The thyroid gland appears like a butterfly in the lower neck area. The thyroid hormone regulates metabolism, growth, and brain development. Hypothyroidism is a condition that occurs when the thyroid gland is unable to produce enough hormones and release them in the bloodstream, which slows down metabolism and affects overall health. This condition is called hypothyroidism, also known as underactive thyroid disease.

If left untreated, hypothyroidism can lead to other health complications, including weight gain, digestion issues, mood swings, high cholesterol, and heart problems. This article dwells upon the methods of hypothyroidism diagnosis.

Diagnosis of hypothyroidism

If a person shows symptoms of hypothyroidism, the doctor will recommend blood tests to check the hormone levels. The process can include:

• Medical history and physical examination:

  Your doctor may seek your medical and family history to assess the chances of hypothyroidism.

• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) :

  The doctor will first suggest a blood test for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to diagnose hypothyroidism in the blood. If the initial TSH reading is high, another blood test is conducted to determine the level of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4). If the test reading shows an elevated TSH and a low T4, it is a case of hypothyroidism. In some cases, the T3 thyroid hormone test is also conducted by assessing the symptoms shown by the patient.

• Thyroxine (T4) :

  If the patient has lower than expected T4 levels, it is a case of hypothyroidism. Meanwhile, if the TSH level is high while the T4 value is normal, it is subclinical or mild hypothyroidism.

• Thyroid scan:

  A thyroid scan determines whether the thyroid gland is overactive by measuring the amount of iodine in the bloodstream. The doctor administers a small iodine tablet or liquid iodine into the body and runs a thyroid scan for this test. The scan will show if the entire gland is causing the problem or whether it is just a single area. A thyroid ultrasound is conducted to measure the size of the whole thyroid gland and to look for a thyroid nodule that can affect the normal functioning of the thyroid gland.

In the case of mild hypothyroidism, a person may not show any symptoms, and the condition disappears after a brief treatment. People with hypothyroidism should note it is a life-long medical condition that requires regular monitoring and treatment with medicines based on the T3, T4, and TSH level readings.

Conclusion

Hence, comprehensive health insurance and regular health check-ups can help in the early diagnosis and treatment of hypothyroidism. People can get cured of hypothyroidism by making some dietary changes and regularly taking the medication the healthcare professional recommends.

Hyperthyroidism is a condition that occurs when the thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormones. Thus, the overactive thyroid boosts metabolism in the body, causing many symptoms. The thyroid gland hormones control the way the body uses energy and these hormones can affect nearly every organ in our body and control many bodily functions like breathing, heart rate, weight gain or loss, digestion, and moods.

In some cases, several health conditions can lead to hyperthyroidism, most commonly Graves disease. The hyperactive condition of the thyroid gland more commonly occurs in women than men between the ages of 20 to 40 years.

Diagnosis of hyperthyroidism

Doctors will suggest any of the following tests for the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism when a patient complains of certain symptoms.

• Medical history and Physical examination:

  To diagnose hyperthyroidism, a doctor may ask for our medical and family history to evaluate the chances of hyperthyroidism. During the physical examination, the doctor will check the following:

• Thyroid gland:

  The doctor will examine and feel the outside of the neck for any enlargement or bumps.

• Eyes:

  Eyes are examined for swelling, redness, bulging, etc.

• Heartbeat:

  Heartbeat is checked for any irregularity

• Hand tremor:

  Hands will be checked to see if they tremble when stretched out.

• Skin:

  Skin is checked to see if it is warm or moist

• Blood test:

  Blood samples will be tested to look for high levels of thyroid hormones. This is termed thyroid function testing. In hyperthyroidism, the levels of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 will be above normal, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) lower than normal.

• Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAIU) test and thyroid scan:

  In the RAIU test, we will be given a small dose of radioiodine to consume. After 6 and 24 hours, the doctor will scan our neck using a device called a gamma probe to see how much of the radiotracer got absorbed in the thyroid gland and in which areas it got collected. A high absorption of radioiodine indicates an overproduction of T4. The gamma camera takes images of the thyroid gland, where the areas that collected the radiotracer will appear bright on the screen. These images help the doctor to look for any nodules in the gland.

• Thyroid ultrasound:

  Ultrasound of the thyroid is done to find thyroid nodules that can affect the functioning of the thyroid gland. The test uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the gland.

Conclusion

There is no specific way to prevent thyroid, however, undergoing regular health check-ups can help in early hyperthyroidism diagnosis. This will let us seek timely medical treatment. People can manage hyperthyroidism by including some dietary changes in their daily lives, along with medications. If we have a health insurance plan, it will help us cover the cost of tests, treatments, pre and post-hospitalisation expenses, etc.

You may have heard of high blood pressure, or hypertension, as a common health problem. But did you know that low blood pressure, or hypotension, can also cause health issues? It can sometimes lead to dizziness, fainting, and even shock.

Low blood pressure is defined as a reading lower than 90/60 mm Hg. However, what is considered low for one person may be normal for another. Some people have naturally low blood pressure and do not experience any symptoms or problems. Others may have this issue due to certain medical conditions, medications, or lifestyle factors.

But how do doctors proceed with a low blood pressure diagnosis? Let's find out.

Diagnosis of Low Blood Pressure

The physician will perform a physical test to diagnose low blood pressure and ask about the patient’s medical history and symptoms. They will also measure the blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer. This device has a cuff that wraps around your arm and a gauge that shows the pressure readings.

Other tests to determine low BP are:

• Blood tests:

  These can check for infections, anaemia, diabetes, or other conditions that may affect blood pressure.

• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG):

  This is a painless assessment that measures the heart's electrical activity and can detect any abnormalities or damage.

• Echocardiogram:

  This ultrasound test shows detailed images of your heart's structure and function.

• Tilt table test:

  This test evaluates how the body reacts to changes in position. The patient lying on a table is tilted horizontally to vertically and the heart rate and blood pressure are monitored during the time.

Low blood pressure is not necessarily a reason to worry, but in some cases, it could signal a significant health issue or result in complications. Therefore, monitoring the blood pressure regularly and consulting a physician if we detect any unusual changes or symptoms is essential. We can manage our low blood pressure and enjoy a healthy and active life with proper diagnosis and treatment. Consider buying health insurance. It will financially safeguard us in the event of uncertainty.

High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a widespread and severe health issue affecting millions globally. It arises when the pressure of blood against artery walls becomes excessively high, posing risks to vital organs like the heart, eyes, kidneys, and brain. Importantly, hypertension often develops silently. It shows no noticeable symptoms. Hence, regular monitoring and high blood pressure diagnosis by your doctor are crucial.

This article will explore the methods for detecting high blood pressure and the diagnostic tests employed to identify this condition.

Diagnosis of High Blood Pressure

Let's discover how is high blood pressure detected. First, your cardiologist will measure your blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer. This device comprises a cuff that wraps around your arm and a gauge that shows the pressure in millimetres of mercury (mm Hg).

The cuff is inflated to squeeze your arm and then slowly deflated while the gauge records the highest (systolic) and lowest (diastolic) pressures. Your blood pressure is expressed as systolic over diastolic, such as 120/80 mm Hg.

• Electrocardiogram:

  An ECG or EKG is a simple heart test to check your heart's electrical activity. It is painless and involves attaching electrodes to your skin. These electrodes record the electrical signals that make your heartbeat. It helps doctors detect various heart conditions but does not directly measure blood pressure. Instead, it diagnoses heart conditions like irregular heartbeats, heart attacks, or other heart problems.

• Electrocardiogram:

  An Echocardiogram, often called an Echo, is a non-invasive test used to examine your heart's structure and how it functions. It employs sound waves to create detailed images of your heart, helping doctors assess its health. An Echo can reveal problems like valve issues, heart muscle abnormalities, or fluid around the heart. By analysing these parameters, your doctor can detect if you have high blood pressure.

• Ambulatory Monitoring:

  Ambulatory monitoring involves wearing a portable blood pressure monitor for an extended period, usually 24 hours. This device records your blood pressure at regular intervals throughout the day and night. It offers a comprehensive view of your blood pressure patterns in your daily life. It helps doctors assess if your blood pressure remains consistently high, especially during daily activities and sleep, allowing for a more accurate diagnosis and personalised treatment plan.

• Lab Tests:

  Lab tests can help in high blood pressure diagnosis by detecting underlying conditions. These tests may cover blood tests to measure cholesterol levels, kidney function, and blood sugar levels. High cholesterol levels, kidney problems, or diabetes can increase your risk of high blood pressure.

• Eye Exam:

  An eye examination can sometimes detect signs of high blood pressure. During the exam, the eye doctor may observe changes in the blood vessels in your eyes, such as narrowing, thickening, or bleeding. These changes can indicate high blood pressure's impact on the small blood vessels in your body.

Conclusion

High blood pressure is a severe medical condition that can raise the threat of heart ailment, stroke, kidney failure, and other health problems. It is usually called the "silent killer" because it generally has no symptoms until it causes damage to your organs. Therefore, it is vital to ensure a quick high blood pressure diagnosis.

Also, prioritise your health and consider Health Insurance for comprehensive coverage and peace of mind. You may also have health insurance to ensure better treatment.

Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is a chronic disease that impacts how the blood sugar in our body gets utilised. There are two main types of this condition, depending on the cause: type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes occurs when less or no insulin is secreted by the pancreas because the immune system attacks and kills the islet cells of the gland. In type 2 diabetes, either the pancreas doesn't make enough insulin or the cells do not utilise the insulin well. In both types, the blood sugar level of the body increases. Let us learn about diabetes diagnosis.

Diagnosis of Diabetes

The doctor may recommend different tests to diagnose diabetes The tests are:

• Fasting plasma glucose test:

  The fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test measures the blood glucose level after a person has gone fasting for at least 8 hours. This can detect diabetes or pre-diabetes.

• Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) test:

  The A1C test also known as hemoglobin A1C, HbA1C, glycated haemoglobin, or glycohaemoglobin test is a blood test that provides average levels of blood glucose over the last 3 months in a person's blood sample. This test can be done without fasting. This test is done to diagnose pre-diabetes or type 2 diabetes. The result of the A1C test is reported in the form of percentages such as A1C of 8%

• Random plasma glucose test:

  In a random plasma glucose test, the blood sugar level is tested irrespective of when the person had the last meal. The test result along with symptoms is used to diagnose diabetes. Prediabetes cannot be determined.

• Glucose challenge test or one-hour glucose tolerance test:

  This test is recommended for testing gestational diabetes. A medical lab technician will draw a sample of a patient's blood 1 hour after giving her a sugary drink to consume. In case the reading of blood glucose level is too high i.e., 140 mg/dL to 190 mg/dL, then a person may need a three-hour glucose tolerance test.

• Oral glucose tolerance test:

  The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is performed to detect type 2 diabetes. A modified version of this is used to check gestational diabetes. This test measures the body's response to glucose. A person needs to fast for at least 8 hours and then a blood sample is withdrawn to measure the fasting glucose level. For type 2 testing, the person will be then given a glucose solution to drink and the sugar level will be measured again after 2 hours. In the case of pregnant women, the second blood glucose test is done every hour for 2 to 3 hours.

diabetes diagnostic criteria include

• A fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 126 mg/dl or
• A 2-hour plasma glucose level ≥ 200 mg/dl or
• Random plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dl or
• HbA1c ≥ 6.5%

Conclusion

People with type-1 and type-2 diabetes have an increased risk of getting other health complications like cardiovascular diseases, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, etc. It is always recommended to monitor diabetes very closely if a person has any of the diabetes types. Regular workouts and a healthy diet can help a diabetic person manage blood sugar levels. The individual may also need injectable insulin or an insulin pump to manage this condition. We can get a diabetes health insurance plan that covers all the complications associated with this condition like strokes, kidney disease, loss of vision, and limb amputation.

Dairy products are noted for their health benefits. You have likely heard your elders say that a glass of milk will support bone health, promote mental well-being, and boost your immune system. But what if you are lactose intolerant? Is there any alternative to dairy products for you? The answer is yes.

Best plant-based substitutes for common dairy and milk products

Listed below are easily available alternatives to common dairy and milk products you can integrate into your dietary regimen.

1. Soy milk

Soy milk is prepared using soybeans and water. A cup provides 4g of fat, 7g of protein, and approximately 80 calories, making it suitable for weight loss. Moreover, soy milk contains phytonutrients in the form of isoflavone. These nutrients help improve bone health and lower the risk of certain types of cancers.

2. Avocados

Ripe avocados are a perfect alternative to butter. You can use them to prepare sandwiches and salads, or blend them with other ingredients to make chutneys to complement parathas.

Regarding nutritional content, a whole medium avocado has 13 grams of carbohydrates, 11 milligrams of sodium, 22 grams of fat, and 3 grams of protein. Avocados also contain folate, aiding cell division and repair.

3. Coconut milk

Derived from the grated meat of ripe coconuts, coconut milk is produced by mixing it with water and straining it to extract the liquid. It contains healthy fats like medium-chain triglycerides and is rich in potassium, magnesium, and iron.

Coconut milk is recommended for treating inflammation due to its high antioxidant content.

4. Almond milk

Almond milk is great for losing weight or achieving glowing skin. It is prepared with almond butter mixed with water or whole almonds. When you drink it directly, it tastes a bit nutty; hence, it is recommended to add it to smoothies for a sweet flavour.

The nutritional content of a cup or 240 ml of almond milk includes a gram of protein, around 2.5 grams of fat, and 2 grams of carbohydrates. Its calorie content of around 30-35 is 75% less than what is found in cow's milk.

Conclusion

Switching to a plant-based diet doesn’t mean you have to give up the comfort and taste of your favourite dairy products. You can enjoy milk, butter, and even ice cream with many vegan alternatives without compromising flavour or nutrition.

However, despite obtaining high nutritional content from the options above, preparing yourself for any health-related challenges is crucial. That is where investing in health insurance becomes essential, ensuring peace of mind with financial coverage.

The pancreas is the most important part of the body, as it performs two crucial functions. Firstly, it produces digestive enzymes to break down vital nutrients in the small intestine. Secondly, it produces glucagon and insulin, releasing them into the bloodstream to ensure glucose absorption into cells, providing energy to the body.

Here's how to keep your pancreas healthy.

How can you take care of your pancreas?

1. Eat healthy

Your platter must include a mix of fresh veggies and fruits. Include those rich in fibre, minerals, and antioxidants.

You can try raspberries, blueberries, oranges, and bananas. Also, prioritise lean proteins and whole grains, and cut down on unhealthy carbohydrates for improved pancreas function.

2. Avoid processed food

Did you know that excessive consumption of processed foods, which are known for high refined sugar content, chemical additives, and unhealthy fats, can make you obese? Not only that, these ingredients can also cause inflammation in your pancreas and disrupt insulin production or absorption, leading to Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.

Avoiding processed and sugary foods and switching to organic alternatives may be a good idea.

3. Limit red meats

Red meats have high cholesterol and saturated fats. Frequently consuming them increases fat intake, making it tough for your pancreas to produce digestive enzymes. This ultimately causes inflammation in the pancreas and contributes to conditions like pancreatitis.

They are also linked with insulin resistance, causing Type 2 diabetes.

4. Stay hydrated

The simplest advice for maintaining pancreatic health is to drink plenty of water. It supports digestive enzyme production and helps break down the food you consume for better absorption in the body.

5. Exercise regularly

Engage in cardiovascular exercises, such as swimming or cycling, to reduce fat build-up and lower the risk of pancreatic issues. You can also perform strength training exercises to control blood sugar levels and reduce strain on the pancreas.

The optimal way to exercise is to spare at least 30 minutes from your hectic lifestyle and perform a mix of yoga, strength training, and cardio.

6. Quit smoking

Cigarettes contain toxic chemicals like carcinogens and nicotine. If you smoke often, it can lead to pancreatic inflammation and reduction in enzyme production. It also causes oxidative stress that damages pancreatic cells and raises the threat of pancreatic cancer.

7. Adequate sleep

Try to get restful sleep of at least 7-8 hours. Adequate sleep supports the body's natural repair processes and helps reduce inflammation and stress, which can positively affect the pancreas.

Conclusion

Taking proactive steps to care for your pancreas can significantly impact your overall health and quality of life. Also, to prepare yourself financially to deal with any pancreas-related conditions, make sure you invest in a reliable health insurance.

Marriage is an important milestone that brings about many changes in a couple's lifestyle, responsibilities, and finances. If you have recently tied the knot and are reviewing your savings and investments, remember to update your health insurance policy to reflect this significant life change. Read on to learn about the adjustments you must make to your healthcare plan after marriage.

Important adjustments to your health insurance plan after marriage

The following are some essential adjustments you must make to your health insurance plan after marriage -

1. Add your spouse to your health plan: If you are covered under health insurance, you can add your spouse to the existing plan by filling out the form and submitting the required documents. These include your marriage certificate and the KYC documents of your spouse, such as his/her identity proof, age proof, and photographs.

The insurer will add your spouse to the existing health plan at the time of policy renewal. When you add your spouse, your individual health plan will become a family floater, and the policy premium will be adjusted accordingly.

2. Review policy coverage: After adding your spouse to your health plan, carefully review your health insurance coverage. Consider any necessary adjustments based on your spouse's medical history and healthcare needs. This will ensure appropriate protection for both of you.

3. Consider add-on covers: Maternity cover is an essential add-on to consider after marriage. You can also evaluate other options, like top-up coverage and critical illness coverage, based on your healthcare requirements.

4. Opt for another insurance provider: If you are unhappy with the family floater coverage your current insurer offers, you can consider porting your plan to another insurer.

Health insurance for family

Health insurance is a valuable investment for families. It covers a range of medical expenses of the insured members and saves them from using up all their savings. The following are the features of a family health insurance policy -

1. Covered members: A family floater covers the policyholder, his/her spouse, dependent children, and parents.
2. Coverage: A family healthcare policy covers hospital bills, pre- and post-hospitalisation expenses, home healthcare, daycare procedures, organ donor expenses, alternative treatments, and more.
3. Sum insured: Since the policy covers more than one member, the sum insured is higher than individual health insurance plans. Any covered member can use the sum insured to cover his/her medical bills.
4. Premiums: A family floater is more economical than individual health plans.
5. Cashless hospitalisation: The covered members can opt for cashless treatment at any network hospital of the insurer.
6. Add-on covers: Policyholders can enhance the coverage of a family health plan with essential add-ons. These include critical illness cover, personal accident cover, maternity cover, etc.

Conclusion

Health insurance ensures quality healthcare and financial security during medical emergencies. Hence, when you get married, remember to add your spouse to your existing health plan to take care of his/her healthcare needs. If you are not covered under a health insurance policy, invest in one without delay.

Seasonal Affective Disorder, also termed SAD, is a medical condition characterised by depression that individuals may experience during specific months of the year, especially in winter. The condition is accompanied by low energy, weight gain, oversleeping, and persistent sadness. Here are some ways to cope with this condition.

10 effective ways to help with seasonal affective disorder

1. Adequate sleep

Aim for seven to eight hours of sleep each night. If your hectic lifestyle allows only five to six hours of sleep at night, try to take a one or two hour nap in the afternoon. A consistent sleep schedule helps with SAD, improves your immune system, and lowers the chance of cardiac disease, obesity, and diabetes.

2. Light therapy

Light therapy can involve exposing yourself to direct sunlight or using artificial light in a small room where wavelengths mimic natural sun rays. Light therapy of 20-30 minutes helps treat SAD, skin wound infections, and circadian rhythm disorders.

3. Spend time outdoors

Staying outdoors for some time does not necessarily mean roaming in a polluted area. Going for a morning walk in an area with greenery all around is recommended.

4. Regular exercise

Start your day by incorporating light cardio or activities, such as cycling, running, or brisk walking, into your routine, if possible. Doing so helps release serotonin and endorphins, chemicals that improve mood and sleep and deal with stress to treat SAD.

5. Improve diet

Consume foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, such as walnuts or salmon, to boost mood and improve brain function. Complex carbs like whole grains help regulate serotonin, while vitamin D-rich foods like eggs, fortified dairy products, and mushrooms are also recommended.

6. Socialise

Isolation can exacerbate symptoms of SAD. Make an effort to connect with friends, family, or support groups regularly, even via video calls. Social interaction provides emotional support and reduces feelings of loneliness.

7. Limit alcohol and caffeine

While it might be tempting to reach for a glass of liquor or a cup of coffee to help with energy or mood, both alcohol and caffeine can negatively affect your mental health.

Caffeine consumption can disrupt sleep patterns, whereas alcohol, as a depressant, has the potential to exacerbate feelings of sadness or anxiety.

8. Try activities you enjoy

One of the common symptoms of SAD is that you start losing interest in activities you once loved. You can lift your spirits by reading books, pursuing your hobbies, or listening to soothing music to keep negative thoughts at bay.

9. Limit sugar intake

While sugary snacks can temporarily spike your energy, they often lead to mood drops afterwards. Instead of high-sugar foods, consider healthier snack choices.

10. Set small goals

When feeling low, even small tasks can seem overwhelming. Setting simple, achievable daily goals, like organising a room or cooking a meal, can give you a sense of accomplishment.

Conclusion

You can easily manage SAD by integrating these tips. However, to ensure you are financially prepared to deal with this condition, it is recommended to have a reliable health insurance handy too.

The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland present on the floor of the neck. Thyroid hormones play an important role in regulating metabolism, growth, and brain development. Thyroid cancer occurs when abnormal growth of cells starts in the gland. This condition might not show any symptoms at first but with time it grows and can cause signs and symptoms, such as swelling in the neck area, voice changes, and difficulty swallowing.

Thyroid hormones can affect nearly every organ in our body and control many functions. So, it is always advisable to seek medical help when diagnosed with a condition related to the thyroid gland.

Diagnosis of Thyroid Cancer

For thyroid cancer diagnosis, the doctor may recommend certain tests, which are listed below.

• Physical Examination :

  The doctor will examine the neck of the patient to feel for any lumps in the thyroid and ask for details regarding any previous exposure to any radiation and family history of thyroid cancer.

• Thyroid function test :

  It involves a blood test to check the levels of various thyroid hormones like T4, free T4, T3, and TSH. The quantity of measured thyroid hormones in blood will help the doctor assess the health of the thyroid gland.

• Biopsy :

  A biopsy is performed by removing a small sample of tissue from the thyroid gland to check for the presence of cancerous cells. The fine needle aspiration technique is usually employed for this. Biopsy helps confirm the diagnosis of cancer. However, some types of thyroid cancer, follicular thyroid cancer, and Hurthle cell thyroid cancer do not give a proper result with this test. In such a case, another biopsy is done or the healthcare provider may remove the thyroid nodule for molecular marker testing.

• Ultrasound test :

  In ultrasound scanning, images of the thyroid gland are created by high-frequency sound waves. The appearance and stage of the thyroid nodule can be analysed by the test and from the images.

• Imaging test using a radioactive tracer :

  In this procedure, radioactive iodine is injected into the veins of the patient or asked to swallow. If thyroid cancer cells are present in the body, they will take up this iodine. A special camera will detect the radioactive emission from the area and a computer connected to it produces the image.

• Imaging tests :

• Computed Tomography (CT) scan :

  This technique uses powerful X-ray to take a series of images and finally a computer creates a detailed picture of the body part.

• Positron Emission Tomography (PET) :

  This scan is done to take a three-dimensional image to look for thyroid nodules.

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) :

  It is a powerful technique that uses magnetism and radio waves to make pictures of the thyroid gland.

• Genetic testing :

  Medullary thyroid cancers are known to be caused by genetic inheritance from parents to children. If a person is diagnosed with this cancer, it is advisable to meet a genetic counselor to conduct genetic testing.

Conclusion

Thyroid cancer treatment type is determined based on the age of the patient, the type and stage of the nodule, and the overall health. Most thyroid cancers are curable with the appropriate therapy. Undergoing regular health check-ups can help diagnose the condition at the earliest. After treatment, the patient needs to take synthetic thyroid hormones for the whole life to support vital body functions. Many health insurance policies cover the treatment expense of several types of cancer. This will ease the financial burden on patients.

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer in which abnormal growth of cells starts in the cervical region. The lowest part of the uterus that joins the vagina is called the cervix. This leads to the development of precancerous cells. However, not all precancerous cells will turn to cancer. Different strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV) are the major cause of most cervical cancer. The body's immune system generally prevents the virus from causing problems and it usually goes away on its own in most cases. However, this virus can survive for years in the body of some and causes cervical cells to become cancerous.

Let's check how is cervical cancer detected.

Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer diagnosis is done using the following tests:

• Colposcopy :

  This procedure is done using an instrument called a colposcope which has a bright light and a magnifying lens. The lens magnifies the cells of the cervix and vagina and allows the healthcare provider to examine these regions.

• Biopsy :

  For conducting biopsy, the doctor removes a sample of tissue from the suspected area using a flexible tube put into the cervix. The sample is then sent to a pathologist for examination. Biopsy helps in a definite diagnosis. There are also other types of biopsies like:

• Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP):

  During this procedure, an electrical current is passed through a thin wire loop inserted into the cervix. The hook removes tissues from the suspected area and this sample is sent to a laboratory to diagnose cervical cancer. LEEP is also used to remove pre-cancer or early-stage cancer cells.

• Cone biopsy :

  In cone biopsy, a cone-shaped piece of tissue is surgically removed from the cervix to diagnose cervical cancer. It is also called conization. It is also done as a treatment oprtion to remove a precancer or an early-stage cancer tissue.

• Endocervical curettage :

  Endocervical curettage is employed to look into areas inside the cervix that are usually not visible during colposcopy. In this procedure, a curette, a spoon-shaped instrument, is used to scrape tissue samples from inside the cervix.

• Pelvic examination :

  For pelvic examination, the doctor will insert a speculum into the vagina and keep the region open to look inside the vagina to check the cervix. The doctor will look for any unusual changes in the person's uterus, ovaries, vagina, and nearby organs.

• Pap test :

  This test involves a microscopic examination of cells collected from the lining of the cervix to detect any abnormal changes in their growth. The tissue sample is collected by scraping some cells from the inside and outside of the cervix.

• Transvaginal ultrasound (also called ultra-sonography):

  In this method, high-energy sound waves produced from a transducer inserted into the vaginal canal create echoes in the body. The echoes are converted into pictures of the cervix, uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes.

Conclusion

Having knowledge about cervical cancer, anyone can make informed decisions about their health checkups and consultation with a doctor. Timely diagnosis and medical care also prevent the invasion of cancerous cells to other areas or organs of the body and the health from getting worse. The treatment for cervical cancer is based on the age and health condition of the patient, the stage of cancer, metastasis, etc. Surgery, radiation chemotherapy, or a combination of these are the usually followed treatment options. Having health insurance will benefit the patients in times like this when several tests and long-term treatments are needed.

Ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal cancers affecting women, found more commonly in developed countries. The incidence rate of ovarian cancer increases with age, and parity surely plays an important role. It has been found that the higher age of women at the time of childbirth is linked to a lower incidence rate of ovarian cancer. Additionally, smoking and positive family history also enhance the chances of getting ovarian cancer. The early symptoms of the disease are non-specific, so in most cases, ovarian cancer diagnosis occurs at a later stage, limiting the treatment options.

Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer?

Timely ovarian cancer diagnosis plays an important role in the treatment. The earlier ovarian cancer is detected, the better prognosis it receives. The following diagnostic tests are performed to detect ovarian cancer:

• Gynaecologic evaluation and Pelvic examination -

  A detailed gynecologic evaluation is done with proper pelvic examination. This test gives the doctor information regarding the ovaries and other internal organs, such as the uterus, vagina, and rectum, by feeling them for any unusual findings.

• CT Scan (Computed Tomography Scan) -

  This scan can give images of ovaries and can identify the presence of any abnormal growth.

• Ultrasound -

  It is a technique in which sound waves are used to create an image of internal organs, and so can tell about any abnormal growth if present. To gain a better insight into ovaries, a transvaginal ultrasound is usually performed.

• Blood test -

  It is one of the easiest tests and is often done at first once the patient is suspected of ovarian cancer. This is done to check for the presence of specific markers in blood. These biomarkers are molecules in blood which can indicate cancer by merely its presence in blood or by its abnormally increased level in the blood.

• Biopsy -

  A small tissue segment is obtained from the ovaries. The tissue section is then analysed microscopically to detect the presence of any abnormal cells. The pathologist examines the tissue section with the help of special stains. An ovarian biopsy is mostly done during a laparotomy or laparoscopy. It is done to remove ovarian tumours. It is also done to stage cancer and identify the spread of cancer.

• Genetic testing -

  It is done to stage ovarian cancer. Once the presence of ovarian cancer is confirmed, advanced genetic testing is done to identify the mutations present in cells and identify the stage depending upon the aggressiveness of the cancer.

Conclusion

Correct diagnosis and detailed pathological reports are important and necessary for characterisation of the ovarian cancer and for making treatment decisions. Surgical management of ovarian cancer is mostly the first choice, along with chemotherapy and radiotherapy.  Most of the treatments for ovarian cancer are expensive and can put an extra economic burden, so opting for health insurance would surely help you to reduce this extra load.

Lymphoma is the general term for a group of blood cancer in our lymphatic system that involves the network of tissues, vessels and organs that helps in fighting infection. It is a cancer of the lymphatic system that is mainly of two types: Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This type of cancer can quickly metastasise or spread to different tissues and organs like the liver, bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lungs, etc. Therefore, fast lymphoma diagnosis is crucial for its effective treatment.

Diagnosis of lymphoma

To diagnose the lymphoma in the suspected patient, a doctor will perform a biopsy by removing cells from an enlarged lymph node, which is then sent to a hematopathologist for examination. The other tests to diagnose lymphoma cancer are:

• Computed Tomography (CT) scan :

  This technique involves the use of powerful X-ray that makes detailed pictures inside of our body scan

• Positron Emission Tomography (PET) :

  This scan is done to take out a three-dimensional image to look for lymphoma in the bone marrow.

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging :

  It is a powerful technique that uses magnets and radio waves to make pictures of the lymph nodes.

• Blood Tests :

  These help monitor the effectiveness of treatment by taking white and red blood cell count

• Bone Marrow Biopsy :

  Bone marrow biopsy in which a small amount of liquid is taken from bone marrow to identify if cells present in the bone marrow are cancerous or not.

• Fine needle aspiration :

  A needle is used to draw out a small sample of tissue and fluids from the lump and then check for cancerous cells.

• Gland Biopsy :

  In this method, a section of tissue from a lymph node is taken and checked for the growth of cancer cells.

• Ultrasound :

  Ultrasound is done to check if the tumour is solid or fluid-filled by creating pictures of our lymph node using sound waves.

• A lumbar puncture technique is also performed, where a small amount of fluid from the spine is removed and tested for cancer cell growth.

Conclusion

Early lymphoma diagnosis can improve a person's chances of successful treatment. The chances of a good outcome decrease as lymphoma progresses in our body so it is essential to seek medical attention even if we have any symptoms of common cold or infection for an extended period. Also, health insurance can help bear the expenses of the treatment.

Endometrial cancer occurs in the uterus, which is the hollow, pear-shaped pelvic organ where the growth of cells begins in the layer of the uterus cell lining, called the endometrium. The general term that describes this disease is uterine sarcoma.

Endometrial cancer diagnosis can be done early because it develops symptoms like irregular vaginal bleeding, pain during intercourse, difficult or painful urination, and pain in the pelvic area. If detected early, this type of cancer in the uterus is highly treatable.

Diagnosis of endometrial cancer

During endometrial diagnosis, doctors will enquire about symptoms based on medical history and conduct a thorough physical exam. Gynecologic oncologists may use the following procedures to make a diagnosis:

• Biopsy :

  In this procedure, the surgical removal of tissue is done using a flexible tube that is put into the uterus to collect an endometrial tissue sample and sent to a pathologist to examine the growth of cancerous cells so that it cannot spread further to nearby organs. This endometrial biopsy procedure is done in a doctor's office.

• Pelvic exam :

  In this examination, the doctor will insert a speculum into the vagina and widely open the legs to see the cervixand feel the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes for any lump. The doctor may ask for the Pap test in which they use a thin tool to scrape some cells from the uterus lining, and the sample scraping is sent to a pathology lab to check for cancer cell growth.

• Pap test :

  This test involves a microscopic examination of cells collected from the lining of the uterus and cervix, used to detect abnormal changes in the growth of the cells.

• Transvaginal ultrasound(also called ultrasonography) :

  This method uses high-energy sound waves to create echoes that form a picture of the uterus using a small transducer placed inside the vagina.

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging :

  This effective technique uses magnets and radio waves to make pictures of the uterus.

• Computed Tomography (CT) scan :

  This technique involves the use of powerful X-ray that makes detailed pictures inside of our body scan.

• Hysteroscopy :

  Hysteroscopy involves inserting a thin, long tube through the vagina and cervix to reach the uterus, which has a light and camera that provides detailed images of the uterus.

• Dilation and curettage (D & C) :

  If the endometrial biopsy sample does not provide enough tissue and the biopsy indicates cancer, but the results aren't clear, then the D & C method is used to remove uterine tissue.

Conclusion

Uterine cancer includes endometrial and uterine sarcoma, the most common cancer affecting a person's reproductive system. With knowledge about uterine cancer causes and risk factors - anyone can make informed decisions about their health, as early detection is a key that can help the patient prevent the worsening of the condition. Also, health insurance can ensure an effective treatment.

Collagen is a general term for proteins in the skin and connective tissue which provide skin with its structure, suppleness and stretch. Besides ageing, the reason people don't have enough collagen production in their body is due to poor diet and lack of necessary elements. Incorporating foods high in collagen into the diet can help to ensure a sufficient supply of collagen which can help keep your skin supple and youthful. Read on to learn about the different foods containing collagen.

List of Foods Rich in Collagen

Collagen tends to have certain properties like anti-aging skin benefits, and help with improvement in joint functionality and joint pain in individuals. The food sources rich in collagen are:

1. Bone broth

Bone broth comprises bones and connective tissue that involves calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, collagen, glucosamine, chondroitin, amino acids, and many other nutrients, all of which can contribute to healthier skin. Each bone broth differs because of the quality of bones used to prepare it. A person can make good bone broth, including cow, chicken, and even fish bones.

2. Chicken

One might be surprised to know that chicken, especially chicken skin, is not only flavourful, but contains a ton of collagen, which can be extremely beneficial for our skin. Chicken can be cooked in a number of ways, from salads and soups to curries and rice dishes.

3. Fish

Fish is an incredible food rich in collagen. Salmon is known to be a great choice of collagen whose benefits include improved skin and tissue health. A person should also consider eating more oysters, which can also increase collagen intake.

4. Egg whites

Egg whites can boost collagen as they are known to contain a high amount of proline (amino acid) necessary for collagen production.

5. Tropical fruits

Remember, taking care of our dietary health is an investment in us to maintain good health, strength, fitness and overall well-being. Fruits packed in amino acids and zinc include guavas, avocados, Jackfruit, apricots and kiwifruit, which acts as a co-factor for collagen production in the body.

6. Leafy green

Leafy vegetables like broccoli, kale, brussels sprouts and spinach are known to be a great source of vitamins A and C and also have chlorophyll content that acts as a precursor to collagen and has a positive effect on the skin, hair and bones due to high collagen and fibre value in it. It help us control the ageing of our skin and reduce wrinkles, puffiness, and dark circles due to its high antioxidant agents like lutein, beta carotene, coumaric acid, and ferulic acid that repairs the DNA and prevent oxidative damage to the cells using its free radical property.

7. Garlic

Garlic is an essential component that is mostly consumed daily in Indian cuisine as it adds flavour to the food. Furthermore, it is well-established as a nutritional powerhouse because of its richness in allicin and another sulfur-containing compound that helps detoxify the body and helps synthesize and prevent the breakdown of collagen. Garlic works as an appetite suppressant, which stops us from binge eating and thus reduces weight and makes our skin wrinkle-free.

Conclusion

Collagen is extremely important to maintain our skin. It imparts structure and resilience to our skin, and consuming foods containing collagen can leave our skin looking supple and young. Our skin is often at risk of conditions like rashes, acne and growths, which is why it is important to keep it well-nourished. If you are dealing with any health issues, it's advised to visit a healthcare practitioner before making any dietary changes. Health problems may require a good health insurance plan to cover consultation costs and testing if required.

Fiber is a type of carbohydrate that plays a major role in maintaining our digestive health and preventing a number of chronic diseases. Fiber can also help lower cholesterol levels, control blood sugar, and regulate weight. Foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds are packed with fiber and offer a ton of essential nutrients that are integral for overall health. Read on to learn more about these fiber-enriched food sources.

List of Foods Rich in Fiber

Listed below are the top foods rich in fiber:

1. Broccoli

This cruciferous vegetable is studied to be a rich source of fiber. It also has vitamin C, vitamin K, folate, B vitamins, potassium, iron, and manganese and they also contain antioxidant properties that can helps to fight cancer. Broccoli is also relatively high in protein and low in calories in comparison with other vegetables. Thus, adding extra broccoli to your food can help you reach your dietary fiber goals.

2. Quinoa

Quinoa is a gluten-free, whole-grain superfood rich in fiber that is rapidly growing in popularity due to its many nutritional and health benefits. It has a good fiber content, i.e. 1 cup of cooked quinoa contains about 5 grams of fiber in it. Quinoa is also rich in iron and amino acids that makes up protein, which helps boost overall health.

3. Avocado

Although avocado is regarded as a luxury fruit in India, it is actually a very nutritious food It is a source of healthy fat and contains a relatively higher amount of fiber and protein content too. This fruit is known to be beneficial to eat as it has fiber and monounsaturated fatty acids that help to reduce bad cholesterol.

4. Popcorn

You may be surprised to know that popcorn, which we mostly binge on while watching a movie, is also a good source of fiber. Unflavoured popcorn has a fiber content of 14.5 grams per 100 grams. It's important to note that adding sugar and fat to popcorn decreases its nutritional value significantly.

5. Edamame

Edamame, or immature soybeans is also a great source of fiber and protein. Soybean is known to have a mild flavour, pleasing texture, plenty of fiber and all the essential amino acids our body needs. Half a cup of boiled and shelled edamane is equivalent to 4 g of fiber. This food can be a great choice if one is looking for vegans and healthy options.

6. Apple

The popular saying that "an apple a day keeps the doctor away" isn't necessarily true, but studies say that apples can be a great food to boost your fiber intake, as 1 apple contains 4 grams of fiber in it. Apples also have a low glycemic index, which means eating it won't give you a blood sugar spike, as some other sweeet fruits do.

7. Dried nuts

One can consume dried nuts as a good source of dietary fiber. Dried fruits are also a source of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, potassium and zinc. Dried nuts contain the sugar sorbitol that helps to improve bowel movement and ease constipation and digestive system problems, if any.

Conclusion

Before you jump on the fiber-rich diet, be sure to add more fiber to your diet slowly and steadily especially if your body isn't used to it. Consuming foods packed with fiber is an excellent way to maintain a healthy diet, which is fundamental for overall health and wellbeing. It is important to note that incorporating high-fiber foods into one's diet may not only benefit one's health but can also potentially reduce healthcare costs, making it an attractive consideration for those with health insurance.

Selenium is an important trace element, or nutrient, that can be naturally seen in many foods that are needed by humans to stay healthy. Selenium is a constituent of selenoproteins that plays an important role in bodily functions, including roles in reproduction, thyroid hormone metabolism, DNA synthesis, protection from oxidative damage and protection from viral infections. You can even obtain selenium from your diet by including food enriched in selenium content. In this article, we'll explore the foods rich in selenium that you can include in your diet.

List of Foods Rich in Selenium

Here are some of the healthy foods containing selenium that you might want to try:

1. Nuts

Nuts, like Brazilian nuts, are known to be heavily loaded with selenium and zinc, which are important for reducing oxidative stress. Consuming just one nut can provide 95 micrograms of selenium to our body. It would be advised to not consume selenium in excess because selenium toxicity also has potential health risks.

2. Seafood

Most seafood contains high levels of selenium content, which plays a vital role in our body when consumed in the right amount. Yellowfin tuna and white fish like halibut have about 92 micrograms of the selenium while tinned sardines contain 45 micrograms of the selenium, followed by sardines, oysters, clams, halibut, shrimp, salmon, and crab, which contain 40 to 65 mcg of selenium.

3. Roasted ham or pork chops

An 80g portion of roasted ham contains 42 micrograms of selenium which is equivalent to 76% of the adult daily recommended value. However, ham is known to have high salt content and consuming them in the right portion can help to balance the selenium content in the body.

4. Enriched food like pasta

Products like pasta, whole wheat bread, and whole grain cereal have been studied to be enriched with selenium and other minerals. So eating 1 cup serving of noodles or cereals can provide 40 micrograms of selenium to our diet and about 16 micrograms of selenium by eating 2 slices of whole grain toast.

5. Oatmeal

A daily intake of one cup of cooked oatmeal can provide 13 micrograms of selenium to your diet. So, enjoy eating it during breakfast time with different combinations like with eggs, fruits, or toasted whole wheat bread.

6. Baked beans

One cup of baked beans contains about 12 micrograms of selenium which is a great source of fiber as well. One can enjoy this breakfast delicacy by consuming them with roasted whole wheat bread to improve the selenium content.

7. Brown rice

One cup of cooked long-grain brown rice contains 19 mcg of selenium which meets 27% of the recommended daily intake. Enjoy eating this with some meat, chicken, beef liver or pork delicacies that are also a great source of selenium to fulfill almost the entire recommended daily amount in the adult's diet.

Conclusion

Selenium is an essential trace mineral that our body needs to maintain proper functioning of the immune system, metabolism, thyroid function, and reproduction. Selenium is widely used as a dietary supplement in the field of medicine as it can reduce free radicals that contribute to oxidative stress and increased risk of cancer. One can consume them in a natural form by eating foods rich in selenium as well as a balanced diet with sodium, zinc and potassium. As a result, including these foods in your diet may help you save money on health insurance in the long run by decreasing your risk for certain illnesses.

Sulfur is one of the main elements that is present in the environment, including water and soil and is a key element of many food products. The human body uses sulfur for several bodily functions like building and repairing DNA, safeguarding the cells against damage and also protecting our body from severe chronic illnesses such as cancer. Hence, it is essential to add an adequate number of sulfur-rich foods into your diet. In this article, we explore various foods rich in sulfur that you can add to your diet.

List of Foods Rich in Sulfur

Sulfur is one of the most vital dietary minerals that come in many forms in a variety of plant-based foods and non-protein foods. Listed below are foods high in sulfur include:

1. Eggs

Eggs are known to be a rich source of sulfur, rich in methionine- sulfur-containing amino acids, vitamins, and minerals, which the body uses for regulating the immune system and metabolism of the body.

2. Cruciferous vegetables

Vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and kale are enriched with a sulfur compound named sulforaphane, which is linked to protecting the body against several types of cancer and DNA damage. These vegetables are high in fibre and low in carbohydrates, which keeps our body full for hours.

3. Garlic and onions

Garlic, onions, and other vegetables belonging to the allium family are also among the best sources of sulfur, which include sulfur in the form of sulfides, thiosulfates, and sulfoxides that are associated with benefits in cardiovascular health, bone health, blood sugar control, and detoxification and also in combating viral and bacterial infections.

4. Seafood

Crab, mussels, haddock, prawns, scallops and cod are animal-based sulfur-containing amino acid methionine sources. Apart from high amounts of sulfur, seafood comes packed with Omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and essential minerals such as zinc that play an important role in carrying out biochemical reactions in the body, improving heart functions, and brain functions and lower the risk of suffering stroke, haemorrhage, and neurodegenerative diseases.

5. Legumes

Legumes like soybeans, lentils, kidney beans, split beans, white beans and peas come enriched with sulfur-containing amino acids that help to reduce the risk of suffering from type 2 diabetes and may help control glycemic and lipid profiles in diabetic people.

6. Dried nuts

One can consume dried nuts as a good source of dietary fibre, sulfur, potassium, zinc and omega-3 fatty acids. Brazilian nuts are said to be the highest sulfur-containing nuts which deliver 44% of the recommended dietary intake (RDI) of methionine and 30% of cysteine, contributing to reducing the impact of oxidative stress on our body.

7. Milk and cheese

Milk contains sulfur in the form of cysteine and methionine in relatively lower amounts. Consuming milk and cheese in moderation may improve cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. Cheese is known to be a good source of vitamin D while calcium, helps to improve bone mineral density and reduces the risk of osteoporosis.

Conclusion

Allium, cruciferous vegetables, legumes, dried nuts and animal protein are foods rich in sulfur that can be clubbed together to prepare a variety of delectable and healthful dishes. So consuming those in the required amount can help to maintain bodily functions and reduce the risk of diseases like chronic infections, cancers, diabetes, and cardiovascular ailments. If you are currently dealing with a health issue, make sure you consult a doctor before making any changes to your diet. A good health insurance plan would be able to help with the financial burden of medical consultations and further testing if needed.

Bone cancer is a rare malignant disease of bone that, in most cases, arises due to unknown reasons. The primary bone cancer is among many subtypes - Osteosarcoma, Chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma are the most common. Every subtype differs in its molecular features, imaging characteristics, and incidences. In all cases, learning how is bone cancer detected can help to ensure effective treatment.

Diagnosis of bone cancer

Broadly, the following tests are performed during bone cancer diagnosis:

• Plain Film Radiograph - It is also known as the plain X-ray of the bone and is the simplest imaging modality. This gives information regarding the changes, such as:
  • Destruction of bone due to growing tumour
  • Changes in osteoblastic or osteolytic activities of bone
  • An appearance of permeative bone due to the growth of tumours in some parts of bone and other parts being normal. It happens mainly in small cell tumours and Ewing's sarcoma.
  • Onion skinning - The growing tumour lifts the partially-formed periosteal bone, usually seen in Ewing's sarcoma.
  • Sunburst Here, due to considerable periostitis, vertical osteoid calcification occurs.
• Bone MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) - It is the process of imaging internal structures of bone and soft tissues through large magnets and radio waves. MRI helps find neurovascular abnormalities.
• CT (Computed Tomography) Scan of the bone - A CT scan is done when the MRI is not possible, or the MRI gives contradicted or unclear results. It is also done to identify the metastatic or aggressive bone tumours.
• Bone Scintigraphy (Bone Scan) - A whole-body bone scan or scintigraphy is done to detect malignant bone cancer that has spread to different body parts. It is a type of advanced medicine that uses Technetium-99m as an active agent to record scintillation. from bone cell activity.
• Positron emission tomography (PET) Scan - It utilises radio-labelled F-18 fluoro-deoxy-glucose (FDG), and its uptake by body cells is measured by PET scan. The cancerous cells are more metabolically active than normal body cells, allowing more FDG uptake so it diagnoses abnormal cells in bone.
• Blood tests - After the diagnosis of bone cancer has been confirmed, blood tests are used to determine the patient's baseline blood characteristics. Blood markers are monitored in follow-up to assess whether recurrence has occurred.
• Bone Biopsy is usually performed for a definitive diagnosis, histopathological assessment & tumour grading.

Conclusion

The bone cancer diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsy methods. The different imaging techniques allow a doctor to get a detailed view of the bone and internal structures. The treatment of bone cancer requires a multimodal approach and is mostly done at specialised bone cancer centres. Of course, these treatments come with an extra financial burden that can be managed well with a health insurance policy.

Breast cancer is a cancer that starts in the cells of the breast. It is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death among women all over the world. It has the highest incidence in high-income countries with increasing trends in low to middle-income countries. The risk factors for breast cancer include both modifiable and non-modifiable factors. The non-modifiable reasons are genetic background, age, family history, early menarche, late menopause, etc. The modifiable reasons are delayed childbearing age, avoiding lactation, a sedentary lifestyle, radiation use, hormonal therapy, smoking, etc.

Early breast cancer diagnosis along with comprehensive treatment strategies enhances the chances of survival with good quality of life. A doctor often uses several tests to confirm the presence of this condition.

The following diagnostic tests are performed to detect and stage breast cancer:

• Clinical breast examination (CBE) - It can be done either as breast self-examination (BSE) following adequate steps or it will be done by a doctor as Clinical breast Examination (CBE). This is the first step of breast cancer detection and the doctor checks both breasts, and lymph nodes, and feels if there is the presence of any lump in any area of the breasts.
• Breast ultrasound - The presence of lumps or any abnormalities is an indication for going into diagnostic breast ultrasound. Here special sound waves are used to produce an image of the internal region of the breast. Any abnormalities present can be visualized better through these images. Ultrasound is mainly useful as an addition to CBE in giving details on the size and extent of breast cancer. It helps to distinguish the benign cysts and solid lesions.
• Mammogram - Mammogram is a specialized x-ray of the breast. It can be done as a screening mammogram and as a diagnostic mammogram. The screening mammogram tells about the presence of any abnormal growth. The diagnostic mammogram gives more details about the type of abnormality present. Besides, mammography is helpful for breast conservation therapy as it properly selects a patient for undergoing breast conservation surgery versus mastectomy.
• Breast MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) - A breast MRI gives details of the breast's internal structures. It is often used as an adjunct to the breast ultrasound and a mammogram.
• Breast biopsy - It can be done as a needle biopsy or as a surgical excision. Needle biopsy is the preferable choice for initial diagnosis. Surgical excision is considered in case of limited resources. In both methods, once the tissue is obtained, it is analysed by expert pathologists. Biopsy is useful for differentiating benign and malignant forms and determining the invasiveness of breast cancer.
• Blood test for breast cancer markers - Certain biological molecules always send signals through their abnormal expression inside the body. Such biomarkers are used to confirm the presence of breast cancer along with other tests described above. The presence of some markers provides information regarding the stage of cancer and about the use of particular breast cancer therapy. For example, if the breast cancer is ER +ve (Oestrogen Receptor positive) then the use of oral medicines like tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors is effective.

Conclusion

Breast cancer can be treated with a good prognosis, provided the detection is done on time. The outcome of the treatment depends upon the stage, size, and type of breast cancer. The Presence of oestrogen receptors and progesterone receptors in the cancerous tissue plays an important role in the therapeutic outcome of breast cancer. The common treatment options for breast cancer are surgical removal, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapies. The economic burden of such expensive treatments can be minimized with the help of health insurance policies.