Do you feel a scratchiness in your throat and pain when swallowing? You may be suffering from strep throat, a contagious infection caused by bacteria. While the main cause of strep is Group A Streptococcus or “GAS” people do not contract it often from another person. That’s right—not all cases of GAS are spread through contact, meaning there are other potential causes of strep throat that can increase your risk. In this article, we will talk about the main causes of strep throat.

How is Strep Throat Caused?

So, what causes strep throat? The bacteria responsible for strep throat is known as Streptococcus pyogenes or group A Streptococcus (GAS). The following are the modes of transmission of this bacterium:

• Strep throat can be easily contracted by touching your eyes, nose, or mouth after coming in contact with this bacterium, such as when someone with strep throat coughs or sneezes.
• The lesser-known mode of transmission is through sharing food or a drink with an active strep throat infection.
• Beware of everyday objects like doorknobs or faucets that can harbor group A strep bacteria and potentially lead to you catching strep throat just by touching your eyes, nose, or mouth. Don't forget about young children who are prone to putting objects in their mouths and can also contract strep throat this way.

The following are factors that increase the risk of acquiring strep throat:

• Close contact with a person who has strep throat puts you at risk.
• Crowded settings like schools, daycare centers, and military facilities increase your chances.
• The age range of 5 to 15 is more susceptible to contracting strep throat.
• Having a school-aged child also raises your risk.
• Adult professionals in close contact with children, such as teachers or healthcare professionals, can be more prone.

Furthermore, did you know most adult cases occur in those under the age of 40? Given that close contact is the primary mode of transmission, it's important to take precautions within your household.

Conclusion

In conclusion, strep throat is a very contagious bacterial infection that can impact individuals of all ages. Contact of the Streptococcus pyogenes bacterium with droplets from an infected person's cough or sneeze is the main cause of strep throat. It is beneficial to understand the causes of strep throat, practice good hygiene and sanitation methods like frequent hand washing along with avoiding contact with infected persons. Keeping up preventive measure such as these can markedly reduce the likelihood of contracting strep throat and increase everyone’s overall health. Additionally, it is best that you have the apt health insurance coverage for strep throat and other conditions.

Eclampsia is a word that can send shivers down the spine of any expectant mother. This condition is characterised by the development of seizures in pregnant women who previously had a condition known as pre-eclampsia. This rare but potentially life-threatening complication of pregnancy demands attention and awareness. Let's look at the eclampsia signs and symptoms that every pregnant woman should be aware of.

What are the Symptoms of Eclampsia?

There are some clear symptoms of eclampsia. Recognising the symptoms can be a game changer in ensuring a safe pregnancy. Let's explore the key indicators:

1. Severe headaches: One of the major symptoms of eclampsia is an unrelenting severe headache. While headaches during pregnancy are common, a persistent, pounding pain that doesn't subside with rest or over-the-counter pain relievers should raise concern.

2. Difficulty breathing: As Eclampsia progresses, it can lead to breathing difficulties. Shortness of breath or a feeling of suffocation should be taken seriously and reported to a doctor promptly.

3. Nausea or vomiting: Experiencing nausea or vomiting in the later stages of pregnancy can be normal but if it becomes frequent, severe or is accompanied by other symptoms, it might be a sign of eclampsia.

4. Trouble urinating or not urinating often: Eclampsia can affect kidney function, leading to a decrease in urine output. If you notice a significant change in your urination pattern especially if it's reduced, consult your doctor.

5. Abdominal pain (especially on the upper right side): Pain in the upper right side of the abdomen can be a sign of liver involvement, a serious complication of eclampsia. If you experience this type of pain, it's crucial to seek immediate medical attention.

6. Blurred vision, seeing double or loss of vision: Visual disturbances are hallmark signs of eclampsia. Blurred vision, seeing double or sudden vision loss can occur, indicating a critical situation.

7. Swelling of the hands, face or ankles:  Swelling, known as oedema is common in pregnancy. However sudden and excessive swelling especially in the hands, face or ankles can be alarming symptoms of eclampsia.

Lymphopenia, a term that might sound unfamiliar, can have a significant impact on your immune system. Lymphopenia is a condition where your body has an abnormally low number of lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell vital for your immune system. Let’s take a closer look at its symptoms, shedding light on the crucial warning signs of low lymphocytes you should be aware of.

Symptoms of Lymphopenia

Recognising the symptoms of lymphopenia is essential for early diagnosis and appropriate medical intervention. Here are the key indicators:

1. Frequent infection such as cold or pneumonia: Lymphocytes play a pivotal role in defending your body against infections. If you find yourself feeling ill with common infections like cold or pneumonia more frequently than usual, it could be a symptom of low lymphocytes.

2. Unusual infections caused by microbe’s fungi or parasites: Lymphopenia weakens your immune system making you suspectable to infections that typically pose no threat to individuals with a healthy immune system.  If you develop infections from unusual microbes, fungi or parasites, it is a clear signal that your immune system needs attention.

3. Long-lasting infection such as tuberculosis: Chronic or long-lasting infections, especially ones like tuberculosis that require a persistent immune response, can be a red flag for lymphopenia. If you have difficulty recovering from infections that should resolve within a reasonable time frame, it's time to consult a doctor.

4. Missing abnormal tonsils: Tonsils, those small structures at the back of a throat are part of your lymphatic system. If you have missing or abnormally developed tonsils, it can be associated with lymphopenia. This is an anatomical clue that should prompt further investigation.

5. Swollen lymph nodes: While swollen lymph nodes can be a sign of various health issues, they can also indicate lymphopenia. If you notice persistent swelling in your lymph nodes, especially in multiple locations, it's wise to consult a doctor.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder or OCD for short, is more than just a penchant for cleanliness or tidiness, it's a complex mental health condition that can significantly impact a person's daily life. Let’s explore the symptoms of obessive compulsive disorder helping you better understand this condition.

What are the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

OCD manifests through a variety of symptoms, and it is important to recognise them to seek proper help and support. Here are some key OCD symptoms:

1. Compulsive behaviour: OCD often involves repetitive, ritualistic behaviours that individuals feel compelled to perform to elevate distressing thoughts. These behaviours include:

• Cleaning and frequent hand washing to prevent contamination.
• Constantly verifying that doors are locked, appliances are turned off or other safety-related concerns.
• Repeatedly counting objects or actions, often without a clear reason.
• Ordering and arranging in a specific way or a compulsion to keep them that way.
• Collecting and refusing to discard items even when they have no practical value.
• Seeking constant reassurance from others often about irrational fears.
• Incessantly repeating words phrases or prayers in one’s mind.
• Trying to counteract obsessive thoughts with other thoughts or actions.

2. Intrusive obsessive thoughts: Individuals with OCD experience persistent unwanted and distressing thoughts or mental images. These thoughts are often irrational and can lead to intense anxiety. Examples include fear of harm coming to loved ones, concern about personal morality or disturbing thoughts about violence.

3. Impairment in daily functioning: OCD symptoms can interfere with a person's stability to carry out everyday tasks, maintain relationships, or pursue their goals. The time and energy spent on compulsions and obsession can be overwhelming.

4. Distress and anxiety: OCD is accompanied by significant emotional distress and anxiety. Individuals with OCD are well aware that their thoughts and behaviour are irrational but they struggle to control them.

Vitiligo is a condition characterised by the loss of skin pigmentation in patches. People with vitiligo often experience physical, mental and emotional struggles brought on by their symptoms, so it’s important to familiarise ourselves with potential causes, treatments, triggers and risk factors for Vitiligo. In this article, we dive into the potential underlying causes of vitiligo, including genetic predisposition and autoimmune disease.

How is Vitiligo Caused?

Vitiligo is a multi-factorial disease and can occur at any age, from childhood to adulthood. Hence, it is best to have the right health insurance coverage at an early age. It is mostly associated with auto-immune disorders like Graves disease/hyperthyroidism. Both genetic and non-genetic environmental factors play a role in the incidence of vitiligo. The major reason is the loss of melanocytes in the affected area that can happen due to various genetic/non-genetic factors. The following factors can be considered for the loss of melanocytes or the occurrence of vitiligo:

• Cytotoxic mechanism: Loss of melanocytes occurs due to certain physical injury, stress, and sunburn, which are the main vitiligo reasons.
• Auto-immune mechanism: Loss of melanocytes occurs due to an alteration in immune response that causes the destruction or dysfunction of melanocytes.
• Genetic mechanism: It is an intrinsic defect in the production of melanocytes. Here, an inherent genetic abnormality can hinder the growth and differentiation of these cells.
• Neural mechanisms: Here, a mediator of the neuronal system can destroy the melanocytes and decrease the production of melanin.
• Oxidant-antioxidant mechanisms: Here, the metabolic product/intermediate of the melanin synthesis system causes the destruction of the melanocyte itself.
• Emotional stress: People who are under deep emotional stress can cause their liver function to be compromised, and this, in turn, can result in weakened immunity as well as progression towards vitiligo, even with a mild trigger.

Conclusion

If you wondering what causes vitiligo to spread, we hope this article has helped. Vitiligo is a non-contagious disease and is not associated with any type of physical discomfort, but it is surely associated with social stigma and causes a person to feel bad about their skin condition. Therapies like laser therapy, phototherapy, and skin grafting surgeries are also available to treat vitiligo. With regular care and a few lifestyle changes, vitiligo can be well managed.   

Lupus nephritis is a kidney condition that is frequently linked to the autoimmune disorder systemic lupus erythematosus. The immune system incorrectly targets healthy kidney tissues in lupus nephritis, resulting in inflammation and damage. If left untreated, this can result in oedema, high blood pressure, and even renal failure. It can also cause the kidneys to be less effective at filtering waste and extra fluid from circulation. In this section, the primary attention is placed on the causes of lupus nephritis, which results from the autoimmune character of SLE, causing kidney involvement and associated functional impairment. For patients with lupus nephritis, early detection and effective therapy are essential to preventing kidney damage and maintaining general health.

How is Lupus Nephritis Caused?

The primary cause of lupus nephritis is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune condition in which the immune system targets healthy tissues like the kidneys. Here is how it functions:

1. Immunological Reaction

• SLE triggers a hyperactive immune system which is a major cause of lupus nephritis.
• Various bodily tissues accidentally get attacked by immune system proteins (antibodies).

2. Involvement of the Kidneys

• The kidneys accumulate immune complexes, which are made up of antigens and antibodies.
• As a result, the kidneys become inflamed and suffer tissue damage.

3. Deficient Filtration

• Kidneys become less efficient in removing waste and extra fluid.
• The body begins to accumulate wastes and toxins.

4. Deterioration of Kidney Function

• The functioning of the kidneys may deteriorate over time as a result of persistent injury.
• Kidney failure and high blood pressure are examples of potential consequences.

5. Environmental and Genetic Influences

• Susceptibility may depend in part on genetics.
• Environmental factors can play a role, including illnesses and specific drugs.

Hairy cell leukemia is a rare form of blood cancer that primarily affects B cells, a group of white blood cells essential for the immune system's response. These leukemia cells undergo aberrant changes and, when viewed under a microscope, have a "hairy" appearance, in contrast to healthy B cells. Surprisingly, these cancerous cells avoid the body's normal cell life cycle, accumulating and resulting in uncomfortable symptoms over time. Hairy cell leukemia normally develops slowly, allowing for a wait-and-see strategy before the start of treatment, which usually involves chemotherapy. Medical researchers and specialists have become confused about the root causes of hairy cell leukemia

How is Hairy Cell Leukemia Caused?

The main reason for hairy cell leukemia cause is still unknown, but it is thought that several variables have a role in its occurrence. The following are some of the causes of hairy cell leukemia:

1. Genetic Changes:

• HCL has been linked to mutations in genes, such as the BRAF V600E mutant, which is prevalent in most cases of the disease.
• This mutation, which causes B cells to expand out of control, is believed to be a fundamental cause of hairy cell leukemia.

2. DNA Changes in B Cells:

• Hairy cell leukemia develops when genetic abnormalities alter the DNA of B cells, causing them to proliferate uncontrollably and prevent normal cell death, which aids in the progression of the disease.

3. Bone Marrow and Organ Infiltration:

• The accumulation of those defective B cells in the bone marrow and other organs can cause several symptoms and side effects that are related to hairy cell leukemia.
• Hairy cell leukemia causes the lymph nodes, liver, and spleen to enlarge.

Lupus anticoagulant, despite its name, is not a type of lupus nor does it act as an anti-coagulant in the traditional sense. Instead, it is a complex condition that interferes with the body's blood clotting process, potentially leading to harmful blood clots. This condition does not have visible or easily noticeable signs like other illnesses which makes it more dangerous. This article delves into the causes of lupus anticoagulant, shedding light on the factors contributing to its development.

How is Lupus Anticoagulant Caused?

Lupus anticoagulant is a type of autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the blood's clotting mechanism. To understand Lupus anticoagulant causes, it is essential to recognise that the immune system plays a significant role in this condition.

1. Autoimmune conditions especially SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus): LA is often present in people with other autoimmune conditions, with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) being the most notable. In SLE, the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues, including those involved in blood clotting. This can lead to lupus anticoagulant.

2. Infections: Surprisingly, infections can trigger the development of lupus anticoagulants. Conditions like HIV, hepatitis and malaria have been associated with LA. When the body is fighting off these infections, it can inadvertently produce antibodies that interfere with blood clotting, resulting in the formation of Lupus anticoagulant.

3. Medications: Certain medications can also induce the presence of lupus anticoagulant in the bloodstream. Drugs like procainamide and chlorpromazine, used to treat various medical conditions may stimulate an autoimmune response in some individuals. This response can lead to the development of LA.

4. Genetics: While not as common as other causes, genetics may play a role in some cases of Lucas anticoagulant. Individuals with a family history of autoimmune disorders may have a higher predisposition to develop LA.

In the past, penile cancer was an exceedingly uncommon ailment, with little concern for most individuals. However, the scene has moved, and this once-rare condition is currently on the top, turning out to be more predominant. Penile cancer is a sort of disease that develops in the male reproductive organ- the penis. Penile cancer fundamentally influences the penile skin, especially the prepuce, and is more normally seen in men beyond 50 years old, frequently connected to compromised immune systems. Let us take a look at the main causes of penile cancer, and its associated risk factors.

How is Penile Cancer Caused?

Listed below are the main causes of penile cancer:-

1. HPV

HPV, short for human papillomavirus, is a highly dangerous virus that can be transmitted through sexual contact. Infection with this virus increases the chances of developing penile cancer. You can catch HPV through various routes:

- Direct skin-to-skin contact in the genital area

- Engaging in vaginal, anal, or oral sex

- Sharing intimate objects like sex toys

2. Weakened immune system

People dealing with conditions that weaken the immune system, such as AIDS, face an expanded risk of developing penile cancer.

3. Smoking

While it's generally recognized that smoking is one of the main causes of lung and oral cancer, it's important to note that it can also raise the risk of creating penile cancer.

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The Government of India has decided to put 42 non-scheduled anti-cancer drugs under price-control for affordable cancer care in the country by capping trade margins at 30% on these drugs. The move is expected to reduce their retail prices by 85 percent, covering 72 formulations and 355 pharmaceutical brands across the country.

The decision to bring these 42 non-scheduled cancer-curing drugs under price control through trade margin rationalization was approved by the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA), under Para 19 of the Drugs Prices Control Order of 2013. As per the data available with NPPA, the 85% reduction in the MRP of these drugs will entail a minimum savings of ₹105 crores to the consumers.

“Currently, there are 57 anti-cancer drugs already under the price control as scheduled formulations. Now, additional 42 non-scheduled anti-cancer medicines have been selected for price regulations by restricting trade margins on the selling price up to 30%,” the NPPA notification said.

“These would cover 72 formulations and 355 brands as per the data available. More data is being collected from hospitals and drug manufacturers to finalize the list,” it added. The NPPA has asked the manufacturers to recalculate the prices and submit more details within next seven days. The revised prices can come it effect from March 8, 2019.

The chairman of NPPA, Shubhra Singh believed that this move by the government can be a significant step towards its attempt to provide affordable healthcare for cancer treatment in India. Presently, there are over 1.5 million cancer patients in the country, with many of them quitting the treatment mid-way owing to the high cost of drugs, expensive treatment charges and lack of health insurance.

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Read the following points before zeroing-in on an Accident Insurance policy

Weighing the pros and cons before making a long-term financial commitment is always a good idea. One such decision is to invest in an accident insurance policy.

Why Accident Insurance

Human life is full of uncertainties. Besides being emotionally draining, an accidental death of a loved one also has a direct bearing on the family's finances. A permanent disability caused by accident can deprive a person from earning a livelihood.

What is Accident Insurance Policy

Accident insurance policy is a type of health insurance policy that secures your finances from losses arising out of accidental death or permanent total disablement caused by an accident. Such a policy enables you to safeguard your family members from financial uncertainties arising from a mishap.

What factors to Consider While Buying Accident Insurance

Various insurers offer accident insurance policies. In order to choose the right policy for you, consider the following factors:

Risks Covered

Understanding the insured risks is important while buying an accident insurance policy. You might consider the following questions before purchasing. What are the risks covered by the plan you opt for? Are these risks applicable to you or your family? Uncertainties that are not covered by the policy, are these insurable under an add-on cover?

Affordability

The premium for an accident insurance policy is based on the policy duration and the sum assured. As per your budget, you can choose the term of the policy and opt for a suitable sum insured. You may also avail discounts by choosing a policy for a longer term than the minimum one-year duration. As your affordability and the scope of risks changes, you may want to revise your sum insured. Make sure you ask the right questions to know policy details.

Claim Settlement ratio

Choose a company with a healthy claim-settlement ratio. Anything above 95% is considered a healthy ratio. Many factors affect the claim-settlement ratio of a company, such as cases of claims that are repudiated due to many reasons. You may find out about the company's performance through reviews and survey statistics.

Ease of claim settlement and various channels for claim settlement

Claims can be settled over the telephone or by intimating the company in writing. Your company must guide you through the procedure of claim settlement. Know of the maximum duration for settlement of a claim. There may be exceptions in certain cases; enquire about these exceptions.

Redressal mechanism

You must also know of the various channels at your disposal in case of any grievances. Insurance Regulation and Development Authority of India, IRDAI, is the insurance regulator in the country and all grievances can be routed to it.

The buyer is responsible for the contract he signs. He must be vigilant about the policy before signing the documents, during the policy term, and at the time of claims as well.

One such accident insurance policy is the Personal Protect insurance. This can provide a beneficial cover for a wide range of accident related losses. To find out more on what this personal accident insurance covers

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