copying simple drawings

As discussed before, apraxia of speech affects the way you speak and commonly affects children. Early signs may include:

• Limited babbling (unrecognisable sounds made by babies) during infancy
• Lack of variation in the sounds they produce
• Omitting sounds within words, particularly at the beginning
• Inconsistency in pronouncing certain sounds or words
• Regression in speech abilities despite prior learning
• Reliance on nonverbal forms of communication, such as nodding or pointing

Causes of Apraxia

Apraxia is a condition that typically stems from brain damage, and the individuals suddenly lose abilities they once possessed. Common apraxia causes include:

• Brain tumours
• Neurodegenerative illnesses
• Dementia
• Strokes
• Severe brain injuries
• Hydrocephalus

Apraxia isn’t limited to acquired cases – it can also manifest from birth, with symptoms emerging as the child grows. The cause of this is unknown.

Researchers are currently trying to find out what brain issues cause apraxia of speech. Researchers are trying to find the genes that might be behind this kind of apraxia while also attempting to figure out which specific parts of the brain are connected to this condition.

Diagnosis of Apraxia

Doctors use the following tests to diagnose apraxia:

• During bedside tests, patients are asked to imitate commonly learned tasks like saluting or walking. Testing strength and range of motion helps determine if motor weakness or musculoskeletal issues are causing symptoms.
• Neuropsychologic testing and assessment by therapists can identify subtle apraxia. This standardised testing evaluates various aspects of brain function and provides insight into intelligence, attention, memory, and more. Caregivers should also be asked about the patient's ability to perform daily activities and use household tools properly.
• Brain imaging, like CT or MRI scans, is necessary to diagnose and characterise central lesions like infarcts or masses.

Diagnosing childhood apraxia of speech isn't as simple as just taking a test. But here's what most specialists look for: they'll check if your child can say the same word multiple times or recite a list of words that get more challenging. For example, "joy, joyful, joyfully."

The speech-language pathologist will also interact with your child to see what sounds, syllables, and words they can make and understand. The pathologist will even look inside the child's mouth, tongue and face to see if any structural issues are at play.

You won't be able to get a solid diagnosis until your child turns two. Before that, most kids aren't able to handle the tasks necessary to determine if they have apraxia.

Treatment of Apraxia

Occupational and speech therapists are key players in helping you and your caregivers tackle the challenges of apraxia head-on. During apraxia treatment, therapists will focus on:

• Practicing sounds to improve mouth movements
• Slowing down speech for better communication
• Teaching techniques to enhance your ability to express yourself
• Addressing any signs of depression

Family and friends can also make a big difference in communication by:

• Keeping directions simple
• Using clear and crisp phrases
• Speaking in a regular tone of voice (Remember, they don’t have a hearing issue)
• Trying to understand and offer communication aids if needed

Try these tips to make daily life easier for someone with apraxia:

• Create a relaxed and soothing environment
• Patiently allow them to complete a task without pressure
• Explore alternative ways of doing things, like wearing shoes using a hook and loop closure instead of laces.

Moreover, sign language can also be helpful for children struggling to understand. Therapists often suggest that these kids try to say the words they’re signing, which helps them practice making mouth movements. And it’s not just for kids – even people with more severe cases of acquired apraxia can benefit from sign language or computers.

Conclusion

Apraxia is a complex condition that affects people differently and requires a personalised approach to treatment and management. Parents, guardians, and caregivers must be aware of the symptoms and types of apraxia to provide treatment and support. It is crucial to remember that every individual with apraxia is unique, and there is no one-size-fits-all solution. It takes patience, understanding, and consistent support to help someone with apraxia thrive. Having health insurance can ease access to specialized therapies and resources, ensuring comprehensive care for individuals with apraxia.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and long-lasting autoimmune disease that severely affects the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). MS is marked by decreased nerve function with initial inflammation of the protective myelin nerve. Medical intervention is required to treat this condition to reduce and slow down disease progression. In this article, we’ll explore everything you need to know about multiple sclerosis.

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

So, what is multiple sclerosis? Multiple sclerosis causes the immune system to target and attack the cells in the myelin sheath (protective layer wrapped around nerve cells), interrupting signals from the brain to other body parts. Various risk factors like age, race, obesity, smoking, and a family history of MS are responsible for causing this disease. There’s no cure for multiple sclerosis, but treatment options are available to help you with speedy recovery from attacks, modifying the course of the disease progression and managing symptoms.

Types and Stages of Multiple Sclerosis

There are four types of multiple sclerosis:

1. Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS)

This Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS) is the single first episode of neurologic symptoms that lasts about 24 hours. The symptoms of CIS include:

• Vision problems, a condition known as optic neuritis
• Vertigo
• Loss of sensation in the face
• Weakness in the arms and legs
• Difficulty with coordination, balance, and walking
• Difficulty in speaking and swallowing
• Bladder problems

The state of CIS has shifted to relapse-remitting MS if another episode of CIS occurs.

1. Relapse-remitting MS (RRMS)

This is the most common type of multiple sclerosis that occurs in almost 85% of people with multiple sclerosis. This type of MS involves episodes of new or increasing neurologic symptoms and may show relapse or exacerbations followed by periods of recovery or remission. In remission cases, either all symptoms disappear, or some symptoms may continue and become permanent.

1. Primary progressive MS (PPMS)

Neurologic symptoms worsen progressively without early relapses or disability accumulates due to the appearance of symptoms or remissions. Some people may experience active PPMS with occasional relapse or evidence of new MRI activity.

1. Secondary progressive MS (SPMS)

In the case of secondary progressive MS, people will experience an initially relapsing-remitting disease course, with symptom flare-ups where the disease will start to progress steadily, followed by recovery periods.

Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis

The main multiple sclerosis symptoms are:

• Muscle weakness: 

People with MS may develop weak muscles due to a lack of stimulation of nerves. Muscle weakness can be managed by stretching, exercising, water therapy, yoga, or physical therapy and medications such as gabapentin or baclofen. People with MS should stay active, as inactivity can contribute to stiffness, weakness, pain, fatigue, and other symptoms.

• Numbness and tingling: 

A pins and needles-type sensation in the face, body, arms, and legs is among the earliest multiple sclerosis symptoms. An affected person can use assistive devices and perform weight exercises to help with these symptoms.

• Lhermitte’s sign:

Sometimes, a person may experience electric shocks when they move their neck, a condition called Lhermitte’s sign.

• Bladder problems:

Patients may have problems emptying their bladder or need to urinate frequently due to loss of bladder control. Medical treatments like relieving constipation with the use of laxatives or stool softeners or taking a high-fibre diet can help treat bladder-related problems.

• Bowel problems: 

A person with MS has problems with bowel movement, and constipation can worsen this condition.

• Fatigue: 

Fatigue can decrease a person’s physical and cognitive ability to function properly. It is important to join physical activity programmes of mild to moderate intensity to reduce fatigue. Some drugs, including amantadine, methylphenidate, and modafinil, can help to reduce fatigue. Patients can join stress management programmes, relaxation training, and MS support groups to keep nerve stimulation active.

• Dizziness and vertigo: Some people may experience problems with balance and coordination, a condition known as ataxia. This condition occurs when there is damage to the areas of the brain that control Some medications like dalfampridine are used to treat a patient who faces difficulty in walking.
• Sexual dysfunction: Sexual dysfunction can occur when there is damage to nerves running through the spinal cord, and both males and females may lose interest in sexual activity. Along with nerve damage, other problems like fatigue, cramped or spastic muscles, and psychological factors can also cause sexual dysfunction.
• Spasticity and muscle spasms: This is an early symptom of MS that happens when there is damage to the nerve fibres in the patient’s spinal cord and brain, causing muscle spasms
• Vision problems: Some patients may experience double or blurred vision because of multiple sclerosis due to inflammation in the optic nerve.

In the advanced stages of MS, people may experience differences in perception and thinking, as well as sensitivity to heat that worsens with the progression of the disease, and the person may experience emotional, physical and mental stress.

Causes of Multiple Sclerosis

The exact reason behind MS is unknown. Researchers say that since it is an immune-mediated disease, the body’s defence system attacks its healthy tissues and damages the fatty substance that coats and safeguards nerve fibres in the brain and spinal cord, known as the myelin sheath. Scientists say that a combination of genetics and environmental factors appears to be responsible. The risk factors are:

• Age 

Studies say that MS can occur at any age, but more cases are mainly reported around 20 and 40 years of age.

• Sex 

More cases of MS are reported in women, that is 2 to 3 times as likely as men.

• Family history 

Cases of MS are linked with family history, sometimes seen if any of the parents or siblings have had MS in the past.

• Certain infections

Studies have reported cases of MS linked with a variety of viruses, including Epstein-Barr, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis.

• Race

White people are more likely to get this disease, including Northern European descent; Asian, African, or Native American people have the lowest risk.

• Climate 

Cases of MS are far more common in countries with temperate climates, like Canada, the northern United States, New Zealand, southeastern Australia and Europe, where the temperature is either extremely cold or too hot.

• Vitamin D

People with low levels of vitamin D and less exposure to sunlight are at greater risk of developing MD disease.

• Genes

A gene on chromosome 6p21 is believed to be associated with multiple sclerosis. People with this gene are at higher risk of developing MS.

• Obesity

The condition of MS mostly develops in women with increased weight, especially true for female childhood and adolescent obesity as compared to low-weight people with a lesser risk of developing MS.

• Certain autoimmune diseases 

People living with other autoimmune disorders such as thyroid disease, pernicious anaemia, psoriasis, or type-1 diabetes are at higher risk of developing MS.

• Smoking 

Smoking increases the chances of most autoimmune diseases. The symptoms related to MS are more likely than nonsmokers to develop MS disease.

Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis

No single test confirms a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis if you have experienced only one attack of MS-like symptoms. Doctors use several strategies to diagnose MS. They may check the patient’s complete medical history and recommend a physical and detailed neurological examination to diagnose the condition.

• Blood Tests: These tests assess the effectiveness of treatment by determining white and red blood cell counts, as well as to help rule out other diseases with symptoms like MS. Blood tests also detect the specific biomarkers associated with MS that may also aid in diagnosing the stage of MS.
• Spinal Tap: In this test, a doctor requires a spinal tap to collect cerebrospinal fluid, which a doctor then analyses to look for abnormalities in antibodies that are associated with MS. They will also check for low sugar levels, elevated white blood cell counts and high protein levels. A spinal tap test can also determine suitable antibiotics for treatment using cerebrospinal fluid. A spinal tap can also help to determine the infections and other stages with neurologic symptoms like MS.
• MRI Test: MRI scans can show characteristic MS lesions on your brain, cervical, and thoracic spinal cord. A doctor will perform an MRI by intravenously injecting a dye or contrast agent to enhance brain images that will indicate the disease in the form of active MS lesions.
• Evoked potential test: This is done to record the electrical signals produced by the nervous system responding to stimulation using electrodes. The electrodes are placed on the skin, and painless electric signals are generated to measure how rapidly and accurately the nervous system responds to stimulation by watching a moving visual pattern on the screen in the form of short electrical impulses that are applied to nerves in your legs or arms. The measured signals tell how quickly the information travels down your nerve pathways. This test is painless and can show how accurately your brain works to receive messages in the form of stimuli from the central nervous system.

Diagnosing MS can be more difficult in cases where there are unusual symptoms of active MS. The doctor may recommend further testing with spinal fluid analysis and additional imaging.

Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

Since there is no cure for muscular sclerosis, certain treatments focus on managing symptoms, reducing relapses, and slowing the disease’s progression. The treatment plan may include:

• Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs): 

Medications like beta-interferon have been approved for long-term treatment of muscular sclerosis. These drugs help reduce the chance of relapse and may decrease inflammation and increase nerve growth by slowing down disease progression and preventing new lesions on the brain and spinal cord.

• Corticosteroids

In severe attacks, a neurologist may recommend a high dose of corticosteroids, which will quickly reduce inflammation and slow damage to the myelin sheath.

• Physical activity and fitness

Muscular sclerosis hinders a patient’s physical activity and fitness. So, it is important to stay physically fit, which will help you maintain your mobility.

• Mental health

Dealing with a diagnosis of muscular sclerosis can be challenging, as it can affect your mood and memory. It’s easy to feel worried, depressed and stressed when dealing with it. Patients should keep in touch with a neuropsychologist about any problems or concerns they may face during treatment.

Prognosis of Multiple Sclerosis

Living with the condition of multiple sclerosis is challenging. The prognosis of multiple sclerosis does not always result in severe paralysis. About two-thirds of people with MS can walk, while some may require assistance with the use of a cane, wheelchair, crutches, or a scooter. It has been studied that the average life expectancy for a person with a condition of multiple sclerosis is generally 5 to 10 years lower than that of the average person.

Thanks to advances in treatment, there has been excellent progress in research areas—especially in the development of new multiple sclerosis treatments to prevent exacerbations of the disease. With appropriate diagnosis and treatment, most people with MS will continue to lead full, active, and productive lives. Discoveries are constantly changing MS treatment options and helping to reduce neurological symptoms of MS that cause disability.

Conclusion

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder that needs to be dealt with carefully. MS develops due to various factors like age, race, obesity, smoking, family history and more. It is advisable to talk to your neuropsychologist about therapies and medications available to reduce relapses and flare-up attacks by slowing down the disease progression. There is also hope that researchers will be able to detect what kind of MS a person will develop and establish the most effective mode of treatment right from the time of diagnosis. Having health insurance ensures access to specialized care and advanced treatments, providing essential support for managing conditions like multiple sclerosis.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

A common stomach ailment, diarrhoea, can be caused by various factors, including infections, bacteria, or specific foods. It is a condition that often results in free and watery solid discharges. Due to its common occurrence, having the correct information about diarrhoea is necessary to ensure quick treatment.

What is Diarrhoea?

A common digestive condition, diarrhoea is characterised by frequent, watery, and loose bowel movements. It happens when the stomach-related framework can't ingest water as expected or when abundant water is discharged into the digestion tracts. Diarrhoea can prompt side effects like stomach agony, drying out, and earnestness to use the bathroom. Treatment includes overseeing side effects, remaining hydrated, and tending to the primary reason.

Diarrhoea can have causes that aren't due to a certain disease. Examples include a liquid diet, food intolerance, stress, anxiety, or the use of laxatives.

Clinically, there are three types of diarrhoea:

• Acute watery diarrhoea that lasts several hours or days and includes cholera
• Acute bloody diarrhoea, also called dysentery
• Persistent diarrhoea that may continue for up to 14 days or longer

What Causes Diarrhoea?

In India, diarrhoea ranks third in terms of causes of childhood death, accounting for 13% of all fatalities in children under the age of five each year. Several conditions and diseases can cause diarrhoea, including:

Medicines

Some medications can cause diarrhoea as a side effect. For example, antibiotics can disrupt the normal balance of bacteria in the digestive tract, leading to diarrhoea. This interruption can prompt diarrhoea or conditions like C. difficile. Different prescriptions, including antiviral medications and magnesium-containing stomach-settling agents, can cause the runs.

Food allergies

These are often the result of consuming specific allergenic foods, like dairy, gluten, shellfish, and certain fruits and vegetables. Gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhoea, cramping, and bloating may occur. Identifying and avoiding these trigger foods is crucial to managing and preventing allergic diarrhoea.

Digestive disorders

Digestive disorders, such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, can cause inflammation and damage in the intestines. This condition leads to symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and rectal bleeding. These conditions are chronic and can be managed with medications and lifestyle changes. In some cases, surgical interventions may be needed.

Surgery

Undergoing surgery to remove part of the intestine or the gallbladder can occasionally cause diarrhoea.

Symptoms of Diarrhoea

The main sign of diarrhoea is a loose or watery stool. Other common symptoms include:

• Infections:

Diarrhoea can result from infections from pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The norovirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis-related diarrhoea in adults. The rotavirus is the leading cause of acute diarrhoea in children.

• Diseases affecting your bowels:

Diarrhoea is a common symptom of bowel conditions such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). These conditions cause irritation and inflammation in the intestines. Stress and anxiety can further worsen symptoms in cases of IBS.

• Foods that upset your digestive system:

Lactose intolerance can result in diarrhoea due to difficulty digesting lactose, the sugar in dairy products. Similarly, trouble digesting fructose, a sugar in honey and fruits, can lead to diarrhoea. With celiac disease, diarrhoea occurs because the body struggles to break down gluten, a protein in wheat.

When to Consult a Doctor?

Proper diagnosis and treatment depend on the underlying cause of diarrhoea, so working with a healthcare provider to determine the best course of action is essential. Check with your doctor if:

• Diarrhoea continues for over two days or becomes severe with dry mouth, excessive thirst, and dark urine, indicating dehydration.
• High fever (above 101°F or 38.3°C) going with the runs and dark stools.
• Severe stomach torment or squeezing. Relentless heavying or failure to hold liquids down.
• Recent travel or openness to debased food or water.
• Weakened immune systems or chronic health conditions.
• You are dehydrated with symptoms like decreased urination, dry mouth and throat, dizziness, or light-headedness.

Diagnosis of Diarrhoea

Medical services experts use different techniques to analyse the reasons for the runs. Proper diagnosis starts with a careful clinical history assessment, including inquiries regarding side effects, late travel, and previous medications.

Diagnostic tests include stool analysis to look for infections, blood tests for inflammatory markers or nutrient deficiencies, and imaging studies like endoscopies or ultrasounds to look at the gastrointestinal tract. Sometimes, doctors may suggest a dietary assessment or elimination diet to identify potential food intolerances.

It is essential to consult a doctor who can give precise findings and customised suggestions for reasons to settle the bowels' looseness.

Treatment of Diarrhoea

For diarrhoea treatment, there are a couple of things you can do. First, it's critical to remain hydrated. Drink a lot of liquids like water and electrolytes. Avoid sugary drinks, alcohol, and caffeine. Avoid foods that may support diarrhoea, such as fatty, spicy, or dairy-rich foods.

Curious about what to eat with diarrhoea?

We suggest you follow the BRAT food system, the acronym for bananas, rice, apples, and toast. You can also consume other bland food items like boiled potatoes, crackers, or hot cereals like oatmeal and porridge during your bout of diarrhoea.

Be careful, and you will feel relatively better soon!

Symptoms That Your Diarrhoea is Healing

• Reduction in frequency of bowel movements: As the body starts to recover from diarrhoea, you may notice a decrease in the number of times you need to visit the washroom.

• Decreased severity of abdominal cramping: If the underlying cause of your diarrhoea is gastrointestinal irritation, infection, or inflammation, you might notice a reduction in the severity of abdominal cramping as your body heals.

• Return to a regular diet: When you can tolerate a regular diet without intensifying symptoms, it's a sign that your digestive system is repairing.

Conclusion

Treating bowel diarrhoea includes checking with your doctor when essential and utilising some common DIY treatments. When covering the costs of medical care for various health conditions, health insurance can be handy. Health care coverage gives monetary support for general well-being. Selecting a health insurance plan that meets individual needs and provides comprehensive coverage is important.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.