Uterine Cancer refers to the cancer of tissues of the uterus. Depending upon the location of tissues from which the cancer grows, uterine cancer can be of two types. The cancer either arises from a middle layer or the innermost layer of the uterus. Cancer that arises from the innermost layer is more commonly seen and usually referred to as Uterine Cancer. A uterine cancer diagnosis can be very challenging, with early detection being key to managing it. This article will explore the methods used to detect uterine cancer.
Diagnosis of Uterine Cancer?
The following diagnostic tests are performed to detect uterine cancer:
- Physical and Pelvic examination - Testing begins with a physical examination along with a thorough pelvic examination. This examination is done for both types of uterine cancers - endometrial cancer and uterine sarcoma. This test gives the doctor information regarding internal organs, such as the uterus, ovaries, vagina, and rectum.
- Pap smear test - This test is usually done side by side with the pelvic examination to exclude any chance of cervical cancer. It also gives an idea of the presence of abnormal cells that could be a sign of uterine cancer.
- Ultrasound - In this technique, sound waves are used to create an image of internal organs, which shows any abnormal growth if present. An ultrasound can be done internally or externally. An external pelvic ultrasound involved the doctor moving the transducer over the abdomen. For an internal ultrasound, the transducer is placed inside the vagina to perform the ultrasound; this in turn, gives better images of the reproductive organs. By this method, tumours in the uterus and endometrial thickness can be measured.
- Biopsy - A small tissue segment is obtained from the endometrium or the innermost lining of the uterus. The tissue section is then analysed microscopically to detect the presence of any abnormal cells. The pathologist examines the tissue section with the help of special stains. For endometrial biopsy, the doctor inserts an extremely thin tube from the vagina through the uterus to obtain the tissue specimen by suction. This sample is further processed and analysed.
- Dilation and curettage (D&C) - This is another procedure for obtaining tissue samples from the uterus. Dilation means widening the cervix area so that a spoon-like device called curettage can be inserted into the cervix and then into the uterus to get a tissue sample. This process can be a little painful and is often performed with anaesthesia to minimize the pain.
- Hysteroscopy - This process is done with the help of a hysteroscope, which is a telescope-like instrument that can be inserted into the uterus through the vagina. This technique is often done along with dilation and curettage. Before starting the hysteroscopy, the doctor fills the uterus with saline to get a good image.
- Biomarker testing -This involved checking for the well-known cancer marker CA – 125 (Cancer Antigen - 125) through a blood sample of the patient. The presence of CA - 125 is known in many cases of uterine cancer and its presence, along with other symptoms and test results, indicates the presence of uterine cancer.
- Genomic testing - This test is done to identify the stage of uterine cancer. Once the presence of uterine cancer is confirmed, advanced genomic testing is done to check for mutations present in the cells and identify the stage depending on the aggressiveness of the cancer.
Conclusion
An accurate uterine cancer diagnosis and its staging is important because it helps the doctor make an action plan to follow for the treatment. In addition to the above-mentioned techniques, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and CT scan (Computed Tomography Scan) are also performed as needed to get better images of the reproductive organs. The diagnosis of uterine cancer at an early stage gives a good prognosis with available therapies. The different treatment options used are surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy. Most of these treatments might put a heavy financial burden on you, but having a good health insurance plan would surely help ease this burden.