Chickenpox might seem like a harmless childhood rite of passage, but the viral disease warrants closer attention. Increasing reports of its occurrence have been reported among adults in recent times. While the itchy blisters and mild fever tend to resolve on their own, chickenpox poses certain risks—particularly for babies, pregnant women, and those with weakened immune systems. This blog will explore the chickenpox virus in depth, including how it spreads, common symptoms, and treatment options.

What is Chickenpox?

Chickenpox is a contagious disease brought on by the Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV). It can cause an extremely itchy, blister-like rash, among other chickenpox symptoms. The rash first appears on the chest, back, and face and then spreads over the entire body. It is transmitted from person to person through direct contact and usually lasts for five to seven days.

Symptoms of Chickenpox

The chickenpox rash appears 10 to 21 days after exposure to the varicella-zoster virus. It often lasts about 5 to 10 days. Other chickenpox symptoms that may appear 1 to 2 days before the onset of the rash include:

• Fever
• Appetite loss
• Headaches
• Tiredness

Once the chickenpox rash appears, it undergoes three phases:

• Raised bumps called papules break out over a few days.
• Small fluid-filled blisters called vesicles form in about one day and then break and leak.
• Chickenpox causes crusts and scabs, which cover the broken vesicles and take some more time to heal. For the next few days, new bumps will keep showing up. You may even have bumps, blisters, and scabs simultaneously. This virus can be spread to other people for up to 48 hours before the appearance of the rash. And the virus stays contagious until all the broken blisters have finally crusted over.

The disease is relatively mild in healthy kids. But sometimes, the rash can cover the entire body, which can cause great discomfort. Blisters may even form in the throat and eyes. They may also form within the inside of the urethra, anus, and vagina.

Chickenpox symptoms in adults who did not get the disease as kids may be similar to those seen in children, but they could be more serious.

Causes of Chickenpox

A virus called varicella-zoster causes chickenpox. This highly contagious virus belongs to the family of herpesviruses, which also includes herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, Epstein-Barr virus, and others. Chickenpox spreads through direct contact with the rash. It can also spread when an infected individual coughs or sneezes and breathes in the air droplets.

How Does Chickenpox Spread?

Individuals who have never had chickenpox, have never received the vaccination, or have a weakened immune system are at the greatest risk of acquiring the infection. Chickenpox is easily transmitted by touching an infected person's blisters, saliva, or mucus. The virus can also spread through the air by coughing and sneezing. It can be spread indirectly by touching an infected person's freshly contaminated items, like clothing. A person with shingles can also cause chickenpox in a person who has never had chickenpox through direct contact. It's important to remember that dry and crusted blisters are no longer contagious.

Diagnosis of chickenpox

Diagnosing chickenpox involves a clinical evaluation based on the characteristic symptoms. The distinctive itchy rash with fluid-filled blisters, fever, and fatigue is a crucial indicator of chickenpox. A doctor or nurse will directly know whether a child or adult has chickenpox by recognising a person's telltale rash and asking a few questions about their symptoms.

If a person is not vaccinated and is unsure of contracting chickenpox as a child, laboratory tests can determine the virus's presence in the body. Adults who have had chickenpox as children will not get the disease again because they develop immunity to the virus. Testing also helps doctors distinguish the symptoms of chickenpox from other conditions with similar symptoms, such as shingles, which is brought on by the same virus that causes chickenpox.

Treatment of Chickenpox

Chickenpox has no cure, but it usually resolves within a week or two without treatment. A doctor may prescribe medication for severe conditions and can advise you on reducing symptoms of itchiness and discomfort.

The following are some chickenpox treatments that may alleviate symptoms:

• Pain-relieving drugs: Acetaminophen may help reduce a high fever and pain when a person has chickenpox. This has to be taken as per the instructions provided by the doctor. Avoid using aspirin-containing products to treat chickenpox, as this can lead to complications.
• Avoiding dehydration: Drink plenty of fluids, preferably water, to prevent dehydration as it can complicate chickenpox.
• Limit certain foods. Avoid salty or spicy foods. If chewing is painful, soup is a good option, but avoid making it too hot.
• Reduce itching: Although difficult, it is essential to minimise scratching to reduce scarring. Topical ointments or cool bath tablets can be helpful.

The following may also help prevent scratching:

• Place soft gloves or even socks over a child's hands when they go to sleep so they do not scratch themselves during the night
• Wear loose clothing

A doctor may prescribe an antiviral medication for pregnant women who get an early diagnosis, for newborn babies, and for those with a compromised immune system.

How Can Chickenpox Be Prevented?

Prevention of chickenpox involves a combination of vaccination, good hygiene practices, and isolation measures. Here are essential preventive measures:

• Vaccination: Ensure that children receive the recommended two doses of the chickenpox vaccine as part of routine immunisation schedules. Adults susceptible to chickenpox or without the disease should also consider vaccination.
• Isolation: Keep individuals with chickenpox isolated from others, especially those who are not immune, until all blisters have crusted over. Avoid as much physical contact as possible with infected people to prevent the spread of the virus.
• Hygiene Practices: Encourage regular washing of hands with soap and clean water, especially if you've had direct contact with an infected person or their belongings. Teach respiratory hygiene, such as covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing to stop the virus from being transmitted.
• Avoiding High-Risk Situations: Individuals with weakened immune systems or pregnant women who are not immune should avoid contact with those infected with chickenpox.

Complications Associated with Chickenpox

Among unvaccinated people who develop chickenpox, a few may have more severe symptoms. Adults are more prone to developing complications than children, but even in adults, it is a rare occurrence.

Contact a doctor if any of the following symptoms show up:

• Infection: If the skin surrounding the spots and blisters becomes red and tender or sore. This may be an indication of a bacterial infection.
• Breathing problems: If a person has breathing difficulties, they may develop pneumonia, which must be addressed immediately.
• Encephalitis: A person can develop inflammation of the brain. Symptoms include confusion, sleepiness, behaviour, or personality changes.
• Reye's syndrome: In rare cases, recovering children and teenagers may develop swelling of the liver and brain.
• Bleeding: A person can experience haemorrhage, which is characterised by blood loss from a ruptured blood vessel.
• Sepsis: An improper response to chickenpox infection within the body may cause sepsis, which is a medical emergency that can lead to organ failure and even death. This is very rare.

Pregnant women have a slightly higher chance of developing pneumonia due to chickenpox. There is also a risk of the mother passing the infection on to her foetus. There is a higher risk of the foetus developing congenital varicella syndrome if the infection occurs during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. This can cause severe scarring in the foetus, as well as eyesight issues, brain drainage, and shortened arms or legs.

Conclusion

Understanding the various symptoms, treatment options, and preventive measures for chickenpox is crucial for maintaining public health. Vaccination remains the most effective tool in curbing the spread of this infectious disease. Promoting good hygiene practices and awareness can also contribute to a safer and healthier community. Moreover, comprehensive health insurance coverage is vital in ensuring access to timely medical care, covering potential complications, and easing the financial burden associated with healthcare expenses.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Tuberculosis occurs worldwide and remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in many countries, including India. There were an estimated 10.4 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths caused by TB globally in 2015. Of these, there were an estimated 2.8 million new cases in India, and 0.48 million people died in India due to TB in 2015.

It is a cause for concern as India stands first in terms of absolute number of cases. Let us dive deeper into the tuberculosis meaning and its other aspects.

What is tuberculosis?

Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily targets the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. It spreads through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

Only some people infected with tuberculosis bacteria become sick immediately. Some may develop latent TB infection, where the bacteria are present but do not cause illness. In such cases, tuberculosis causes no symptoms, and the person is not contagious.

Types of tuberculosis

There are several stages and forms of the disease:

• Primary TB: This is the first stage of a tuberculosis infection. Your immune system may be able to fight off the germs. But sometimes, it doesn’t destroy all of them, and they keep multiplying. You may not have any TB symptoms at this stage, or you might have a few flu-like symptoms.
• Latent TB Infection: Latent TB infection occurs when the TB bacteria are present in the body but are not actively causing illness. Individuals with latent TB do not experience symptoms and are not contagious.
• Active TB Disease: Active TB disease occurs when the bacteria become active and cause illness. Common symptoms include a persistent cough, chest pain, fatigue, weight loss, and fever.
• Active TB outside the lungs: A tuberculosis infection that spreads from your lungs to other parts of the body is known as extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Your symptoms will depend on which part of your body the infection affects.

Symptoms of tuberculosis

Active tuberculosis symptoms in the lungs include:

• A cough that lasts more than three weeks
• Chest pain
• Coughing up blood
• Feeling tired all the time
• Night sweats
• Chills
• Fever
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
  
  

When TB is outside the lungs, you may have these same symptoms, along with pain near the infected area.

Causes of tuberculosis

The bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes TB. It spreads when an infected person talks, coughs, or sneezes, releasing tiny droplets containing the bacteria into the air. People nearby can inhale these droplets and become infected.

Risk factors for tuberculosis

You're more likely to get tuberculosis if:

• A friend, co-worker, or family member has active TB.
• You live in or have travelled to an area where TB is common, like Russia, Africa, Eastern Europe, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean.
• You're part of a group in which TB is more likely to spread, or you work or live with someone who is diagnosed with TB. This includes unhoused people, people with HIV, those in jail or prison, and those who inject drugs.
• You work or live in a hospital or nursing home.
• You're a healthcare worker for patients at high risk of TB.
• You're a smoker.

You're at higher risk of developing active TB if you have:

• HIV or AIDS
• Diabetes
• Severe kidney disease
• Head or neck cancer
• Low body weight and poor nutrition

Or use:

• Cancer treatments such as chemotherapy
• Medications for organ transplants
• Certain drugs to treat rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and psoriasis

Babies and young children are at higher risk of developing active TB because their immune systems aren't fully formed. Children under 5, teens and young adults aged 15-25, and adults aged 65 and older are most likely to get active tuberculosis.

Diagnosis of tuberculosis

Prompt and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective TB management. If someone shows symptoms or has been in contact with a TB-infected person, seeking medical attention for proper testing is crucial.

Tuberculin Skin Test (TST): This standard method involves a tuberculosis test by injecting a small amount of TB protein under the skin. After 48 to 72 hours, a healthcare provider checks for a raised bump at the injection site. This helps determine if the person has been infected with TB.

There are two common tests for tuberculosis:

• Tuberculosis skin testing

This is also known as the Mantoux tuberculin skin test. A technician injects a small amount of fluid into the skin of your lower arm. After 2-3 days, the person checks for swelling in your arm. You might have to undergo this test more than once.

• Tuberculosis blood testing

These tests, also called interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs), measure the response when TB proteins are mixed with a small amount of your blood.

Treatment of tuberculosis

• Most cases are cured with antibiotics. But it takes a long time. You have to take medications for at least 6 to 9 months. Your tuberculosis treatment will depend on your infection. If you have latent TB, your doctor will give you medication to kill the bacteria so the infection doesn't become active.

• Your doctor may prescribe Isoniazid, Rifampin, or Rifapentin, either alone or combined. You'll have to take the drugs for three months or more. If you see any signs of active TB, call your doctor right away.

• A combination of medicines also treats active TB. The most common are Ethambutol, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Rifampin. You may have to take them for 6 to 12 months.

• If you have drug-resistant TB, your doctor might give you one or more different medicines. You may have to take them for up to 30 months, and they can cause more side effects.

However, some strains of TB are resistant to antibiotics. Bacteria become drug-resistant because of changes in their genetic makeup. That can happen randomly. But when antibiotics are overprescribed or misused, this speeds up the process.

Side-effects of tuberculosis

Like any medication, TB drugs can have side effects. Common Isoniazid side effects include:

• Numbness and tingling in your hands and feet
• Upset stomach, nausea, and vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Weakness

Ethambutol side effects include:

• Chills
• Painful or swollen joints
• Belly pain, nausea, and vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Headache
• Confusion
• Eye issues such as pain and vision problems

Some side effects of Pyrazinamide include:

• Lack of energy
• Nausea and vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Muscle or joint pain

Common Rifampin side effects include:

• Skin rash
• Upset stomach, nausea, and vomiting
• Brown urine
• Yellowish skin or eyes (jaundice)
• Diarrhoea
• Loss of appetite

Complications of tuberculosis

Tuberculosis infection can cause complications, such as:

• Joint damage
• Lung damage
• Infection or damage of your bones, spinal cord, brain, or lymph nodes
• Liver or kidney problems
• Inflammation of the tissues around your heart

How can tuberculosis be prevented?

If you're travelling to a place where TB is common, avoid spending a lot of time in crowded places with sick people. If you have a latent infection, take all your medication so it doesn't become active and contagious.

In case you have active TB, you'll need to take care to protect others from infection during your first few weeks of treatment.

• Limit contact with other people

If you live with others, sleep in a separate room and isolate yourself as much as possible.

• Prevention

Cover your mouth when you laugh, sneeze, or cough. Wear a surgical mask when you're around other people.

• Keep your space ventilated

Open windows, and use a fan. Germs spread more easily in poorly ventilated places.

Conclusion

Understanding tuberculosis, its types, symptoms, and causes is crucial for early detection and effective management. Public awareness, vaccination, and improved living conditions play vital roles in preventing the spread of TB within communities. Additionally, having access to health insurance ensures that individuals can afford timely medical care.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Typhoid or enteric fever is mainly caused by the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi bacteria and also, to a lesser extent, by Salmonella Paratyphi A. Humans are the only reservoir for these organisms. The primary sources of infection are the stool and urine of infected persons, with the essential carriers being contaminated water, food, and flies. The causative agent for this gastrointestinal infection is either waterborne or foodborne. The onset and severity of the disease mainly depend on the organism’s virulence and the infective dose.

Economically developing nations face the disease as a significant public health problem, particularly low-income countries of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, where most of the population strives for safe water and have access to limited sanitation and hygiene infrastructure. A large-scale community study conducted in India in an urban slum setting has described the incidence of the disease as high as 2/1000 population/year under five years of age and 5.1/1000 population/year under ten years of age. A similar study from north India has reported that most cases occurred in children aged 5-12 years, wherein 24.8 per cent of cases were in children up to 6 years of age.

What is Typhoid?

Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection that can spread throughout the body, affecting many organs. Without prompt treatment, it can cause severe complications and even be fatal. Typhoid is caused by a bacterium called Salmonella typhi, which is related to the bacteria that cause salmonella food poisoning. It spreads between individuals through direct contact with the faeces of a person with an infection. No animals carry this disease, so transmission is always from human to human. S. typhi enters through the mouth and spends 1-3 weeks in the intestine. Then, it goes through the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream. From the bloodstream, it spreads into other tissues and organs. The host’s immune system can do little to fight back because S. typhi can live within the host’s cells, safe from the immune system.

Symptoms of Typhoid

Typhoid symptoms typically begin 1-3 weeks after contact with the bacteria. The two main symptoms of typhoid are fever and rash. Typhoid fever is exceptionally high, gradually increasing over several days and reaching up to 104ºF. The rash, which does not affect every infected person, consists of rose-coloured spots, particularly on the neck and abdomen. 

Other symptoms that typhoid causes include:

• Diarrhoea
• Loss of Appetite
• Bloating
• Nausea
• Weakness
• Abdominal Pain
• Constipation
• Headache

Causes of Typhoid

Now, let’s look at what causes typhoid.

Typhoid is caused by the bacteria S. typhi. It spreads through food, drinks, and water contaminated with infected faecal matter. Washing fruit and vegetables with water that is contaminated can also spread it. Some people have typhoid without experiencing any symptoms. Others continue to harbour the bacteria after the symptoms have disappeared. Sometimes, the disease can reappear. Those who test positive for typhoid may not be allowed to work with children or older adults until medical tests are negative.

Who is Usually at Risk?

Typhoid fever is the most prevalent in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. People living, working, or travelling to places where typhoid is prevalent are at risk of contracting the bacteria. Typhoid outbreaks can happen in areas where sanitation and hygiene are insufficient. In the food industry, local outbreaks tend to occur where someone carrying the virus transmits it via food. People who work in restaurants or other food-related businesses may be more at risk. Most infected individuals feel better about a week after starting treatment with antibiotics. But if left untreated, typhoid fever complications can cause death in some cases.

Diagnosis of Typhoid

Diagnosing typhoid fever involves clinical assessment, laboratory tests, and the patient’s medical history. The common and most reliable diagnostic methods include blood cultures, wherein a sample of the patient’s blood, faeces, or urine is tested for the presence of the Salmonella typhi bacterium. The bacteria may not always be detected the first time so that you may need a series of tests. Such laboratory tests may include a complete blood count (CBC) for abnormalities. A Widal test helps detect specific antibodies against Salmonella typhi. These tests help confirm the bacteria’s presence and rule out the possibility of other illnesses with similar symptoms.

Treatment of Typhoid

The treatment of typhoid mainly involves consuming antibiotics to flush out the Salmonella typhi bacteria from the body. Common antibiotics prescribed include Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, and Azithromycin. The choice of antibiotics may depend on the severity of the illness, local antibiotic resistance patterns, and individual body suitability. 

Always complete the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by your doctor. Failure to do so can lead to the presence of hostile bacteria in the body, leading to antibiotic resistance. 

Supportive care is also essential, including remaining hydrated through oral rehydration solutions. In severe cases, the doctor may recommend administering intravenous fluids. Maintaining proper nutrition supports the body’s healing process.

Recent medical advancements have successfully treated typhoid fever within three days, which used to take 10-14 days earlier. This is from administering third-generation Cephalosporins, such as Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, and Cefoperazone. 

How can Typhoid be Prevented?

Countries with less access to clean water and washing facilities typically record higher typhoid cases. Preventing typhoid fever involves a combination of vaccination, good hygiene practices, and avoiding contaminated food and water.

Sometimes, a doctor may treat a person pre-emptively with antibiotics if they know the person will be in an area where the condition is endemic. Typically, they will prescribe Ceftriaxone or Cefixime along with Azithromycin.

Other preventive measures include the following —

• Vaccination: Before travelling to a high-risk area, a person should receive a vaccine against typhoid fever. The typhoid vaccine is available as an oral medication or a one-off injection.
• Capsule: This is a live, attenuated vaccine for adults and children over the age of 6 years. It consists of four tablets that a person should take every alternate day, the last of which is at least one week before travel. 
• Shot: This is an inactivated vaccine needed two weeks before travel for adults and children over the age of 2 years. A previously vaccinated person should get a booster shot two weeks before travelling.

The typhoid vaccine is only 50-80% effective, so a person should still exercise caution when eating, drinking, and coming into contact with people. Anyone living with HIV should not take the live, oral dose. The vaccine may also have adverse effects. 

After the oral vaccine, a person may experience:

• GI (Gastrointestinal) issues
• Nausea
• Headache
• Some people may faint after being vaccinated

However, severe side effects are rare with vaccines.

The following are some general rules to follow in locations where typhoid is prevalent, as these will help minimise the likelihood of typhoid infection:

• Drink bottled water, preferably carbonated.
• If there is no access to bottled water, boil available water for at least 1 minute before consumption.
• Be wary of eating anything that someone else has handled.
• Avoid eating at street food stands, and only eat food that is still hot.
• Do not have ice in drinks.
• Avoid raw fruit and vegetables; peel the fruit yourself, and do not eat the peel.
• Travellers to typhoid-affected areas should be particularly cautious. Besides vaccination, follow safe food and water practices, choose reputable food establishments, and be mindful of personal hygiene.

Complications Associated with Typhoid

A person with severe typhoid fever may experience severe vomiting, diarrhoea, and abdominal bloating. Such a condition requires immediate hospitalisation.

A person can also experience the following complications:

• Internal bleeding in the digestive system and ulcers
• Bowel perforation leads to peritonitis. This occurs in about 8-39% of people
• Sepsis
• Lung complications, such as abscess, empyema, or bronchopleural fistula
• Typhoid encephalopathy, which has a 55% mortality rate
• Meningitis
• Neurologic symptoms such as psychosis and muscle rigidity
• Myocarditis or Pericarditis

Conclusion

We recommend understanding and implementing preventive measures against typhoid fever as crucial to safeguarding individual and community health. Vaccination, proper hygiene practices, and access to clean water significantly reduce the risk of infection and the severity of the disease. One vital aspect often overlooked in health protection is the importance of health insurance. In the event of unexpected illnesses such as typhoid, health insurance provides a financial safety net, ensuring that individuals can access timely medical care.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

While not as widespread today as in previous times, leprosy is a severe disease with a long and complex history. This infectious disease is caused by the slow-growing bacteria Mycobacterium leprae, which can affect the skin, eyes, nerves, and nasal mucosa (nose lining). This disease is frequently misunderstood and stigmatised. Thus, there is a need to understand leprosy's meaning clearly to debunk the many myths associated with it. This article will explore everything you need to know about leprosy, from its symptoms to treatment.

What is Leprosy?

Leprosy is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium. This disease primarily affects the skin, nerves, and mucous membranes. Contrary to common belief, it is not highly contagious. It mainly spreads through respiratory droplets. The bacteria target the nervous system, leading to skin lesions and nerve damage. The incubation period can be lengthy, making early detection crucial for effective treatment.

Symptoms of Leprosy

Leprosy disease affects the skin and nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. It can also impact the eyes and the inner lining of the nose. The main leprosy symptoms include skin sores, lumps, or bumps that don't heal for a long time. These sores are flat and lighter in color compared to the surrounding skin.

Other symptoms include:

• Stiff, thick, or dry skin
• Skin growths
• Lumps or swelling on the face or ears

Additionally, nerve damage can cause:

• Loss of feeling in affected areas
• Weakness in muscles
• Eyesight problems
• Stuffy nose or nosebleeds (if the mucous membranes in the nose are affected)

When the condition advances, symptoms may include:

• Loss of eyebrows and/or eyelashes
• Sores on the soles of your feet
• Pain, redness, and burning
• Deformities of the nose, hands, and feet
• Blindness
• Shorter toes and fingers

Causes of Leprosy

The slow-growing bacterium Mycobacterium leprae causes leprosy. The proper transmission mode is not fully understood, but studies show it occurs through respiratory droplets when an infected person with untreated leprosy coughs or sneezes.

Several factors contribute to the development of leprosy, including:

• Prolonged Close Contact: Leprosy is not highly contagious, but prolonged and close contact with an untreated person carrying the bacteria increases the risk of transmission.
• Weakened Immune System: People with poor immune systems are more susceptible to getting leprosy
• Genetic Susceptibility: Some individuals could have a genetic predisposition that makes them more vulnerable to leprosy.

Forms of Leprosy

Specific symptoms and treatment of leprosy depend on the form of leprosy a person has. The types of leprosy include:

• Tuberculoid: This is a mild form and less contagious than other forms. People with this type have only one or a few patches of flat, pale-coloured skin. Nerve damage underneath this skin may make the skin feel numb.
• Lepromatous: This is a more severe and contagious form of leprosy. It causes widespread skin bumps and rashes, numbness, and muscle weakness. It may also cause damage to the nose, kidneys, and reproductive organs in men.
• Borderline: People with this form have symptoms of both the tuberculoid and lepromatous forms.

Doctors may also assess leprosy based on the number of lesions (sores) present, which is a more straightforward method:

• Single lesion paucibacillary (SLPB): One lesion (sore)
• Paucibacillary (PB): Two to five lesions
• Multibacillary (MB): Six or more lesions

Diagnosis of Leprosy

Diagnosing leprosy involves a combination of clinical evaluation, skin examinations, and laboratory tests. Critical steps in diagnosing leprosy include:

• Clinical Assessment

Doctors examine skin lesions and assess sensory and motor nerve function. The symptoms can be any one or more of these: skin patches with altered sensation, numbness, muscle weakness, and so on. A professional healthcare expert can detect it better.

• Skin Biopsy

A skin biopsy helps confirm the presence of Mycobacterium leprae. A small skin sample is taken from an affected area and examined under a microscope for the characteristic bacteria.

• Nerve Biopsy

To assess the damage caused by leprosy, some doctors undertake a nerve biopsy. The decision of whether to do it or not depends on professional experts.

Detecting any disease earlier is crucial because prevention is better than cure, and leprosy is no exception. Health workers, particularly in areas where leprosy is more prevalent, are trained to recognise the signs and symptoms of the disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends an approach based on clinical criteria for areas with limited resources, facilitating early detection and treatment.

Treatment of Leprosy

WHO recommends the standard Multidrug Therapy (MDT) approach for treating leprosy. Leprosy treatment aims to eliminate the bacteria causing leprosy, prevent further complications, and reduce the risk of transmission. Critical aspects of leprosy treatment include:

• Multidrug Therapy (MDT)

A treatment administered quite often in leprosy cases is drug therapy. A combination of antibiotics is prescribed. The most commonly used medications are dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine. This treatment depends on the type and severity of leprosy.

• Supervised Treatment

MDT is usually administered under supervision to ensure compliance and proper use of medications. This approach helps prevent the development of drug resistance.

• Monitoring and Follow-up

Regular monitoring of patients during and after treatment is essential. Follow-up examinations assess the response to treatment, monitor for potential side effects, and address potential complications.

• Dealing with Complications

Leprosy can lead to severe complications like deformities, ulcers, and nerve damage. Additional medical measures like surgeries or rehabilitation may be necessary for such issues.

Complications Associated With Leprosy

Without the right treatment, leprosy can cause permanent damage to the skin, nerves, arms, legs, feet, and eyes. Leprosy's complications can include:

• Loss of sight
• Iritis
• Thinning and losing hair
• Infertility
• Permanent swelling, bumps, and lumps on the face, which lead to disfiguration
• Erectile dysfunction and/or infertility in men
• Kidney damage leading to organ failure
• Muscle weakness that does not allow the patient to flex their feet or causes your hands to take on a claw-like form
• Permanent damage to the inside of the nose, causing nosebleeds and a stuffy nose
• Permanent nerve damage outside of the brain and spinal cord, like those in the arms, legs, and feet

Conclusion

Although leprosy was once widespread and surrounded by false beliefs, it is now effectively treated. Educating ourselves about its bacterial origin, the value of early detection, and the success of multidrug therapy has played a vital role in eliminating the misconceptions and the stigma associated with this disease. As we work towards eradicating leprosy, it's crucial to highlight the importance of health insurance. Having health insurance can play a crucial role in achieving a world free of leprosy by having access to timely and thorough medical treatment.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

An acute and highly contagious illness, smallpox is caused by the Variola virus, a member of the orthopoxvirus family. It was one of the most devastating diseases known to humanity and caused millions of deaths before being successfully eradicated. The smallpox virus is believed to have originated more than 3,000 years ago, either in India or Egypt. Widespread smallpox epidemics and the associated death tolls fill the pages of history books. 

Smallpox is transmitted between people when infected aerosols and air droplets spread in face-to-face contact with an infected person. Thankfully, this dreaded illness is treatable today. Let’s continue reading to have a fair understanding of smallpox and how it is treated. 

What is smallpox?

Smallpox is a potentially deadly disease. The variola virus causes smallpox, which manifests in two forms: Variola major, the more severe and lethal form, and Variola minor, the milder version. The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets or contact with contaminated objects, making it easily transferable. Smallpox has been a relentless adversary, wreaking havoc across continents and shaping the course of history. Its impact extends beyond individual health. It has caused widespread outbreaks and pandemics throughout history, influencing events globally. The severity of smallpox outbreaks has affected populations, leading to societal disruptions, economic challenges, and changes in the geopolitical landscape.

Symptoms of Smallpox

Smallpox causes different symptoms depending on the phase of the illness. Phases and associated smallpox symptoms include —

• Incubation period: Historical accounts show that when someone contracted the smallpox virus, they exhibited no symptoms for 7 to 19 days. The virus was not contagious during the incubation period.
• Early symptoms: Once the incubation period is over, the following flu-like symptoms occur

• High Fever
• Chills
• Headache
• Bodyache
• Vomiting

These symptoms last for 2 to 3 days. The virus is highly contagious during this time.

• Early rash: Just as the patient starts to feel better, a rash will appear. It begins on the face and eventually spreads to the hands, forearms, and all over the body. The virus will remain contagious until the rash disappears.
  
  
• Pustular rash: This rash develops into bumps filled with pus (abscesses) within two days of appearing. The pustules break open and scab over.

• Scabs: The scabs eventually fall off, leaving scars like pit marks. The virus remains contagious until all the scabs fall off.

Smallpox Vaccines

Smallpox vaccines have played a pivotal role in safeguarding global health by preventing the spread of the Variola virus. Developed through a groundbreaking discovery by Edward Jenner in 1796, the vaccine involves using a closely related virus, Vaccinia, to stimulate immunity against smallpox. 

This preventive measure is administered through smallpox vaccination and has been crucial in eliminating the virus’s natural transmission trajectory. The success of vaccination campaigns and international collaboration ultimately led the World Health Organization to declare the eradication of smallpox in 1980. People no longer receive routine smallpox vaccinations.

While most people experience only mild side effects, the smallpox vaccine can have potentially fatal side effects; hence, only individuals at high risk of exposure get vaccinated. The vaccine is known for causing a tell-tale scar. Those vulnerable to developing severe reactions can include individuals with:

• Weakened immune systems
• Chronic skin conditions, such as eczema

Types of Smallpox

There are four smallpox variations, and they comprise —

• Variola minor: This is a common but less fatal type of smallpox. A 2021 review of research estimates that less than 5% of those infected have died.
• Variola major: This is a more common and deadly type of smallpox. The same review estimates that 30% of cases were fatal.
• Haemorrhagic smallpox: This is a rare and deadly type of smallpox that causes organs to leak blood into the mucous membranes and skin.
• Malignant smallpox: This is a rare and deadly type of smallpox whereby smallpox lesions do not develop pus-filled bumps on the skin. Instead, they remain soft and flat throughout the entire period of illness.

Transmission of Smallpox

The smallpox virus is contagious from when symptoms develop until all the scabs fall off. It can spread through direct and relatively prolonged face-to-face contact with infected persons. The most common ways it spreads are through: 

• Contact with bodily fluids of an infected person 
• Saliva droplets when an infected person coughs/sneezes
• Sharing bedding or clothing with a diseased person

Treatment of Smallpox

Antiviral treatment may reduce the symptoms and severity, but there is no definitive cure for the smallpox virus. The treatment options can include:

• Tecovirimat, an FDA-approved treatment
• Cidofovir, which has approval for use during an outbreak
• Brincidofovir, an FDA-approved treatment

In the unlikely event of exposure to the smallpox virus, vaccination within 1-3 days can prevent the illness from assuming severe proportions. Furthermore, antibiotics may help reduce the bacterial infections associated with the virus.

Conclusion

The eventful journey through the history of smallpox teaches us about the challenges, triumphs, and the power of solutions in the form of vaccines. Even as we celebrate mankind’s victory over smallpox, we are reminded that health is precious. Hence, health insurance is essential today; it helps protect if severe ailments challenge us. So, let’s remember to take care of our health and consider having health insurance to ensure we're adequately covered if we need medical assistance. 

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Our eyes are one of the most important organs in the human body. They allow us to see the world around us and experience its beauty. However, the importance of our eyes often goes unnoticed until we experience an issue. One such issue is eye cancer, which is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition. Eye cancer can affect any part of the eye, and early detection is critical for successful treatment. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of eye cancer. We will talk about what eye cancer is, its types, and what causes eye cancer. We will also look at what are the symptoms of eye cancer and some tips that can help reduce the risk of acquiring it. Furthermore, we will delve into treatment options for eye cancer and the overall outlook for those affected.

What is Eye Cancer?

So, what is eye cancer?. Eye cancer, or ocular cancer, refers to the abnormal growth of cells within the eye. It can occur in any of the eye’s three major parts, i.e. the eyeball, the orbit, and the adnexal structures. Let’s understand these parts a bit better.

• The eyeball is filled with a jelly-type fluid called the vitreous humor. It has three layers: the sclera, the uvea, and the retina. The outer wall is termed the sclera. Uvea is responsible for nourishment to the eye. The retina transmits information from the eye to the brain.
• The orbit is the bone and tissue framework around the eye.
• The adnexal structures comprise the eyelids and tear glands.

Eye cancer can occur in any of these parts. Scientists are actively investigating genetic changes within DNA that trigger eye cancer.

Types of Eye Cancer

Eye cancer, though rare, manifests in various forms. They also have a distinctive prevalence across different age groups.

For adults, the most common type is melanoma. Intraocular melanoma starts in the cells that give the eye its color. Uveal melanoma is the most frequent. It accounts for 85% of cases of primary intraocular cancers. Most of these occur in the choroid (middle layer of tissue in the eye wall). Conjunctival melanoma affects the clear layer over the sclera, and is less common among adults.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is the next most common eye cancer in adults. It's more likely in people with immune system-related issues.

There are also rare primary eye cancers like orbital and adnexal cancers in adults.

Among children, the main eye cancer is retinoblastoma. A very uncommon type is medulloepithelioma.

Symptoms of Eye Cancer

Let us now understand what are the symptoms of eye cancer. Understanding what are the first signs of eye cancer is crucial for timely detection and prompt treatment. In many cases of eye cancer, individuals may not experience noticeable symptoms until the disease has advanced. However, certain indicators warrant immediate attention from a healthcare professional:

• Blurry or sudden loss of vision
• Tiny floating specks (floaters) or flashes of light
• Partial loss of your visual field
• A growing dark spot on your eye's colored part (iris)
• Changes in pupil size or shape
• Shifts in eyeball position
• Bulging eye appearance
• Altered eye movement

Pain is uncommon in eye cancer unless the tumor is large. Remember, these signs could also be linked to other issues, not just cancer. Healthcare providers use tests like ophthalmoscopy, ultrasound, and fluorescein angiography to diagnose eye cancer.

Risk Factors Associated with Eye Cancer

Let us now analyse what causes eye cancer. While there’s no certain cause, various factors can contribute to an increased risk of eye cancer. These are listed below:

• Eye colour: People with light-colored eyes, such as blue or green, have a higher likelihood of uveal melanoma.
• Age: Older individuals are more prone to developing eye cancer
• Certain inherited conditions: Conditions like dysplastic nevus syndrome, oculodermal melanocytosis, and BAP1 cancer syndrome can significantly elevate the risk of eye cancer.
• Presence of moles or freckles around the eye area: Moles present either on the skin or within the eye, can increase the risk of this disease.
• Family history of eye cancer: Individuals with immediate family members who have a history of eye cancer are at a heightened risk.

Tips to Prevent Eye Cancer

Eye cancer cannot always be prevented, however there are certain precautions you can take to reduce of acquiring this disease:

• Less Sun Exposure: Stay out of strong sunlight when possible.
• Cover Up: Wear protective clothes, like hats, in the sun to protect your skin and eyes.
• Use Sunscreen: Apply sunscreen to keep your skin safe.
• Wear UV-absorbing Sunglasses: Choose sunglasses that block 99% to 100% of UVA and UVB rays, safeguarding your eyes and the skin around them.

While the connection between sunlight and eye melanomas isn't entirely proven, some doctors think wearing sunglasses could help lower the risk.

How is Eye Cancer Treated?

Before starting treatment, the doctor will check how big the tumor is and if it has spread to other parts of the eye or body. This is called staging.

They might also look at the cancer cells under a microscope to understand what type they are and how they might respond to treatment.

If the tumour is small or slow-growing, the doctor might suggest waiting and monitoring tumour growth. Treatment would start if the tumour gets bigger or causes problems.

The treatment plan might include:

• Surgery: The size of the tumour and its location will determine the type of surgery. Depending on where the tumour is and how big it is, the doctor might remove a small part of the eye or even the whole eyeball. But this could lead to some loss of vision.
• Radiation:The doctor might aim high-energy radiation emitted from a machine close to the cancer. This is often chosen over surgery because it can keep your vision and the look of your eye.
• Laser Therapy: This uses special light to heat and kill the tumour. It's good for small eye cancers, but it might cause some problems like bleeding or vision issues.

Every person's eye cancer treatment is different. The goal is to treat the cancer well while trying to keep your vision and eye health as good as possible.

Overall Outlook Towards Eye Cancer

Localized eye melanoma has a 5-year survival rate of 84%, and 18% if it spreads to other body parts.

Some cases of eye cancer can be cured with treatment. In other cases, treatment can slow down its spread and growth.

In follow-up visits, healthcare teams watch for symptoms and use tests to check if cancer comes back or spreads. They also help manage treatment effects and try to keep your vision clear.

Though no surefire ways exist to prevent eye cancer from returning or worsening, healthy choices like not smoking, eating well, staying a healthy weight, and exercising can improve overall health.

People can find support from cancer groups or personal counseling. Lots of resources are available to help those dealing with cancer navigate their journey.

Conclusion

In conclusion, eye cancer is an unfortunate and life-threatening condition that can arise in anyone. It is important to stay informed of the signs and symptoms of eye cancer, and to seek medical advice immediately if any doubts arise. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including protecting your eyes with UV sunglasses when outdoors, can help reduce the risk of acquiring eye cancer.

Eye cancer can impose significant financial burdens on patients and their families. Hence, it is important to consider health insurance for cancer related treatments. If in an unfortunate scenario of one being diagnosed with eye cancer health insurance for cancer can prove to be a prudent step to ensure comprehensive care.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Related Articles:

• Causes of Conjunctivitis: Understanding the Triggers Behind Eye Irritation
• Eye Infections: Doctors Consider Air Pollution a Prime Culprit
• Home Remedies to Stop Watery Eyes: Natural Solutions for Soothing Relief
• How to Protect Your Eyesight and Prevent Cataracts at Any Age
• Tips to Keep Your Eyes Healthy at Workplace

Bone Marrow is one of the most important elements in our bodies, as it plays a vital role in producing blood cells and providing immunity. It also serves as a storehouse for stem cells, which have many potential uses within the medical field. Not only this, but bone marrow can be affected by certain types of cancer known as "bone marrow cancer". There are different forms of this condition, depending on the bone marrow cell type that turns cancerous. This article will delve into the causes, symptoms, and treatment of bone marrow cancer.

What is Bone Marrow Cancer?

An abnormal multiplication of any of the cells present in the bone marrow, including precursor blood cells, stem cells, or adult cells is considered a diseased condition termed as bone marrow cancer. Since these cells are the major components that make up the blood, any malignancy arising in these cells can affect other parts of the body. The cancer can spread to other organs when the cancerous blood cells get carried to different locations in the body through blood. Hence, bone marrow cancer is considered a malignant form of cancer. It is also known as blood cancer because the malignancy arising in the soft tissue of the bone eventually affects the blood.

Causes of Bone Marrow Cancer

Mutations in the DNA of the cells are the reason for the development of cancer but the exact cause that leads to this change is unknown in many cases. Hence, the precise bone marrow cancer causes are not fully understood. Researchers have identified certain risk factors linked to bone marrow cancer which includes:

• Increasing age
• Radiation exposure
• Family history of the particular bone marrow cancer type
• Exposure to carcinogenic chemicals
• Having other bone marrow-related disorders

Types of Bone Marrow Cancer

There are three main forms of blood cancer depending on the bone marrow cells that have become cancerous. These are:

1. Multiple myeloma: Multiple myeloma is a cancer of the plasma cells, which is a type of white blood cell. These cells are involved in the production of antibodies that are targeted against antigens. But in multiple myeloma, the malignant plasma cells generate abnormal proteins that cause health complications. The cancerous cells aggregate in the bone marrow, outnumbering the healthy blood cells.

• Leukemia: Leukemia is a general term to denote the cancer of blood-forming cells. It usually involves the abnormal multiplication of white blood cells. There are mainly two forms of leukemia: lymphocytic leukemia affecting the lymphocytes, and myelogenous leukemia involving myeloid cells.
• Lymphoma: Cancers that begin in the lymphatic system are categorised under the broad term lymphoma. It arises when the cells of the immune system that are dedicated to fighting off infections, called lymphocytes, grow out of control. This cancer can develop in any part of the lymphatic system, like the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, and bone marrow. It can also metastasize to the liver or kidney. There are two main classifications of lymphoma: Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Symptoms of Bone Marrow Cancer

The signs and symptoms of bone marrow cancer vary depending on the type and stage of the cancer. The common indications of multiple myeloma may include:

• Bone pain or fractures
• Feeling exhausted
• Having a high rate of infections due to a shortage of disease-fighting white blood cells
• Change in the frequency of urination
• Excessive thirst
• Confusion as a result of high levels of blood calcium
• Losing body weight for no reason
• Vomiting

The symptoms of leukemia may manifest as:

• Extreme tiredness
• Lack of energy
• Shortness of breath
• Fever accompanied by chills
• Night sweats
• Enlarged lymph nodes
• Unexplained loss of weight
• Tiny red dots appearing on the skin
• Easily getting bruises and bleeding
• Bone pain
• Frequently occurring infections

Some of the signs and symptoms that indicate the possibility of having lymphoma are:

• Fever accompanied by chills
• Low energy levels
• Swollen or enlarged lymph nodes
• Swollen underarms, neck, arms, legs, or groin
• Having night sweats
• Experiencing nerve pain
• Having numbness in different body parts
• Having tingling sensation, pain in the chest or lower back
• Itchy rashes appearing on the body
• Feeling of fullness in the stomach.

How is Bone Marrow Cancer Diagnosed?

After carefully analysing the symptoms, the doctor may suggest running certain tests to confirm the diagnosis. This includes a blood test and bone marrow examination. A complete blood cell count is done to evaluate the number of white and red blood cells and platelets. Any abnormal increase in any of these cells may be an indication of blood cancer.

There are two types of bone marrow testing for cancer, which are aspiration and biopsy. In bone marrow aspiration, a small sample of the bone marrow’s liquid part is taken using a needle. This is then examined to check the number of red and white blood cells and platelets. Bone marrow biopsy procedure involves removing a tissue sample from the bone marrow and examining it under the microscope to investigate if the cells are cancerous.

How is Bone Marrow Cancer Treated?

The treatment method adopted for bone marrow cancer varies for each person. It depends upon the type of cancer, stage, the extent of cancerous growth, the patient’s age, and overall health. The common approaches to the treatment of bone marrow cancer include:

• Chemotherapy: In chemotherapy, drugs that can either destroy or arrest the growth of cancer cells are administered to the patient through an intravenous drip or orally.
• Radiation therapy: Radiotherapy employs beams of intense energy ionising radiations, like X-rays or proton radiation to kill the cancer cells.
• Immunotherapy: Cancer immunotherapy uses substances produced by the body or synthetic ones to enhance the immune system of the patient. This will help the body to identify and destroy the cancer cells. Immunotherapy is used alone or in combination with chemotherapy or other treatment methods.
• Targeted therapy: This treatment uses drugs that can precisely identify and bind to specific proteins in the cancer cells that help them in their growth and survival. The chemical substance then destroys the malignant tissue.
• Stem cell transplant: Stem cell transplant involves the replacement of bone marrow cells destroyed by cancer or cancer treatment with healthy bone marrow stem cells from a donor.
  
  

An Outlook Towards Bone Marrow Cancer

The prognosis of bone marrow cancer varies significantly among individuals. It depends on various factors like the type of bone marrow cancer, stage, whether the cancer cells have spread to other body parts, age of the patient, response to treatment, etc. If a patient receives an early diagnosis before the spread of the malignant cells, then they are more likely to respond effectively to the therapies. The cancer cells in such cases can be destroyed and the remission chances remain low. But certain types of bone marrow cancer are so aggressive that treatment may not be effective. The therapies may continue for a longer time with an increased risk of complications occurring.

The general outlook for multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma is non-curable but can be managed with treatments. The following table provides information about the survival rate of multiple myeloma patients.

The general outlook for leukemia

Some leukemia types are curable with treatment. The life expectancy of patients with leukemia varies based on several factors like the biological features of the cancer, the person’s age, general health, and how well the body responds to treatment.

The 5-year survival rate for individuals aged 20 years or older with acute myeloid leukemia is 28%. For younger people aged less than 20 years, the life expectancy rate is 69%.

The general outlook for lymphoma

Although the recovery depends upon the type and stage of the bone marrow cancer, both types of lymphoma; Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s are considered very treatable. The five-year survival rates for Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma are given below.

Conclusion 

If you’ve ever wondered what is bone marrow cancer and its treatment options, we hope this article has given you an insight into this. Cancer treatments are often expensive but it can be eased with cancer insurance. Cancer insurance provides financial and healthcare protection against hospitalization, therapies, and other non-medical expenditures. Purchasing a cancer insurance policy in the wake of the increasing number of cancer incidence worldwide has become extremely important. Check if your health insurance covers cancer or consider a dedicated cancer policy for added protection. This will help a person cope with financial needs during the treatment period.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Related Articles:

• Causes of Bone Marrow Cancer: Understanding the Complex Origins of a Silent Threat
• Causes of Breast Cancer: Understanding the Origins of a Silent Threat
• Mouth Cancer: Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
• Understanding Throat Cancer Treatment Options
• Tongue Cancer Treatment: Surgery, Therapy, and Innovations

Our skin is a remarkable testament to our overall health and well-being. Unfortunately, some people have to deal with chronic skin conditions that affect their physical and mental well-being. One such condition is psoriasis. Psoriasis is characterised by red, itchy, and scaly skin that can cause great discomfort. While no cure is available, various treatments effectively alleviate symptoms. But what causes it, what does it signify? This article will answer all your questions about psoriasis.

What Is Psoriasis?

So, what is psoriasis? Psoriasis is a long-lasting skin condition with an abnormal multiplication of skin cells, up to 10 times faster than the usual rate. Consequently, this leads to the formation of raised patches on the skin. They can appear red, purplish, or brown and can grow anywhere on the body. It is important to note that psoriasis is not contagious and cannot be transferred from one person to another. However, it can occur among family members.

Symptoms of Psoriasis

Symptoms of psoriasis may range from mild to severe, depending on the type of psoriasis, location, and severity. Listed below are some common symptoms:

• Plaques

This condition features recurring red, inflamed patches covered with silvery scales, often found on elbows, knees, and the torso. These patches can also develop on the scalp, palms, soles, and genital area, causing severe discomfort and irritation. The appearance of lesions may vary based on an individual’s skin tone, ranging from pink or red to purple or dark brown.

• Nail alterations

Nail psoriasis alters the nails, leading to pitting, discolouration, and thickening, often causing separation from the nail bed and discomfort. This condition may also result in nail ridges and increased brittleness, impacting appearance and physical well-being. These changes may cause pain and difficulty in performing everyday tasks involving the hands and feet.

• Others

Other psoriasis symptoms include dry and cracked skin and stiffness, rashes that flare up for a few weeks or months and then subside, and small scaling spots (commonly seen in children). This can be quite painful, interfering with sleep and making it hard to focus on tasks.

Types of Psoriasis

Listed below are the different types of psoriasis, which differ from each other by their signs and symptoms:

• Erythrodermic psoriasis

Erythrodermic psoriasis, or exfoliative psoriasis, is a rare, severe form of psoriasis causing red or purplish skin and shedding. It’s a medical emergency, often requiring hospitalisation due to potential temperature regulation issues. It can result due to poorly controlled plaque psoriasis, sunburn, infection, alcohol use disorder, stress, or if a person abruptly stops using certain psoriasis medications.

• Psoriatic arthritis

Psoriatic arthritis leads to joint pain, stiffness, and swelling. In India, an estimated 0.25% of individuals with psoriasis also experience this condition, with a higher incidence among those already diagnosed with psoriasis. This condition significantly impacts mobility and quality of life, requiring medical and lifestyle interventions.

• Flexural or inverse psoriasis

Inverse psoriasis occurs in skin folds, appearing red or purple and often shiny, due to reduced skin shedding in moist areas. Frequently mistaken for fungal or bacterial infections, it can cause great discomfort due to skin-on-skin contact. Most individuals with inverse psoriasis also experience another form of psoriasis elsewhere on their body, resulting in discoloured, shiny lesions in skin folds under the breasts, armpits, and groin.

On light skin, lesions appear bright red, while on darker skin, they appear darker than the surrounding skin, often purplish or brown.

• Pustular psoriasis

Pustular psoriasis, whether affecting specific areas or the entire body, shows white pustules surrounded by red or darkened skin. It can be life-threatening, and individuals may undergo cycles of pustules and remission.

Causes of Psoriasis

Psoriasis is thought to result from a blend of genetic and environmental factors. It is believed to involve a malfunctioning immune system, where the body’s infection-fighting cells mistakenly attack healthy skin cells. Although genetics is implicated in psoriasis, its inheritance pattern is intricate, often skipping generations.

Environmental triggers, such as infections (e.g., strep throat), weather conditions (e.g., cold, dry climates), and skin injuries (e.g., cuts, sunburns), can provoke or worsen symptoms. Lifestyle choices like smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, and second-hand smoke exposure are counted among psoriasis causes. Certain drugs, like lithium, high blood pressure drugs, antimalarials, and specific antibiotics, can exacerbate symptoms. Abrupt withdrawal of oral or injected corticosteroids can also contribute to the development of psoriasis.

Risk Factors Associated with Psoriasis

Psoriasis can affect anyone, but certain risk factors may increase an individual’s susceptibility to developing the condition. Genetics is a significant risk factor for psoriasis. A family history of the condition increases the likelihood of an individual developing psoriasis. Studies have shown that certain genes are associated with psoriasis, although it is not solely determined by genetics.

Additional risk factors for psoriasis include certain medical disorders and lifestyle decisions like binge drinking or smoking. Psoriasis is more common in people with autoimmune diseases, like type 2 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. Obesity is also seen to be associated with a higher incidence of psoriasis. Drinking excessively poses a significant risk, particularly for young men. Additionally, alcohol consumption can hinder the effectiveness of treatments. Engaging in smoking can also increase your chances of developing psoriasis by double. Moreover, smoking hampers the ability to alleviate symptoms.

Diagnosis of Psoriasis

When diagnosing psoriasis, a doctor conducts a thorough physical exam, checking for plaques on specific areas such as the scalp, ears, elbows, knees, belly button, and nails. The family history of psoriasis is also considered. Lab tests, including biopsies, may be performed to rule out skin infections. A dermatologist examines the skin, nails, and scalp for signs of psoriasis, inquiring about symptoms, nail and joint problems, family history, and recent life changes. In some cases, a skin biopsy is taken for microscopic examination. This comprehensive approach helps confirm the presence of psoriasis, guiding the development of an effective treatment plan.

Stages of Psoriasis

Psoriasis can vary in severity, with different levels of involvement observed. In milder cases, psoriasis plaques cover less than 3% of the body. Moderate psoriasis involves 3–10% coverage, while severe psoriasis extends beyond 10%. Recognising the condition’s progression helps guide appropriate treatment strategies for symptom management.

Treatment of Psoriasis

Psoriasis treatments vary, aiming to inhibit new skin cell growth or alleviate itching and dryness. The doctor will personalise a treatment plan, considering factors such as rash size and location, age, overall health, and other pertinent details. Standard therapies encompass a range of approaches tailored to individuals’ needs.

Psoriasis medication options include:

• Steroid creams
• Prescription topical cream
• Moisturisers for dry skin
• Salicylic acid
• Coal tar (used for scalp psoriasis, available in various forms like lotions, creams, foams, shampoos, and bath solutions)
• Vitamin D-based cream or ointment (a potent version prescribed by doctors, as regular vitamin D in food and supplements doesn’t have the same effect)
• Retinoid creams
• Calcineurin inhibitors
• Anthralin treatment

For moderate to severe psoriasis, treatments encompass various options:

• Methotrexate: In severe cases, this medication necessitates close monitoring due to potential bone marrow, liver, and lung issues, requiring regular lab tests, chest X-rays, and possibly a liver biopsy.
• Retinoids: Available in different forms, these drugs, akin to vitamin A, carry significant side effects, including congenital disabilities, making them unsuitable for pregnant or planning women.
• Cyclosporine: Used for severe, unresponsive cases, this immune system suppressant requires vigilant health monitoring due to potential kidney damage and elevated blood pressure.
• Biologic treatments: These therapies offer a specialised approach to treatment by targeting the overactive immune response in psoriasis

Light therapy, also known as phototherapy, involves using ultraviolet light to slow down the growth of skin cells in psoriasis patients. One form of treatment is psoralen plus ultraviolet-A radiation (PUVA), which combines a medication called psoralen with a particular form of UV light.

Some may also consider alternative therapies or home remedies to help alleviate psoriasis symptoms. These include applying aloe vera to affected areas or taking oat baths for skin relief.

Living With Psoriasis and Managing It

Here are a few tips for people with psoriasis:

1. Avoid trigger foods

Although no specific foods cause psoriasis, certain ingredients can worsen the condition. This includes dairy, refined carbs, saturated and trans fats, added sugar, and gluten.

1. Dealing with high costs

The management and treatment of psoriasis can be extremely costly. Expensive medications, doctor visits, missed work, and therapy can all add up. Due to the unpredictable nature of medical costs, it pays to invest in robust health insurance that can relieve financial worries during times of need and provide the backing required to face health challenges with greater ease.

1. Management at home

A person can do a few things to manage this skin condition better. This includes:

• Bathing regularly using a gentle cleanser
• Getting sunlight adequate
• Engaging in daily exercise,
• Get good sleep
• Practicing relaxation techniques like meditation
• Keeping a journal of potential triggers

1. Prioritise mental health

Psoriasis can cause anxiety, depression, sexual dysfunction, substance abuse, sleep disturbances, disordered eating habits, and, in even rare cases, psychosis, which can severely impact mental health. Consult your physician, who can recommend approaches for addressing what you may be experiencing.

Conclusion

Psoriasis can be quite difficult to deal with, particularly because it affects the skin, which is often a root source of our insecurities. So, if you’ve been recently diagnosed with it, have been living with it for some time now, or just wanted to know about it better, we hope this article has helped. Understanding the various causes, symptoms, and treatment options for psoriasis is important to cope with this skin disease properly. If you are afflicted with this disease, remember to reach out to healthcare professionals, connect with others who also have psoriasis, and take care of your physical and mental health.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Bronchitis is an inflammation of thе bronchial tubеs and affects thе rеspiratory systеm. It manifеsts in acutе and chronic forms. Typically triggered by viral infеctions or prolonged exposure to irritants, this condition prеsеnts itself with symptoms such as coughing, chеst discomfort, and shortnеss of brеath.

While acutе bronchitis is oftеn linkеd to common illnеssеs, chronic bronchitis is a component of chronic obstructivе pulmonary disease (COPD). Understanding the causes, symptoms, and distinctions is crucial for effective management and prеvеntion.

What is Bronchitis?

To know what is bronchitis disease, let's begin by being clear that this is a rеspiratory condition characterised by inflammation of thе bronchial tubеs—thе air passagеs that carry air to thе lungs. It еxists in two forms: acutе bronchitis, typically triggered by viral infеctions or irritant еxposurе, and chronic bronchitis. The latter is associatеd with prolongеd еxposurе to irritants such as cigarеttе smokе. Inflammation in thе bronchial tubеs can lead to symptoms such as coughing and difficulty breathing.

Symptoms of Bronchitis

The primary and common symptoms of both acute and chronic bronchitis disease include breathing problems, such as:

• Coughing: Pеrsistеnt and oftеn producеs mucus, which can bе clеar, whitе, yеllowish-gray, or grееnish.

• Chеst discomfort: Infected individuals may еxpеriеncе tightnеss or a fееling of hеavinеss in thе chеst.

• Shortnеss of brеath: Brеathlеssnеss or difficulty brеathing, еspеcially when the person is physically active.

• Fatiguе: Gеnеralisеd wеaknеss and tirеdnеss can accompany bronchitis.

• Sorе throat: Irritation and discomfort in thе throat may persist, еspеcially in cases whеrе bronchitis is triggеrеd by a viral infеction.

• Body achеs: Muscular discomfort and achеs throughout thе body.

• Whееzing: A whistling or high-pitchеd sound whilе brеathing, indicating narrowеd airways.

• Nasal congеstion: In cases where bronchitis is associated with a cold or flu, nasal congеstion may occur.

• Chills: Shivеring or fееling cold dеspitе being in normal room tеmpеraturе.

• Sputum production: The cough may bring up mucus, which can vary in colour and consistеncy.

Causes of Bronchitis

Bronchitis is commonly caused by viral infеctions, with influеnza and rhinovirus being the leading and frеquеnt culprits. Additionally, еxposurе to irritants such as tobacco smokе, air pollution, or workplacе dust and chеmicals can contribute to its dеvеlopmеnt.

Acutе bronchitis oftеn follows rеspiratory infеctions, whilе chronic bronchitis is frеquеntly linkеd to long-tеrm еxposurе to irritants, primarily cigarеttе smokе. In rare cases, bactеrial infеctions may also triggеr bronchitis. 

Undеrstanding thеsе causеs is crucial for prеvеntivе mеasurеs, as avoiding tobacco smokе and minimising еxposurе to rеspiratory irritants can significantly rеducе thе risk of dеvеloping bronchitis.

Risk Factors Associated With Bronchitis

Some of the factors that increase the risk of bronchitis are:

• Smoking: Activе and passivе еxposurе to tobacco smokе significantly increase the risk of bronchitis.

• Occupational exposurеs: Prolongеd еxposurе to workplacе pollutants, dust, and chеmicals can contribute to bronchial irritation.

• Wеakеnеd immunе systеm: Individuals with compromisеd immunе systеms, еithеr from mеdical conditions or mеdications, arе morе suscеptiblе to developing bronchitis.

• Rеspiratory infеctions: Prеvious or concurrеnt rеspiratory infеctions, еspеcially among individuals with wеakеnеd immunе rеsponsеs, can еlеvatе thе risk.

• Environmеntal factors: Living in areas with high air pollution lеvеls incrеasеs the suscеptibility to bronchitis.

When Should You Consult The Doctor?

Consult a doctor immediately if you еxpеriеncе pеrsistеnt or sеvеrе symptoms of bronchitis. If your cough lasts longer than thrее wееks, is accompaniеd by blood in thе mucus, or if you have difficulty brеathing to thе еxtеnt that daily activitiеs arе impairеd, sееk mеdical attеntion promptly. 

Individuals with undеrlying health conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructivе pulmonary disease (COPD) should be particularly vigilant. Additionally, if you havе high fеvеr, chеst pain, or if your symptoms worsеn dеspitе homе rеmеdiеs or ovеr-thе-countеr mеdications, it's crucial to consult a hеalthcarе profеssional. 

Timеly mеdical intеrvеntion can hеlp idеntify thе undеrlying causе, dеtеrminе the appropriatе trеatmеnt, and prеvеnt potеntial complications associatеd with bronchitis. Remember that if left untreated, bronchitis can turn into pneumonia, which is much more severe and time-consuming to get cured of.

Diagnosis of Bronchitis

The diagnosis of bronchitis typically involves a comprеhеnsivе assessment by a hеalthcarе professional. After seeking a dеtailеd mеdical history, the professional focuses on thе onsеt and duration of symptoms, as wеll as any rеlеvant еxposurеs to irritants or rеcеnt rеspiratory infеctions. Thе hеalthcarе providеr will then conduct a physical еxamination, listеning for abnormal brеath sounds, such as whееzing or cracklеs, and assеssing thе ovеrall rеspiratory function.

Diagnostic tеsts may bе rеcommеndеd to furthеr confirm thе diagnosis and rulе out othеr rеspiratory conditions. Chеst X-rays can help visualisе thе lungs and rule out pnеumonia or other complications. Pulmonary function tеsts mеasurе lung capacity and airflow, providing valuablе information about rеspiratory function. In some cases, sputum analysis may bе conductеd to еxaminе thе colour, consistеncy, and prеsеncе of bactеria or othеr infеctious agеnts.

Thе hеalthcarе providеr may also еmploy laboratory tеsts to identify thе specific cause of bronchitis. Blood tеsts, such as a complеtе blood count (CBC), may rеvеal an еlеvatеd whitе blood cеll count, indicating an infеction. Viral or bactеrial culturеs may bе pеrformеd on rеspiratory samplеs to pinpoint thе pathogеn rеsponsiblе.

An accurate diagnosis еnablеs health professionals to tailor an appropriate treatment plan. They can address thе undеrlying causе and provide symptom rеliеf for individuals affеctеd by bronchitis.

Treatment of Bronchitis

Acutе bronchitis typically rеsolvеs spontanеously within a fеw wееks, but in thе rarе instancе that bactеrial infеction is thе causе, your doctor may prеscribе antibiotics. For individuals with asthma, allеrgiеs, or еxpеriеncing whееzing, inhalеrs may bе rеcommеndеd to allеviatе symptoms by еnhancing airflow and facilitating еasiеr brеathing. 

Additionally, sеlf-carе mеasurеs can aid in еasing acutе bronchitis symptoms:

• Hydration: Consuming plеnty of watеr, around 8 to 12 glassеs pеr day, hеlps to thin mucus and makes it morе managеablе to cough up.
• Rеst: Amplе rеst is crucial for allowing thе body to rеcovеr and hеal during thе coursе of acutе bronchitis.
• Pain rеliеvеrs: Mеdications such as acеtaminophеn can bе usеd to manage pain and fеvеr associatеd with acutе bronchitis. Avoid giving aspirin to children.

• Humidification: Using a humidifiеr or stеam, such as a hot showеr, can be beneficial in loosеning mucus, providing rеliеf from rеspiratory discomfort.

• Cough mеdicinеs: Ovеr-thе-countеr cough mеdicinеs such as guaifеnеsin can hеlp in loosеning mucus, making it еasiеr to еxpеl. Howеvеr, it's еssеntial to consult with a hеalthcarе professional, еspеcially whеn considеring thеsе mеdications for childrеn. 

Chronic bronchitis trеatmеnts focus on symptom managеmеnt:

• Mеdications, including antibiotics, anti-inflammatoriеs, and bronchodilators, hеlp opеn airways.
• Mucus-clеaring dеvicеs facilitatе еasiеr fluid еxpulsion through coughing.
• Oxygеn thеrapy еnhancеs brеathing for improvеd rеspiratory function.
• Pulmonary rеhabilitation, an еxеrcisе programme, aids in еasiеr brеathing and incrеasеd physical activity.

How Can Bronchitis Be Prevented?

Prеvеnting bronchitis involvеs adopting mеasurеs that minimisе thе risk of rеspiratory infеctions and irritants. Kеy stratеgiеs includе practising good hand hygiеnе to rеducе thе sprеad of viruses, avoiding closе contact with individuals who havе rеspiratory infеctions, and gеtting vaccinatеd from illnеssеs such as influеnza and pеrtussis. 

Quitting smoking and minimising еxposurе to sеcondhand smokе and other air pollutants is crucial. Furthermore, individuals with chronic rеspiratory conditions should еffеctivеly manage their conditions and follow prеscribеd trеatmеnts to rеducе thе likеlihood of dеvеloping bronchitis—rеgular еxеrcisе and a hеalthy lifеstylе positively contributе to ovеrall rеspiratory hеalth.

Conclusion

Bronchitis, whеthеr acutе or chronic, dеmands undеrstanding and proactivе mеasurеs for еffеctivе managеmеnt and prеvеntion. Awarеnеss of its causes, prompt mеdical attеntion to address sеvеrе symptoms, and adhеrеncе to prеscribеd trеatmеnts contributе to a hеalthiеr rеspiratory systеm. 

We are prioritising prеvеntivе stratеgiеs such as vaccination and minimising еxposurе to irritants fostеrs rеspiratory wеll-bеing, еmphasising thе importancе of holistic rеspiratory carе. Having health insurance ensures access to timely medical consultations, treatments, and preventive care, helping you maintain optimal respiratory health without financial strain.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

From ancient times, man has known that the stomach is the root cause of every disease. Our ancestors knew very well that most diseases start with wrong food choices. Despite this knowledge, inappropriate diets and food choices have led to an increase in gastrointestinal diseases worldwide, including in India. 

Given dynamic changes in lifestyle, diseases, and illnesses of the gastrointestinal system have grown in the last decade. As the pace of life keeps quickening, our food habits worsen. We don't even focus much on what we feed our bodies. We are also overly inclined towards processed food. Over time, these bad habits give us health conditions such as acid reflux and other diseases. Acid reflux is a condition that affects significant aspects of our daily life. It deteriorates the quality of our digestive system and our day-to-day lives.

What is Acid Reflux?

More commonly known as heartburn, acid reflux causes a burning sensation in the abdomen and chest. This chronic disease occurs when stomach acid or bile flows into the food pipe and irritates the lining. If you experience acid reflux more than twice a week, it could indicate GERD or Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Acid reflux can take months to resolve. It needs medical attention and may require a medical diagnosis. It is also self-diagnosable if the person is alert about the sensations in their food pipe and other symptoms. The symptoms play a vital role in the diagnosis of this disease. More than 10 million acid reflux cases are reported every year in India. It is also becoming common in the younger generation. 

What Causes Acid Reflux?

The stomach contains hydrochloric acid that digests food and removes toxic elements. Hydrochloric acid is powerful and has the potential to digest the organs as well. This fact about the acid may sound quite alarming, but our stomach has a mucus lining that protects it from this acid. However, the oesophagus or the food pipe doesn't have this protective lining. Furthermore, our tummies have a gastroesophageal sphincter, which is a valve between the food pipe and the stomach. It is in the form of rings made of muscle. It prevents food from getting directly into the stomach but does not back up into the oesophagus. When this valve malfunctions, the food starts moving up the food pipe, causing a burning sensation. This sensation is called acid reflux and is one of the leading causes of acidity.

Acid Reflux Risk Factors

Acid reflux can affect people of all ages, sometimes for unknown reasons. It may happen due to lifestyle choices or unpreventable causes.

The risk factors of being affected by acid reflux or GERD include:

• Obesity
• Smoking (active or passive)
• Low levels of physical exercise
• Medications, including drugs for asthma, calcium-channel blockers, antihistamines, painkillers, sedatives, and antidepressants
• Pregnancy

Food and dietary habits that have been linked to acid reflux include:

• Caffeine
• Alcohol
• Fatty foods
• Spicy foods
• Tomatoes and tomato sauces
• Onions and garlic
• Eating large meals
• Lying down within 2-3 hours of eating a meal
• Consuming chocolate, carbonated drinks, and acidic juices

Symptoms of Acid Reflux

Acid reflux symptoms generally get neglected due to a lack of attention and awareness. People typically take acid reflux symptoms lightly instead of paying more attention. These symptoms are usually suppressed with over-the-counter medications and home remedies.

The symptoms may include burning pain in the chest that usually occurs after eating. It can worsen when lying down.

Affected individuals may experience burning in the chest, belching, nausea, or regurgitation. Bitter taste, discomfort in the upper abdomen, or dry cough are also common among patients. 

Diagnosis of Acid Reflux

Acid reflux is commonly known as heartburn, and it usually creates discomfort in the chest. The condition leads to a lot of confusion, fear, and anxiety in patients. Acid reflux is treatable and manageable, but patients usually misunderstand the symptoms as life-threatening conditions. 

Due to confusing symptoms, acid reflux is often misinterpreted as other diseases that have chest-related complications, such as: 

• Heart attack
• Pneumonia
• Chest wall pain
• Pulmonary embolism

Doctors usually diagnose GERD after analysing the symptoms of heartburn in response to lifestyle changes and acid reflux medication. 

GERD may need the following procedures done to determine its presence in the body: 

Endoscopy: It is one of the standard methods. It is done by using a flexible tube with a camera and light attached. It helps doctors to see and analyse the interior of the gastrointestinal tract. It includes the oesophagus, stomach, and upper part of the small intestine. This procedure helps in diagnosing various conditions and examining abnormalities. It also helps in obtaining tissue samples if necessary.

Biopsy: During an endoscopy or other procedures, a biopsy is done. It usually helps in a deeper analysis of a condition. A small tissue sample is removed from the body for examination under a microscope. This sample is analysed and seen in a lab to determine the presence of any irregularities, contaminations, or sicknesses.

Barium X-ray: This imaging method includes drinking a dusty or chalky fluid containing barium. It is a differentiation material noticeable on X-ray. After an individual takes it, X-rays are taken to see the inner parts of the throat, stomach, and upper duodenum. Barium covers the coating of these organs. It helps to feature their construction and any abnormalities. It lets specialists see and recognise ulcers, cancers, or blockages.

Esophageal Manometry: It's a demonstrative test utilised to quantify the tensions and capability of the throat. A flimsy, adaptable tube is embedded into the nose or mouth and afterwards guided into the throat to evaluate its capacity to move food and fluids into the stomach. This test helps diagnose some conditions, such as oesophageal spasms, achalasia, motility disorders, and GERD. 

24-hour pH Impedance Monitoring: This test measures the acidity or pH levels within the oesophagus over 24 hours. A thin tube is inserted through the nose into the lower oesophagus to measure acid reflux. The procedure also measures impedance, detecting the movement of liquids or gasses in the oesophagus. It helps diagnose Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) and assess the severity of acid reflux. It is an accurate method and helps a lot with inadequate treatment. 

All of these procedures are essential for the diagnosis of GERD. They help while evaluating various conditions and provide valuable information about the condition of the patients. These tests help the doctor to create a more effective treatment plan for their patients. 

Treatment of Acid Reflux

Various methods are adopted for acid reflux treatment, including proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H2 blockers. These are safe and effective medications that decrease acid production and reduce the risk of damage caused by acid reflux. 

• Antacids

They usually contain chemical compounds such as calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, aluminium, and magnesium hydroxide. These compounds provide rapid but short-term relief, functioning as a temporary treatment for acidity.

• Alginate antacids

The alginic acid in alginate antacids works by accumulating a foamy gel at the top of the gastric pool. The acid reflux becomes less harmful as the food pipe is prevented from coming in contact with harmful stomach acids.

Other treatment methods include:

• Sucralfate acid suppressants
• Potassium-competitive acid blockers
• Transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation (TLESR) reducers
• GABA (B) receptor agonist
• mGluR5 antagonist
• Prokinetic agents
• Pain modulators
• Tricyclic antidepressants
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
• Theophylline, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

Lifestyle measures such as improving posture, for instance, sitting up straighter and maintaining a healthy weight, may also help.

Complications Associated With the Condition

GERD can lead to severe complications in the long term, which include:

• Sinusitis, or inflammation of the sinuses; adult-onset asthma
• Acid regurgitation into the lungs
• Esophagitis, or inflammation, swelling, or irritation of the oesophagus
• Oesophageal stricture, or narrowing of the oesophagus
• Esophageal ulcers or bleeding
• Barrett's Oesophagus, which is a condition involving precancerous changes to the oesophagus
• Oesophageal cancer

These complications arise from delay or ignorance in the treatment of GERD. One of the most severe complications is oesophagus cancer. It can result in lifetime complications and has a low survival rate.

Conclusion

Acid reflux is a common ailment that can assume severe proportions, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease if ignored for a long time. The diagnosis and treatment of GERD is expensive, and it is a chronic disease that needs prolonged treatment. Amidst such scenarios, opting for health insurance is smart as it helps manage finances, regular and unforeseen, enabling a stress-free life. Take the case of individuals who regularly experience acid reflux. If they proactively try eliminating the condition early on, unnecessary expenses will not happen. However, the highly hectic nature of today's lifestyle can push seemingly harmless illnesses such as acid reflux into the background. Having health insurance ensures you are financially prepared for the diagnosis and treatment of conditions like GERD, providing peace of mind and access to quality healthcare when needed.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Whether it's bending your elbow to lift a cup of tea in the morning or swivelling your hips to the beat of your favourite song, our joints are responsible for allowing us to move in all the ways we need to go about our daily lives. Unfortunately, not everyone is lucky enough to have perfectly functioning joints. One common condition affecting many people is osteoarthritis — a degenerative joint disease that generally affects older individuals. In this article, we'll help you understand what is osteoarthritis, its symptoms, treatment methods, and more.

What is Osteoarthritis?

So, what is osteoarthritis?

Osteoarthritis is a really common disease that usually comes with age. It happens over a long time when the cartilage in the joints that cushions the ends of the bones starts wearing away. That’s why people with osteoarthritis experience inflammation, pain, swelling, and other symptoms. This disease can make your joints stiff and easy to damage. Over time, even the cartilage disappears completely. In simple words, your joints can’t handle shocks as well as they used to.

Types of Osteoarthritis

There are two types of osteoarthritis you should know about.

The first one is called primary osteoarthritis, and it generally affects different places in your body, like the spine, fingers, thumbs, toes, hips, and knees.

The second type is called secondary osteoarthritis, which happens when you already have a joint abnormality. This can be caused by sports injuries or forms of inflammatory arthritis like psoriatic, gout, and rheumatoid.

Symptoms of Osteoarthritis

Here are some signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis to look out for —

• Hurting joints: You may feel pain when moving or after doing any activity.
• Morning stiffness: Joints might feel stiff when you wake up or after being still for a while.
• Tender to the touch: Applying light pressure to or near the joint might cause tenderness.
• Limited flexibility: You might have difficulty moving the joint fully.
• Grating feeling: You could experience a grating sensation or hear popping/crackling sounds.
• Bone spurs: Hard lumps, like extra bits of bone, can form around the affected joint.
• Swelling: Soft tissue inflammation around the joint might cause swelling.

Causes of Osteoarthritis

You’re probably wondering, “What causes osteoarthritis?” As stated earlier, osteoarthritis occurs when the cushiony cartilage in the joints starts breaking down. In general, cartilage keeps movement smooth and painless. But when it wears away, your bones are left to rub against each other directly, which is painful. There are a few different reasons why people get osteoarthritis, but the most common ones are —

• Being overweight: If you want to avoid this type of arthritis, it's important to maintain a healthy weight.
• Genetics: Sometimes, people inherit a gene defect that makes their cartilage break down faster, leading to osteoarthritis.
• Injuries: Injuries from playing sports or taking a tumble can contribute to osteoarthritis. The specific type of arthritis might depend on where the injury occurred. For example, a bad lower back injury could lead to spine osteoarthritis.
• Other health conditions: If you have rheumatoid arthritis, you're more likely to develop osteoarthritis. Certain conditions like excessive hormone growth or too much iron in the body can also increase the risk of osteoarthritis.
• Joint stress: Overworking your joints can also lead to osteoarthritis. For instance, this can happen when your job requires repetitive bending of the knees.

Stages of Osteoarthritis

Let's break down the stages of osteoarthritis for a better understanding.

• Stage 1: This is a minor stage where joints have experienced slight wear and tear. There might be little or no pain in the affected area.
• Stage 2: This is a milder condition where bone spurs become more noticeable, and the affected area feels stiff. Patients might need a brace for support.
• Stage 3: At this point, the cartilage around the joints starts to erode. Patients may experience inflammation and discomfort while performing normal activities.
• Stage 4: In this severe stage, the cartilage is completely damaged, leading to painful and inflamed joints. The overgrowth of bone spurs can also cause unbearable pain.

Risks Associated with Osteoarthritis

While osteoarthritis can affect almost anyone, there are a few things that can increase your chances of getting it:

• Women are more at risk of developing the disease than men.
• After menopause, the likelihood of getting osteoarthritis increases for women.
• You’re more susceptible to this condition if your job involves heavy lifting or climbing.
• Having other health conditions like diabetes can also increase your risk for osteoarthritis.
• You may inherit a tendency to develop this condition.

Diagnosis of Osteoarthritis

When you see a doctor, he/she will check your joint to see if it's tender, swollen, red, and flexible using physical tests. The doctor will also ask about your pain level and how it changes with activity and rest. But that's not all. Your doctor may recommend other diagnostic processes, such as —

• Imaging tests: These tests let the doctor get a closer look at your joint. Your doctor may suggest —
• X-rays: Although cartilage isn't visible on X-ray images, narrowing of the space between bones can indicate cartilage loss. X-rays can also show the presence of bone spurs.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): This procedure utilises radio waves and a magnetic field to provide extremely detailed images of bones and cartilage. While not always necessary for diagnosing osteoarthritis, MRI can provide additional information in complex cases.

• Lab tests: Sometimes, blood or joint fluid analysis can help confirm the diagnosis. Your doctor may perform these tests —
• Blood tests: While there’s no specific blood test to diagnose osteoarthritis, certain tests can help rule out other reasons behind joint pain, like rheumatoid arthritis.
• Joint fluid analysis: The doctor may utilise a needle to take a fluid sample from the affected joint, which can then be tested for signs of inflammation.

Treatment of Osteoarthritis

You’re likely to wonder, “What is the best treatment for osteoarthritis?” Unfortunately, there’s no one-size-fits-all solution. Treatment for OA involves managing multiple symptoms to bring patients much-needed relief. Here are the top treatment options to consider —

• Medicine: There are medications out there to help ease your pain, including

• Acetaminophen: It's been proven to provide relief for mild to moderate pain, but be careful not to exceed the recommended dose to avoid liver damage.
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Over-the-counter options like Ibuprofen and Naproxen Sodium are effective at recommended doses.
• Duloxetine: Although commonly used as an antidepressant, it is also used to treat chronic pain.

• Therapy: Here are some effective therapies to consider —

• Physical therapy: Strengthen your muscles, improve flexibility, and reduce pain with targeted exercises. Plus, simple activities like swimming or walking can work wonders.
• Occupational therapy: This offers smart solutions for everyday tasks. Find ways to ease the strain on your achy joints, from toothbrushes with comfy grips to shower benches.

You’re probably wondering, apart from medication and therapy, what is the best treatment for osteoarthritis in the knees or other joints? Here are a few things you can do to help manage this condition:

• Get a good night’s sleep to reduce inflammation and swelling in your joints
• Maintain a healthy weight, as it has a host of other benefits
• Apply heat and cold compresses to your joints

Frequently Asked Questions

1.     Are there therapy options that help with osteoarthritis?

Yes, you can try therapies like acupuncture or massage therapy. Just remember to chat with your doctor first. He/she might suggest a physiotherapist or occupational therapist for expert guidance.

2.     Is surgery required to cure osteoarthritis?

If conservative treatments aren't doing the trick, your doctor might suggest some procedures like —

• Bone realignment: If one side of your knee has been damaged more than the other due to osteoarthritis, bone realignment surgery helps shift the weight away from the part of your knee that's worn out.
• Joint replacement surgery: Your surgeon replaces worn-out joint surfaces with plastic and metal parts.

Conclusion

For anyone pondering the question, “What is osteoarthritis of the knee and other joints?” we hope this article has helped. It is a common condition affecting the joints, mainly in older people. While there is no cure for this disease, there are many ways to manage it. Staying active, maintaining a healthy weight, and seeking proper medical treatment can help you deal with osteoarthritis. If you or someone you know experiences any of the above-mentioned symptoms, don't hesitate to seek professional help. Having health insurance can provide access to necessary treatments and therapies, making it easier to manage conditions like osteoarthritis effectively.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

If a person is diagnosed with kidney cancer or worried about it, he/she is likely to have a lot of questions. So learning about what is kidney cancer would be a great starting point. 

Cancer is an ailment that occurs when cells mutate and grow out of control in our body. To help you with a better understanding of what happens when we have cancer, let’s look at how our body works normally. Our body comprises building blocks of elements called cells. If a person is diagnosed with cancer, his/her body makes cells that grow abnormally to form a lump/mass of tissue called a tumour. This tumour grows and later spreads to other tissues and organs of the body.

What is kidney cancer?

In kidney cancer, the renal cells become cancerous (i.e., malignant) and grow uncontrollably, causing tumours to spread to other tissues and organs. This leads to a condition known as metastasis. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs in the abdomen on either side of the spine above the waist. Every person has two kidneys which are reddish-brown, about the size of our fist. The kidney’s primary function is filtering blood, removing impurities like extra minerals, salts, etc., and producing hormones that help control blood pressure and tell the body to produce more red blood cells. Kidney cancer appears first in the lining of tiny tubules present in the kidney; such type of cancer gets known as Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC). These cancer cells proliferate in our bodies when something triggers a change in them and goes out of control.

Let’s understand the impact of kidney cancer cells in our body to avoid further worsening of this organ and feel more in control of our life and health through early diagnosis and treatment.

Symptoms of kidney cancer

If you’re wondering “what are the symptoms of kidney cancer,” the answer is kidney cancer often has no symptoms in the early stages. The symptoms usually appear in advanced cancer stages when viewed by an imaging test, such as ultrasound, MRI or magnetic resonance imaging, or computed tomography (CT). The signs and symptoms are:

• Haematuria (blood in your pee)
• A lump in the kidney
• Swelling in our ankle or leg
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss without diet for no reason
• Shortness of breath
• A pain in your sides
• Bone pain
• High blood pressure
• Anaemia (low red blood cell count)
• Fever that is not due to infection and does not go away

How would one know if they have kidney cancer?

There are no specific routine laboratory tests for kidney cancer diagnosis. The doctor will physically check your abdomen for lumps or tissue mass. The doctor can see our medical history, family history and types of treatment one had undergone in the past. Building upon these findings, the doctor will request us to go for one or more tests and may send us to a urologist if he/she suspects there is something wrong with our kidneys. Here are some tests healthcare providers may ask you to take – 

• Complete blood count to check how well your kidneys are working and detect the presence of any blood-related disease
• Bone scan to see if the ailment is present in your bones and chest X-ray to look for the spread of cancer cells in the lungs
• CT scan or PET scan for complete body examination
• Complete metabolic panel (CMP)
• Magnetic resonance imaging uses strong magnetic and radio waves to detect soft tissues in the body
• Urine analysis to check for blood or any infection in the urine sample
• Kidney function test
• Kidney Tissue Biopsy to look for any sort of malignancy
• Abdomen ultrasound to check if the tumour is solid or fluid-filled by creating pictures of the kidney using sound waves
• Renal arteriogram to evaluate blood supply in the tumour mass

Stages of kidney cancer

Now that you know what are the symptoms of kidney cancer, let’s look at the stages of the ailment.

Studying the fundamental insights of different stages of kidney cancer and its symptoms can help diagnose the early stages of this disease. There are four stages of kidney cancer, and the higher the stage, the more advanced the cancer will be.

• Stage I: If the tumour size is 7cm, is only present in the kidney, and has not spread to the lymph nodes or other tissues
• Stage II: If the tumour size is larger than 7 cm and this tumour or tissue mass is present only in the kidney and has not spread to the lymph nodes
• Stage III: If the tumour has spread to major blood vessels in the body like the renal vein, inferior vena cava, fatty tissue and lymph nodes around the kidney but not the ipsilateral adrenal gland and Gerota’s fascia
• Stage IV: If the tumour has spread further than the fatty layer of tissue around the kidney and nearby lymph nodes and spreads to other organs, like the bowel, pancreas, or lungs and beyond Gerota's fascia and ipsilateral adrenal gland

How is kidney cancer treated?

The treatment pathway for kidney cancer aims to have a diagnosis and to know the stage of kidney cancer. Different treatment options are available that help us with clear and concise information about these procedures, depending on the size and location of the tumour. Our age and general health also influence our options for treatment. Everyone’s kidney cancer treatment journey will differ based on the spread of the infection. The doctor may refer us to a specialist for treatment advice, including a urologist, a medical or radiation oncologist, or a surgeon. It is important to take a second opinion from your doctor before starting the treatment of kidney cancer. Discuss the proper treatment plan and its outcome before starting the therapy.

There are several standard treatment options for kidney cancer. The most common method and first-line treatment is surgery in which the entire tumour gets removed, and the doctor may suggest further treatment to eliminate any remaining cancer cells present in the neighbouring cells.

The main type of surgery for kidney cancer depends on how advanced the cancer is. Options for surgery are:

• Radical nephrectomy in which the kidney, adrenal gland, surrounding tissue and lymph nodes get removed; it is the most common type of surgery for kidney cancer done through a small incision with the help of a laparoscope.
• Simple nephrectomy in which the surgery gets done to remove only the kidney gets removed.
• Partial nephrectomy in which the kidney, along with some tissue around it, gets removed. This procedure is also used to remove smaller size tumours.

If surgery is not an option, the doctor may suggest the following methods to help destroy the kidney tumour.

• Cryotherapy involves extreme cold to kill the tumour.
• In radiofrequency ablation, a high-energy radio wave kills the tumour.
• Arterial embolisation involves inserting material, like a special gelatin sponge, through a catheter into an artery that clogs/blocks the blood flow to the tumour or primary renal blood vessel.

Other techniques used are listed below.

• Biologic therapy for kidney cancer: This therapy utilises our immune system to fight kidney cancer by restoring our body's natural defence mechanism and using immunotherapies like interferon alpha or interleukin-2.
• Targeted Therapy: This treatment utilises drugs and other substances to target cancer cells by using targeted therapy with anti-angiogenic agents that block blood vessels and shrink them to enter the tumour. It gets used after surgical procedures.
• Radiation Therapy: This type of treatment involves using high-energy X-rays (i.e., external radiation) to kill cancer cells in patients who do not undergo surgery.
• Chemotherapy: This mode of therapy uses drugs to eliminate cancer cells or prevent them from multiplying, but it is not effective for kidney cancer except for a particular type of spindle cells.

Can kidney cancer be prevented?

Learning about our kidneys is a way to regain control of our life and health. Doctors are researching the exact cause of symptoms of kidney cancer. But we can reduce the risk of this ailment by considering certain factors linked to kidney cancer, such as: 

• Cigarette smoking is a significant cause of concern as a large percentage of cases occur due to this reason.
• Maintaining a healthy weight by exercising and following a diet high in fruits and vegetables may also reduce our chance of getting this ailment.
• We can reduce our risk of kidney disease by managing our blood pressure.
• Avoiding exposure to harmful chemicals (such as trichloroethylene) at work may reduce our risk for renal cell cancer.
• Drinking alcohol is also one of the major factors for kidney disease, as several cases occur due to this reason.
• Kidney cancer is the most treatable ailment when detected in its early stages, so going for an early prognosis is wise.

Conclusion 

Like any illness, cancer can occur without warning. Whether one is recently diagnosed, undergoing or completed treatment for kidney cancer, or is a carer, investing in a health insurance policy could provide us with a safety net. Look for policies that cover critical illness or invest in it as an add-on cover. ICICI Lombard provides us with individual and family health insurance policies with upgraded new add-ons. When our demands and lifestyle are constantly changing, why should our health insurance policy remain the same? Review your needs and upgrade your health insurance policy to meet modern treatment needs.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Related Articles:

• Ways To Keeping Your Kidneys Healthy
• Unlocking Kidney Health: Fruits That Naturally Lower Creatinine Levels
• Understanding Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment
• Modifying Your Lifestyle to Prevent Kidney Stones
• Everyday Habits Damaging Your Kidneys

Our minds are complex, capable of incredible feats but susceptible to dysfunction and disease. Neurological disorders arise when something goes awry in the brain or nervous system, affecting how our bodies and minds work together. One such disorder is apraxia. It is a motor speech disorder that makes planning and executing physical movements of the muscles needed for speech difficult. In this article, we will explore what apraxia is, the signs and symptoms to look out for, potential causes, diagnosis, and treatment options.

What is Apraxia?

So, what is apraxia? It is often described as the disconnection between the brain and the muscles needed for speech. It is a neurological disorder wherein individuals are unable to carry out requested tasks or movements despite comprehending the command, having the willingness to execute the task, and possessing fully functional muscles required for the action. This impairment can occur even if the task has been previously learned.

Types of Apraxia

Listed below are the different types of apraxia:

• Apraxia of speech

Creates difficulties in mouth and tongue movements to articulate words despite the individual's desire to speak.

• Oral apraxia

Impacts the coordination of the jaw, lips, tongue, and palate. It can also hinder the ability to eat and drink.

• Ideational apraxia

Hinders the brain's ability to create a cohesive plan for motor tasks that involve many steps, such as brushing teeth.

• Ideomotor apraxia

Hampers the ability to execute instructions or imitate the movements of others involving the head, arms, or legs.

• Buccofacial apraxia

Affects the voluntary movements of the facial muscles, making it challenging to perform actions such as licking the lips or winking.

• Oculomotor apraxia

Hinders your ability to control the movement of your eyes in the desired direction.

• Constructional apraxia

Affects the ability to draw or replicate basic shapes and construct simple objects.

Difference between Apraxia of Speech and Aphasia

Apraxia and aphasia are often mistakenly mixed up. Yes, they can occur together, but their effects on communication are different. Aphasia hampers your ability to understand and use words effectively – it can make speaking, reading, and writing a challenge. Apraxia, on the other hand, is not about understanding language. It’s about struggling to initiate and complete the movements required for speech despite having no muscle weakness. Aphasia can manifest in different forms, commonly being Broca’s aphasia, which impedes speech, while Wernicke’s aphasia challenges comprehension and expression.

Symptoms of Apraxia

Some common symptoms of apraxia include the following:

• Impaired facial movements, such as coughing or winking
• Challenges in performing precise movements with your finger, arm, or leg
• Difficulty using tools for specific tasks
• Impaired eye movement
• Struggles in carrying out tasks like brushing your teeth or tying your shoes
• Taking small steps or having difficulty with coordination
• Issues with copying simple drawings

As discussed before, apraxia of speech affects the way you speak and commonly affects children. Early signs may include:

• Limited babbling (unrecognisable sounds made by babies) during infancy
• Lack of variation in the sounds they produce
• Omitting sounds within words, particularly at the beginning
• Inconsistency in pronouncing certain sounds or words
• Regression in speech abilities despite prior learning
• Reliance on nonverbal forms of communication, such as nodding or pointing

Causes of Apraxia

Apraxia is a condition that typically stems from brain damage, and the individuals suddenly lose abilities they once possessed. Common apraxia causes include:

• Brain tumours
• Neurodegenerative illnesses
• Dementia
• Strokes
• Severe brain injuries
• Hydrocephalus

Apraxia isn’t limited to acquired cases – it can also manifest from birth, with symptoms emerging as the child grows. The cause of this is unknown.

Researchers are currently trying to find out what brain issues cause apraxia of speech. Researchers are trying to find the genes that might be behind this kind of apraxia while also attempting to figure out which specific parts of the brain are connected to this condition.

Diagnosis of Apraxia

Doctors use the following tests to diagnose apraxia:

• During bedside tests, patients are asked to imitate commonly learned tasks like saluting or walking. Testing strength and range of motion helps determine if motor weakness or musculoskeletal issues are causing symptoms.
• Neuropsychologic testing and assessment by therapists can identify subtle apraxia. This standardised testing evaluates various aspects of brain function and provides insight into intelligence, attention, memory, and more. Caregivers should also be asked about the patient's ability to perform daily activities and use household tools properly.
• Brain imaging, like CT or MRI scans, is necessary to diagnose and characterise central lesions like infarcts or masses.

Diagnosing childhood apraxia of speech isn't as simple as just taking a test. But here's what most specialists look for: they'll check if your child can say the same word multiple times or recite a list of words that get more challenging. For example, "joy, joyful, joyfully."

The speech-language pathologist will also interact with your child to see what sounds, syllables, and words they can make and understand. The pathologist will even look inside the child's mouth, tongue and face to see if any structural issues are at play.

You won't be able to get a solid diagnosis until your child turns two. Before that, most kids aren't able to handle the tasks necessary to determine if they have apraxia.

Treatment of Apraxia

Occupational and speech therapists are key players in helping you and your caregivers tackle the challenges of apraxia head-on. During apraxia treatment, therapists will focus on:

• Practicing sounds to improve mouth movements
• Slowing down speech for better communication
• Teaching techniques to enhance your ability to express yourself
• Addressing any signs of depression

Family and friends can also make a big difference in communication by:

• Keeping directions simple
• Using clear and crisp phrases
• Speaking in a regular tone of voice (Remember, they don’t have a hearing issue)
• Trying to understand and offer communication aids if needed

Try these tips to make daily life easier for someone with apraxia:

• Create a relaxed and soothing environment
• Patiently allow them to complete a task without pressure
• Explore alternative ways of doing things, like wearing shoes using a hook and loop closure instead of laces.

Moreover, sign language can also be helpful for children struggling to understand. Therapists often suggest that these kids try to say the words they’re signing, which helps them practice making mouth movements. And it’s not just for kids – even people with more severe cases of acquired apraxia can benefit from sign language or computers.

Conclusion

Apraxia is a complex condition that affects people differently and requires a personalised approach to treatment and management. Parents, guardians, and caregivers must be aware of the symptoms and types of apraxia to provide treatment and support. It is crucial to remember that every individual with apraxia is unique, and there is no one-size-fits-all solution. It takes patience, understanding, and consistent support to help someone with apraxia thrive. Having health insurance can ease access to specialized therapies and resources, ensuring comprehensive care for individuals with apraxia.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and long-lasting autoimmune disease that severely affects the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). MS is marked by decreased nerve function with initial inflammation of the protective myelin nerve. Medical intervention is required to treat this condition to reduce and slow down disease progression. In this article, we’ll explore everything you need to know about multiple sclerosis.

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

So, what is multiple sclerosis? Multiple sclerosis causes the immune system to target and attack the cells in the myelin sheath (protective layer wrapped around nerve cells), interrupting signals from the brain to other body parts. Various risk factors like age, race, obesity, smoking, and a family history of MS are responsible for causing this disease. There’s no cure for multiple sclerosis, but treatment options are available to help you with speedy recovery from attacks, modifying the course of the disease progression and managing symptoms.

Types and Stages of Multiple Sclerosis

There are four types of multiple sclerosis:

1. Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS)

This Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS) is the single first episode of neurologic symptoms that lasts about 24 hours. The symptoms of CIS include:

• Vision problems, a condition known as optic neuritis
• Vertigo
• Loss of sensation in the face
• Weakness in the arms and legs
• Difficulty with coordination, balance, and walking
• Difficulty in speaking and swallowing
• Bladder problems

The state of CIS has shifted to relapse-remitting MS if another episode of CIS occurs.

1. Relapse-remitting MS (RRMS)

This is the most common type of multiple sclerosis that occurs in almost 85% of people with multiple sclerosis. This type of MS involves episodes of new or increasing neurologic symptoms and may show relapse or exacerbations followed by periods of recovery or remission. In remission cases, either all symptoms disappear, or some symptoms may continue and become permanent.

1. Primary progressive MS (PPMS)

Neurologic symptoms worsen progressively without early relapses or disability accumulates due to the appearance of symptoms or remissions. Some people may experience active PPMS with occasional relapse or evidence of new MRI activity.

1. Secondary progressive MS (SPMS)

In the case of secondary progressive MS, people will experience an initially relapsing-remitting disease course, with symptom flare-ups where the disease will start to progress steadily, followed by recovery periods.

Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis

The main multiple sclerosis symptoms are:

• Muscle weakness: 

People with MS may develop weak muscles due to a lack of stimulation of nerves. Muscle weakness can be managed by stretching, exercising, water therapy, yoga, or physical therapy and medications such as gabapentin or baclofen. People with MS should stay active, as inactivity can contribute to stiffness, weakness, pain, fatigue, and other symptoms.

• Numbness and tingling: 

A pins and needles-type sensation in the face, body, arms, and legs is among the earliest multiple sclerosis symptoms. An affected person can use assistive devices and perform weight exercises to help with these symptoms.

• Lhermitte’s sign:

Sometimes, a person may experience electric shocks when they move their neck, a condition called Lhermitte’s sign.

• Bladder problems:

Patients may have problems emptying their bladder or need to urinate frequently due to loss of bladder control. Medical treatments like relieving constipation with the use of laxatives or stool softeners or taking a high-fibre diet can help treat bladder-related problems.

• Bowel problems: 

A person with MS has problems with bowel movement, and constipation can worsen this condition.

• Fatigue: 

Fatigue can decrease a person’s physical and cognitive ability to function properly. It is important to join physical activity programmes of mild to moderate intensity to reduce fatigue. Some drugs, including amantadine, methylphenidate, and modafinil, can help to reduce fatigue. Patients can join stress management programmes, relaxation training, and MS support groups to keep nerve stimulation active.

• Dizziness and vertigo: Some people may experience problems with balance and coordination, a condition known as ataxia. This condition occurs when there is damage to the areas of the brain that control Some medications like dalfampridine are used to treat a patient who faces difficulty in walking.
• Sexual dysfunction: Sexual dysfunction can occur when there is damage to nerves running through the spinal cord, and both males and females may lose interest in sexual activity. Along with nerve damage, other problems like fatigue, cramped or spastic muscles, and psychological factors can also cause sexual dysfunction.
• Spasticity and muscle spasms: This is an early symptom of MS that happens when there is damage to the nerve fibres in the patient’s spinal cord and brain, causing muscle spasms
• Vision problems: Some patients may experience double or blurred vision because of multiple sclerosis due to inflammation in the optic nerve.

In the advanced stages of MS, people may experience differences in perception and thinking, as well as sensitivity to heat that worsens with the progression of the disease, and the person may experience emotional, physical and mental stress.

Causes of Multiple Sclerosis

The exact reason behind MS is unknown. Researchers say that since it is an immune-mediated disease, the body’s defence system attacks its healthy tissues and damages the fatty substance that coats and safeguards nerve fibres in the brain and spinal cord, known as the myelin sheath. Scientists say that a combination of genetics and environmental factors appears to be responsible. The risk factors are:

• Age 

Studies say that MS can occur at any age, but more cases are mainly reported around 20 and 40 years of age.

• Sex 

More cases of MS are reported in women, that is 2 to 3 times as likely as men.

• Family history 

Cases of MS are linked with family history, sometimes seen if any of the parents or siblings have had MS in the past.

• Certain infections

Studies have reported cases of MS linked with a variety of viruses, including Epstein-Barr, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis.

• Race

White people are more likely to get this disease, including Northern European descent; Asian, African, or Native American people have the lowest risk.

• Climate 

Cases of MS are far more common in countries with temperate climates, like Canada, the northern United States, New Zealand, southeastern Australia and Europe, where the temperature is either extremely cold or too hot.

• Vitamin D

People with low levels of vitamin D and less exposure to sunlight are at greater risk of developing MD disease.

• Genes

A gene on chromosome 6p21 is believed to be associated with multiple sclerosis. People with this gene are at higher risk of developing MS.

• Obesity

The condition of MS mostly develops in women with increased weight, especially true for female childhood and adolescent obesity as compared to low-weight people with a lesser risk of developing MS.

• Certain autoimmune diseases 

People living with other autoimmune disorders such as thyroid disease, pernicious anaemia, psoriasis, or type-1 diabetes are at higher risk of developing MS.

• Smoking 

Smoking increases the chances of most autoimmune diseases. The symptoms related to MS are more likely than nonsmokers to develop MS disease.

Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis

No single test confirms a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis if you have experienced only one attack of MS-like symptoms. Doctors use several strategies to diagnose MS. They may check the patient’s complete medical history and recommend a physical and detailed neurological examination to diagnose the condition.

• Blood Tests: These tests assess the effectiveness of treatment by determining white and red blood cell counts, as well as to help rule out other diseases with symptoms like MS. Blood tests also detect the specific biomarkers associated with MS that may also aid in diagnosing the stage of MS.
• Spinal Tap: In this test, a doctor requires a spinal tap to collect cerebrospinal fluid, which a doctor then analyses to look for abnormalities in antibodies that are associated with MS. They will also check for low sugar levels, elevated white blood cell counts and high protein levels. A spinal tap test can also determine suitable antibiotics for treatment using cerebrospinal fluid. A spinal tap can also help to determine the infections and other stages with neurologic symptoms like MS.
• MRI Test: MRI scans can show characteristic MS lesions on your brain, cervical, and thoracic spinal cord. A doctor will perform an MRI by intravenously injecting a dye or contrast agent to enhance brain images that will indicate the disease in the form of active MS lesions.
• Evoked potential test: This is done to record the electrical signals produced by the nervous system responding to stimulation using electrodes. The electrodes are placed on the skin, and painless electric signals are generated to measure how rapidly and accurately the nervous system responds to stimulation by watching a moving visual pattern on the screen in the form of short electrical impulses that are applied to nerves in your legs or arms. The measured signals tell how quickly the information travels down your nerve pathways. This test is painless and can show how accurately your brain works to receive messages in the form of stimuli from the central nervous system.

Diagnosing MS can be more difficult in cases where there are unusual symptoms of active MS. The doctor may recommend further testing with spinal fluid analysis and additional imaging.

Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

Since there is no cure for muscular sclerosis, certain treatments focus on managing symptoms, reducing relapses, and slowing the disease’s progression. The treatment plan may include:

• Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs): 

Medications like beta-interferon have been approved for long-term treatment of muscular sclerosis. These drugs help reduce the chance of relapse and may decrease inflammation and increase nerve growth by slowing down disease progression and preventing new lesions on the brain and spinal cord.

• Corticosteroids

In severe attacks, a neurologist may recommend a high dose of corticosteroids, which will quickly reduce inflammation and slow damage to the myelin sheath.

• Physical activity and fitness

Muscular sclerosis hinders a patient’s physical activity and fitness. So, it is important to stay physically fit, which will help you maintain your mobility.

• Mental health

Dealing with a diagnosis of muscular sclerosis can be challenging, as it can affect your mood and memory. It’s easy to feel worried, depressed and stressed when dealing with it. Patients should keep in touch with a neuropsychologist about any problems or concerns they may face during treatment.

Prognosis of Multiple Sclerosis

Living with the condition of multiple sclerosis is challenging. The prognosis of multiple sclerosis does not always result in severe paralysis. About two-thirds of people with MS can walk, while some may require assistance with the use of a cane, wheelchair, crutches, or a scooter. It has been studied that the average life expectancy for a person with a condition of multiple sclerosis is generally 5 to 10 years lower than that of the average person.

Thanks to advances in treatment, there has been excellent progress in research areas—especially in the development of new multiple sclerosis treatments to prevent exacerbations of the disease. With appropriate diagnosis and treatment, most people with MS will continue to lead full, active, and productive lives. Discoveries are constantly changing MS treatment options and helping to reduce neurological symptoms of MS that cause disability.

Conclusion

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder that needs to be dealt with carefully. MS develops due to various factors like age, race, obesity, smoking, family history and more. It is advisable to talk to your neuropsychologist about therapies and medications available to reduce relapses and flare-up attacks by slowing down the disease progression. There is also hope that researchers will be able to detect what kind of MS a person will develop and establish the most effective mode of treatment right from the time of diagnosis. Having health insurance ensures access to specialized care and advanced treatments, providing essential support for managing conditions like multiple sclerosis.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

A common stomach ailment, diarrhoea, can be caused by various factors, including infections, bacteria, or specific foods. It is a condition that often results in free and watery solid discharges. Due to its common occurrence, having the correct information about diarrhoea is necessary to ensure quick treatment.

What is Diarrhoea?

A common digestive condition, diarrhoea is characterised by frequent, watery, and loose bowel movements. It happens when the stomach-related framework can't ingest water as expected or when abundant water is discharged into the digestion tracts. Diarrhoea can prompt side effects like stomach agony, drying out, and earnestness to use the bathroom. Treatment includes overseeing side effects, remaining hydrated, and tending to the primary reason.

Diarrhoea can have causes that aren't due to a certain disease. Examples include a liquid diet, food intolerance, stress, anxiety, or the use of laxatives.

Clinically, there are three types of diarrhoea:

• Acute watery diarrhoea that lasts several hours or days and includes cholera
• Acute bloody diarrhoea, also called dysentery
• Persistent diarrhoea that may continue for up to 14 days or longer

What Causes Diarrhoea?

In India, diarrhoea ranks third in terms of causes of childhood death, accounting for 13% of all fatalities in children under the age of five each year. Several conditions and diseases can cause diarrhoea, including:

Medicines

Some medications can cause diarrhoea as a side effect. For example, antibiotics can disrupt the normal balance of bacteria in the digestive tract, leading to diarrhoea. This interruption can prompt diarrhoea or conditions like C. difficile. Different prescriptions, including antiviral medications and magnesium-containing stomach-settling agents, can cause the runs.

Food allergies

These are often the result of consuming specific allergenic foods, like dairy, gluten, shellfish, and certain fruits and vegetables. Gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhoea, cramping, and bloating may occur. Identifying and avoiding these trigger foods is crucial to managing and preventing allergic diarrhoea.

Digestive disorders

Digestive disorders, such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, can cause inflammation and damage in the intestines. This condition leads to symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and rectal bleeding. These conditions are chronic and can be managed with medications and lifestyle changes. In some cases, surgical interventions may be needed.

Surgery

Undergoing surgery to remove part of the intestine or the gallbladder can occasionally cause diarrhoea.

Symptoms of Diarrhoea

The main sign of diarrhoea is a loose or watery stool. Other common symptoms include:

• Infections:

Diarrhoea can result from infections from pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The norovirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis-related diarrhoea in adults. The rotavirus is the leading cause of acute diarrhoea in children.

• Diseases affecting your bowels:

Diarrhoea is a common symptom of bowel conditions such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). These conditions cause irritation and inflammation in the intestines. Stress and anxiety can further worsen symptoms in cases of IBS.

• Foods that upset your digestive system:

Lactose intolerance can result in diarrhoea due to difficulty digesting lactose, the sugar in dairy products. Similarly, trouble digesting fructose, a sugar in honey and fruits, can lead to diarrhoea. With celiac disease, diarrhoea occurs because the body struggles to break down gluten, a protein in wheat.

When to Consult a Doctor?

Proper diagnosis and treatment depend on the underlying cause of diarrhoea, so working with a healthcare provider to determine the best course of action is essential. Check with your doctor if:

• Diarrhoea continues for over two days or becomes severe with dry mouth, excessive thirst, and dark urine, indicating dehydration.
• High fever (above 101°F or 38.3°C) going with the runs and dark stools.
• Severe stomach torment or squeezing. Relentless heavying or failure to hold liquids down.
• Recent travel or openness to debased food or water.
• Weakened immune systems or chronic health conditions.
• You are dehydrated with symptoms like decreased urination, dry mouth and throat, dizziness, or light-headedness.

Diagnosis of Diarrhoea

Medical services experts use different techniques to analyse the reasons for the runs. Proper diagnosis starts with a careful clinical history assessment, including inquiries regarding side effects, late travel, and previous medications.

Diagnostic tests include stool analysis to look for infections, blood tests for inflammatory markers or nutrient deficiencies, and imaging studies like endoscopies or ultrasounds to look at the gastrointestinal tract. Sometimes, doctors may suggest a dietary assessment or elimination diet to identify potential food intolerances.

It is essential to consult a doctor who can give precise findings and customised suggestions for reasons to settle the bowels' looseness.

Treatment of Diarrhoea

For diarrhoea treatment, there are a couple of things you can do. First, it's critical to remain hydrated. Drink a lot of liquids like water and electrolytes. Avoid sugary drinks, alcohol, and caffeine. Avoid foods that may support diarrhoea, such as fatty, spicy, or dairy-rich foods.

Curious about what to eat with diarrhoea?

We suggest you follow the BRAT food system, the acronym for bananas, rice, apples, and toast. You can also consume other bland food items like boiled potatoes, crackers, or hot cereals like oatmeal and porridge during your bout of diarrhoea.

Be careful, and you will feel relatively better soon!

Symptoms That Your Diarrhoea is Healing

• Reduction in frequency of bowel movements: As the body starts to recover from diarrhoea, you may notice a decrease in the number of times you need to visit the washroom.

• Decreased severity of abdominal cramping: If the underlying cause of your diarrhoea is gastrointestinal irritation, infection, or inflammation, you might notice a reduction in the severity of abdominal cramping as your body heals.

• Return to a regular diet: When you can tolerate a regular diet without intensifying symptoms, it's a sign that your digestive system is repairing.

Conclusion

Treating bowel diarrhoea includes checking with your doctor when essential and utilising some common DIY treatments. When covering the costs of medical care for various health conditions, health insurance can be handy. Health care coverage gives monetary support for general well-being. Selecting a health insurance plan that meets individual needs and provides comprehensive coverage is important.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, has been a global public health concern for some time. With increased antimicrobial resistance in gonorrhea, it has become increasingly difficult for healthcare practitioners to treat the condition. According to the World Health Organization, 82 million cases were reported globally in 2020.

The infection can manifest in various parts of the body and can lead to complications if left untreated. Let’s look at gonorrhea meaning, its causes, and prevention methods.

What is Gonorrhea?

So, what is gonorrhea? It is a medical condition that can infect both men and women. It is mainly transmitted through sexual contact, including anal and oral sex. It can affect areas such as the genitals, rectum, and throat.

The infection often doesn’t show any symptoms in women. This emphasises the importance of STI screenings for individuals. If left untreated, gonorrhea can result in complications like infertility and an increased risk of contracting or transmitting sexually transmitted infections like acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS.

Transmission of Gonorrhea

The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which is responsible for causing gonorrhea, is highly contagious. The infection can be spread through various forms of sexual activity. The main modes of transmission include:

• Vaginal Sex: Engaging in unprotected intercourse with an infected partner is a common way the infection spreads.

• Anal Sex: Engaging in anal intercourse with a partner who has gonorrhea can result in the transmission of the infection, which can affect the rectum.

• Oral Sex: If you engage in oral sex with a partner who is infected with gonorrhea, there is a risk of the infection affecting your throat.

• Vertical Transmission: When pregnant women have gonorrhea, there is a possibility of transmitting the infection to their newborn during childbirth. This transmission can lead to eye infections (conjunctivitis) in the newborn.

• Genital to Genital Contact: Close contact between genitals with a partner can facilitate the transmission of gonorrhea.

It’s important to note that gonorrhea can be transmitted even if the infected individual does not show any symptoms. It’s also worth mentioning that having had gonorrhea does not make you immune, and it is possible to get re-infected if exposed to the bacteria again.

Symptoms of Gonorrhea

The symptoms of gonorrhea can vary and may not always be present in women. Typically, when symptoms do occur, they appear within a few days to two weeks after infection. Notably, burning or pain during urination is an initial symptom.

Symptoms of gonorrhea in men may include:

• Discharge that resembles pus
• Swelling and discolouration at the opening of the penis
• Pain or swelling in the testicles
• Itching and soreness in the anus
• Rectal bleeding or discharge
• Discomfort during bowel movements

For women, symptoms can vary from mild to nonexistent. They may include:

• Discharge that’s watery, creamy, or greenish
• Pain or a burning sensation while urinating
• An increased urge to urinate
• Irregular periods or spotting
• Pain during vaginal intercourse
• Sharp pain in the lower abdomen
• Itching and soreness in the anus
• Rectal bleeding or discharge
• Painful bowel movements

It is worth noting that gonorrhea can also affect the mouth and throat and may lead to persistent sore throat, inflammation of the throat, redness, and swelling of lymph nodes in the neck.

In cases of untreated gonorrhea, the infection can spread to the eyes, causing symptoms such as eye pain, irritation, eyelid swelling, inflammation around the eye, and redness. The presence of mucus around the eye might also indicate an infection.

It is crucial to understand that gonorrhea symptoms may resemble those of infections, making it difficult to recognise. Regular screening for detection and immediate medical attention are essential for diagnosis and timely treatment.

Diagnosis of Gonorrhea

Accurate and prompt diagnosis is crucial to initiate treatment and prevent the spread of gonorrhea infection. The diagnostic process includes:

1. Clinical Assessment: Healthcare providers will inquire about symptoms, sexual history, and potential exposure to gonorrhea.

1. Physical Examination: A genital examination will be conducted to check for any signs of infection.

1. Laboratory Testing:

• Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs): These highly sensitive tests detect the genetic material of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Samples can be collected from the urethra, cervix, rectum, or throat.
• Urine Test: In cases where it’s not feasible to collect cervical swabs, a urine sample may be collected for NAAT testing.

1. Testing for STIs: Since gonorrhea often coexists with sexually transmitted infections (STIs), individuals diagnosed with gonorrhea may also be tested for additional STIs, like chlamydia, syphilis, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

1. Screening in Pregnant Women: During prenatal care, pregnant women are often screened for gonorrhea, particularly if they have an increased risk of contracting STIs.

Treatment of Gonorrhea

The treatment involves therapy aimed at eliminating the infection and preventing complications. Below are some guidelines for the treatment of gonorrhea:

• First Line Treatment:

The common initial approach involves using two different antibiotics to enhance effectiveness and reduce the risk of resistance. One common combination is ceftriaxone (administered via injection) and Azithromycin (taken orally).

• Alternative Antibiotics:

In situations where ceftriaxone is not suitable or if the patient has an allergy, alternative antibiotics like cefixime may be considered. Likewise, alternative options for azithromycin can also be taken into account.

• Follow Up Testing:

It is advised to undergo follow-up testing after treatment to ensure its effectiveness and to detect any cases of treatment failure or persistent infection.

• Treatment of Coexisting Infections:

Individuals diagnosed with gonorrhea are often treated for sexually transmitted infections, particularly chlamydia.

• Partner Treatment:

Sexual partners of individuals diagnosed with gonorrhea should also undergo testing and receive treatment to prevent reinfection and further transmission.

• Retesting:

Retesting for gonorrhea is typically advised around three months after treatment for individuals at risk of reinfection.

How can gonorrhea be prevented?

Here are some key measures to prevent gonorrhea:

1. Condom Use: Consistently and correctly use latex or polyurethane condoms. Please note that condoms do not offer absolute protection against transmitted infections (STIs). When using a condom, there is still a risk of transmission if there is contact with uncovered areas.

1. Regular screenings: It is important for individuals, especially those with multiple partners, to undergo regular screenings for STIs.

1. Partner communication: Open and honest communication about STI testing and sexual history with your partner is crucial in preventing the spread of gonorrhea.

1. Pre Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): This is a medication for individuals at risk of HIV infection. It should be noted that PrEP does not protect against gonorrhea but addresses another STI risk.

1. Avoid risky sexual behaviour: It is important to limit the number of partners and avoid engaging in risky behaviours such as unprotected sex with unknown partners to minimise the risk of contracting gonorrhea or other STIs.

1. Pregnancy screening: Routine screenings for gonorrhea during care are essential for pregnant women to prevent transmission to newborns during childbirth.

Conclusion

Understanding gonorrhea is vital for individuals, healthcare professionals, and communities alike. Gonorrhea continues to pose public health challenges due to its presence and ability to cause asymptomatic infections and the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Knowing the signs, diagnosis, and treatment options is crucial to intervene promptly and prevent this disease effectively. Having health insurance ensures access to timely diagnosis and effective treatment, playing a key role in managing and controlling conditions like gonorrhea.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Tonsillitis, or the inflammation of the tonsils, is a common condition that mostly affects children and teenagers. It is usually triggered by bacterial infections involving Group A Streptococcus (GAS) bacteria. Knowing the meaning of tonsillitis, its causes, symptoms, and treatment options can help you seek timely and effective treatment and care.

What is tonsillitis?

So, what is tonsillitis? It refers to the inflammation of the tonsils, which are two small masses of tissue located on either side of the back of the throat. These glands have an oval shape and are part of the immune system.

Their main function is supporting function by acting as a defence against bacteria and viruses that may enter the mouth and nose. When the tonsils get infected due to bacterial agents, they can become swollen, leading to various symptoms.

Symptoms of tonsillitis

Tonsillitis is a condition that affects individuals across age groups but tends to be more prevalent in children and adolescents. Common symptoms may include:

• Sore or scratchy throat
• Difficulty swallowing
• Redness and swelling in the tonsils
• The presence of a yellow coating on the tonsils indicates an infection
• Tenderness in the neck and jaw area
• Fever with chills
• A scratchy or hoarse voice
• Bad breath, stomachache
• Neck pain or stiffness 
• Headaches

For children, signs of tonsillitis may also include drooling due to painful swallowing, refusal to eat, and unusual fussiness.

Causes of tonsillitis

Both bacteria and viruses can cause tonsillitis. Understanding the different causes of tonsillitis is important for correct diagnosis and treatment strategy. 

• Bacterial causes often involve Group A Streptococcus (GAS), Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae. 
• Viral causes can include adenovirus, influenza virus (flu), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which leads to mononucleosis, characterised by a sore throat and swollen lymph nodes.
• Other contributing factors include exposure to irritants/pollutants, allergies, and recurrent infections.

Diagnosis of  tonsillitis

1. Medical history: To diagnose tonsillitis, the healthcare provider will gather the patient’s medical history, focusing on factors like when it started, how long it has lasted, previous tonsillitis episodes, and any potential exposure to illnesses.

1. Physical examination: During the physical examination, the doctor will check for signs of inflammation or pus on the tonsils. They may also assess the extent of infection by palpating lymph nodes in the neck and jaw area.

1. Laboratory tests:
   
   

• Throat culture: This is done when the underlying cause is bacterial. The test involves taking a swab from the back of the throat and sending it to a laboratory for analysis.
• Rapid antigen test: Another option is an antigen test, which provides quick results but may be less sensitive than a throat culture and occasionally yields false negatives.
• Blood tests: In cases where infectious mononucleosis (caused by Epstein-Barr virus) is suspected, blood tests may be performed to detect antibodies.
• Imaging tests: Imaging studies like neck ultrasound or CT scan might be recommended for suspected complications.

Treatment for tonsillitis

The treatment for tonsillitis depends on whether a bacterial or viral infection causes it. Here is a general overview of the approaches to managing tonsillitis:

Viral tonsillitis

• Supportive Care: Most tonsillitis cases usually resolve independently, so the main focus is relieving symptoms and ensuring comfort.
• Rest and Hydration: Getting plenty of rest and staying hydrated are vital to aid recovery.
• Pain Relief: Over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help alleviate pain and reduce fever.
• Throat Soothers: Throat lozenges or sprays can relieve a sore throat.

Bacterial Tonsillitis (Strep Throat)

• Antibiotics: If a bacterial infection, group A Streptococcus, is confirmed through a throat culture or rapid antigen test, antibiotics are prescribed. Usually, penicillin or amoxicillin is recommended. It’s crucial to complete the course of antibiotics, even if symptoms improve, before completing the treatment.
• Pain Relief: Over-the-counter pain relievers may also be suggested to manage pain and reduce fever.

Other considerations

• Tonsillectomy: In cases where tonsillitis keeps recurring, becomes chronic, or doesn’t respond well to treatments, healthcare providers may recommend a tonsillectomy. This surgical procedure involves removing the tonsils. It is commonly considered when dealing with bacterial tonsillitis or complications arise.
• Corticosteroids: Sometimes, when there is an inflammation related to tonsillitis, a healthcare professional might prescribe corticosteroids to reduce the inflammation and alleviate the symptoms. 

Home remedies

Here are things you can try at home for relief:

• Gargling with salt water: This can help soothe a sore throat.
• Using a humidifier: Keeping a humidifier in the room can add moisture to the air, providing comfort for your throat.
• Staying hydrated: Drinking fluids like tea or broth can be soothing.

Remember to follow your healthcare provider’s advice and complete any medications and antibiotics for effective treatment and to avoid complications. If your symptoms persist or worsen, or if you have concerns about complications, it’s recommended that you seek medical attention. Additionally, individuals with tonsillitis should practice hygiene by washing their hands to prevent the spread of the infection to others.

Risk factors associated with tonsillitis

Some factors can increase the risk of developing tonsillitis:

1. Young age
2. Being in proximity to individuals with infections
3. Having a weak immune system
4. Prolonged exposure to irritants or pollutants such as secondhand smoke or air pollution
5. Individuals with allergies 
6. Incomplete recovery from an episode of tonsillitis
7. Poor hygiene and sharing spaces
8. Genetic predisposition

It’s important to understand that while these factors can make it more likely for someone to develop tonsillitis, the condition can still occur in individuals without these risk factors.

How can tonsillitis be prevented?

Although it may not be possible to eliminate the risk of tonsillitis, some measures can help reduce the likelihood of developing the condition:

• Wash your hands frequently with soap and water after coughing, sneezing, or being in public places.
• Use alcohol-based hand sanitisers if soap and water are not available
• Minimise contact with individuals who have symptoms of infections
• Maintain a balanced diet to support immune function
• Engage in exercise to boost your immune system
• Stay hydrated to prevent throat dryness and irritation
• Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, then wash your hands. Reduce exposure to pollutants, including secondhand smoke
• Use air purifiers in areas where the air quality is poor

Conclusion

Understanding tonsillitis is essential for individuals who want to learn more about this condition that can sometimes recur. Remember that preventive measures like practising good hygiene, avoiding contact with sick individuals, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help reduce the risk of developing tonsillitis. 

If symptoms persist, it is advised to seek prompt medical attention.  By staying informed about its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options, individuals can take steps toward managing their health effectively. Having health insurance can provide access to timely medical care and treatment, ensuring better management of conditions like tonsillitis.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Anemia, a prevalent blood disorder affecting millions globally, is characterised by a deficiency of red blood cells or haemoglobin, impairing the body’s ability to transport oxygen effectively. Studies estimate that around 1.62 billion people globally grapple with this condition. Knowledge about the causes, symptoms, and available treatments empowers individuals to promptly recognise and address this condition. By unravelling anemia’s meaning, we equip ourselves with the tools to navigate its challenges, promote well-being, and foster a healthier global community.

What is Anaemia?

So, what is anemia? It is a medical condition characterised by a deficiency in the number of red blood cells or a reduced amount of haemoglobin, the crucial protein responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. This insufficiency hinders the blood’s ability to deliver oxygen to tissues and organs, leading to fatigue, weakness, and pale skin.

The causes of anemia vary, including nutritional deficiencies, chronic diseases, or genetic factors. Understanding anemia is pivotal, as it enables individuals to recognise its symptoms, pursue appropriate diagnostic measures, and embark on tailored treatments to address the underlying causes and restore optimal blood function.

Symptoms of Anemia

Listed below are the various symptoms of anemia:

• Fatigue: Persistent tiredness and a lack of energy.
• Weakness: Generalised physical weakness and diminished strength.
• Pale Skin: A noticeable paleness or a pallor of the skin.
• Shortness of Breath: Difficulty breathing, especially during physical activities.
• Dizziness: Feeling lightheaded or dizzy, particularly when standing up.
• Cold Hands and Feet: Reduced circulation leads to colder extremities.
• Headaches: Frequent headaches or migraines.
• Irregular Heartbeat: Palpitations or an increased heart rate.
• Cognitive Issues: Difficulty concentrating or cognitive impairment.
• Brittle Nails and Hair: Increased fragility and potential changes in nail and hair health.

Causes of Anemia

Anemia can arise from various underlying causes, each contributing to disrupting red blood cells’ normal production or functioning. The primary factors leading to anemia include:

• Inadequate intake of essential nutrients like iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid can impede the body’s ability to produce healthy red blood cells.
• Iron deficiency anemia results from insufficient iron, a crucial component of haemoglobin production.
• Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency can hinder red blood cell formation, impacting their maturation and functionality.
• Chronic conditions, such as chronic kidney disease, inflammatory disorders, and autoimmune diseases, can disrupt red blood cell production and lifespan.
• Inherited conditions like sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and other hemoglobinopathies can lead to abnormal red blood cell structures, affecting their capacity to carry oxygen.
• Conditions affecting the bone marrow, such as aplastic anemia or myelodysplastic syndromes, can compromise the production of red blood cells.
• Acute or chronic bleeding from sources such as gastrointestinal ulcers, heavy menstrual periods, or trauma can deplete the body’s red blood cell reserves.
• Prolonged infections, particularly those causing inflammation, can interfere with the body’s iron metabolism and impair red blood cell production.
• Certain medications, like chemotherapy drugs or those suppressing the immune system, can negatively impact the bone marrow’s ability to produce red blood cells.

Diagnosis of Anemia

Diagnosing anemia involves a thorough medical evaluation to identify its underlying cause and assess the severity of the condition. Key diagnostic tools include blood tests to measure haemoglobin levels, red blood cell count, and other indices.

Additional tests may be conducted to determine the specific type of anemia and its root cause, such as iron studies, vitamin B12 and folic acid levels, and, in some cases, bone marrow examination.

This comprehensive approach enables healthcare professionals to tailor treatment plans based on individual needs.

Treatment of Anemia

Common approaches to anemia treatment include:

• Supplementation: Depending on the specific deficiency, oral supplements such as iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid may address nutritional deficiencies and support red blood cell production.
• Dietary Changes: Incorporating iron-rich foods like red meat, leafy greens, and legumes, as well as foods high in vitamin B12 and folic acid, can enhance overall nutritional intake.
• Blood Transfusions: In severe cases of acute blood loss, transfusions may be necessary to replace lost red blood cells and rapidly restore oxygen-carrying capacity.
• Erythropoietin Injections: For certain types of anemia, especially those related to chronic kidney disease or cancer treatment, erythropoietin injections—a hormone stimulating red blood cell production—may be administered.
• Treating Underlying Conditions: Managing and treating chronic diseases contributing to anemia, such as addressing inflammatory disorders or autoimmune conditions, can mitigate the impact on red blood cell production.
• Medication Adjustment: If anemia is a side effect of certain medications, adjusting or changing medications under healthcare professionals’ guidance may be considered.
• Bone Marrow Stimulants: Doctors may prescribe medications stimulating bone marrow function to boost red blood cell production in specific cases.
• Surgery: In cases where bleeding ulcers or tumours cause anemia, surgical intervention may be necessary to address the underlying problem.
• Regular Monitoring: Continuous monitoring through blood tests allows healthcare providers to assess treatment efficacy, adjust interventions as needed, and ensure ongoing anemia management.

Conclusion

In summary, anemia is a serious condition that should not be taken lightly. From its causes and symptoms to its treatment and prevention, we have covered everything you need to know. If you experience any of the symptoms mentioned in this post, don’t hesitate to consult your doctor for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan. Adopting a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise and stress management, can contribute to overall well-being and aid in managing anemia. Stay informed, stay healthy, and take good care of yourself! Access to healthcare through health insurance can make it easier to manage conditions like anemia with timely consultations and treatments.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

News alerts warn of another influenza (flu) outbreak every year during the monsoon and winter months. While flu season is an expected part of the yearly cycle, the impacts of influenza should not be underestimated. From reducing our well-being as workplace and school absenteeism increases to overburdening healthcare systems already stretched thin, the flu virus certainly doesn’t stop disrupting our lives. However, we gain power over this disease by acquiring knowledge about prevention, symptoms, and treatment. So today, we will provide an overview of everything you need to know about influenza.

What is Influenza?

So, what is influenza? It is an infection caused by the influenza virus. It primarily targets the nose, throat, and lungs, which are important respiratory system parts. The influenza virus is categorised into types A, B, and, less commonly, C, with A and B being the main contributors to seasonal flu outbreaks in humans. Influenza typically causes high body temperature, cough, chills, and fatigue. While most cases resolve on their own, influenza can cause complications if not adequately addressed, especially in vulnerable people, making it very important to understand this illness better.

Symptoms of Influenza

You may find that the common cold and flu have distinct characteristics. However, colds usually have a gradual onset, while the flu has a quicker impact. Though both can be unpleasant, the flu is typically more severe. Common influenza symptoms include high fever, muscle pain, chills, and sweats. Apart from this, an influenza infection may also cause:

• Coughing and a sore throat
• Weakness
• Headaches
• Runny or clogged nose
• Shortness of breath
• Gastrointestinal issues like vomiting and diarrhoea (more common in children)
• Eye discomfort

Causes of Influenza

So, what causes influenza? It is brought on by the influenza viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae family and can undergo rapid genetic changes. The virus can spread via the air when infected individuals cough or sneeze or by touching a virus-contaminated surface and then touching your nose or mouth. Additionally, lifestyle habits such as a poor diet, lack of exercise, and stress can weaken the body’s immune system, making it more vulnerable to disease and infections like the flu. Children usually get impacted more frequently than adults due to negligence of hygiene and being in close contact with other kids. It’s important to wash our hands regularly, particularly before consuming food in public.

Diagnosis of Influenza

A healthcare professional can assess your health with a physical examination. They will carefully assess your condition, checking for common flu symptoms. If necessary, they may order a specialised test to detect influenza viruses.

During widespread flu outbreaks, testing may not be required. In such cases, your healthcare team will rely on your symptoms to make a diagnosis.

In certain situations, your healthcare professional may recommend testing for influenza. There are various tests available to diagnose the flu accurately. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test is gaining popularity in hospitals and labs. It can be done conveniently at your healthcare professional’s office or hospital. This test is particularly sensitive and capable of identifying specific influenza strains.

Interestingly, you can now get tested for both flu and COVID-19. It’s important to note that it’s possible to have both illnesses simultaneously.

Treatment of Influenza

The treatment of influenza primarily focuses on alleviating symptoms and preventing complications. In most cases, individuals with the flu recover with rest, hydration, and over-the-counter (OTC) medications to manage symptoms like fever and pain. However, antiviral medications may be prescribed for severe infections or individuals at higher risk of complications. Common antivirals include oseltamivir and zanamivir. These medications work by inhibiting the replication of the influenza virus, potentially reducing the duration of illness and the risk of complications. For optimal effectiveness, early initiation of antiviral treatment is essential, ideally within the first 48 hours of symptom onset.

In severe cases, doctors may prescribe intravenous antiviral medications like peramivir. While antivirals can be beneficial, they may cause side effects such as nausea and vomiting. As with any medical intervention, treatment decisions should always be made after consultation with healthcare professionals based on individual circumstances and risk factors.

Risk Factors Associated With Influenza 

People who are at an increased risk of getting the flu are those who:

• People who live or work in facilities with a high population density, such as nursing homes, schools, or hospitals, are more susceptible to getting the flu.
• Influenza tends to have a worse impact on young kids, especially those aged 12 months or younger. Adults over the age of 65 also are similarly impacted.
• People with a weak immune system caused by other illnesses like HIV/AIDS or medical treatments for cancers and organ transplants may be more severely affected by influenza.
• Overweight individuals have a higher risk of getting complications from the flu.
• Individuals who are battling illnesses such as asthma, diabetes, heart disease, kidney disease, and liver disease tend to develop more severe forms of the flu.
• People with both influenza and COVID-19 simultaneously may be more susceptible to getting the flu.
• Women who are pregnant, planning to be pregnant, or have recently given birth during flu season are also very susceptible to catching the flu.

How Can Influenza Be Prevented?

You can’t always prevent influenza from affecting you, but you can follow certain precautions:

• The flu vaccine is very effective against the flu. It is advised for everyone above the age of 6 months. Consider vaccination before travel, especially to regions with higher flu activity.
• Practice regular handwashing with soap and clean water, or use hand sanitisers.
• When coughing or sneezing, place a handkerchief or tissue over your nose and mouth.
• Reduce contact with individuals exhibiting flu symptoms.
• Wipe down, clean, and disinfect surfaces and objects that are touched by others frequently.
• Maintain a healthy lifestyle by incorporating a well-balanced diet, regular exercise, and adequate sleep.
• Healthcare professionals should adhere to infection control measures in healthcare settings.
• Pregnant individuals are encouraged to get vaccinated to protect themselves and their newborns.
• Individuals at high risk of complications may be prescribed antiviral medications for prevention in certain situations.
• In crowded or high-risk settings, wearing face masks can reduce the risk of virus transmission.
• Seek medical attention promptly if flu symptoms arise, especially for high-risk individuals.

Conclusion

Understanding influenza’s meaning is essential as it is a widespread respiratory infection with the potential for severe complications. Annual vaccination, good hygiene practices, and prompt medical attention contribute to effective prevention and management. And even if you do get sick with the flu, remember that rest, hydration, and seeking medical attention if necessary are key to recovering quickly. Having access to healthcare through insurance can support timely treatment and preventive care, ensuring peace of mind during flu season.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

One day, you wake up and notice a red, itchy patch on your arm. You scratch it, hoping it will disappear, but it only worsens. Being frustrated, you look closer and see a ring-shaped rash with inflated edges and a definite centre. You wonder what it is and how you got it. When you search online, you discover that you have ringworm, a prevalent skin infection caused by fungus. You feel disgusted and embarrassed. How could this happen to you?

To clarify all your questions about this disease, we have come up with a blog that not only talks about the ringworms’ meaning but also discusses the ailment’s diagnosis, treatment and prevention.

What is a Ringworm?

Ringworm is a skin-affecting fungal disease that causes a ring-shaped rash on different body parts. Considering its name, many misinterpret this disease as caused by a worm. In reality, mould-like parasites residing on the external layer of the skin cause it.

Ringworm can spread through direct or indirect contact with an infected person or animal. It can affect the scalp, beard, body, groin or hands.

In medical terminology, healthcare professionals refer to this disease as dermatophyte infection, dermatophytosis or tinea.

Symptoms of Ringworm

The signs of ringworm may differ depending on the part of the infected body. Still, they generally include a circular rash with a clear or scaly centre, redness, inflammation and skin itching.

• Ringworms of the body (tinea corporis) usually appear as patches with the characteristic ring shape on the torso, arms or legs. The patches may be slightly raised, with blisters or bumps on the edges. The patches may also overlap or form larger areas of infection.

• Ringworm of the scalp (tinea capitis) often starts as isolated scaling or flaking of the scalp that develops into itchy, scaly bald patches. It is more common in children than adults. The hair close to the infected area may break or fall off, leaving a black dot on the scalp. The infection may also spread to the eyebrows, eyelashes or beard.

• Ringworm of the nail (tinea unguium) affects the fingernails or toenails, making them thick, brittle, discoloured or distorted. The nail might also detach from the underlying tissue or break apart. The infection may spread to other nails or the surrounding skin.

• Ringworm of the groin (tinea cruris), also known as jock itch, affects the skin around the genitals, inner thighs or buttocks. It causes a red, itchy rash that may have a burning sensation. The rash may have a scaly border or small bumps. The rash is more common in men than women and may worsen with sweating, friction or tight clothing.

• Tinea pedis, commonly known as athlete’s foot or ringworm of the foot, impacts the skin between the toes or on the sole. It results in scaly, cracked or peeling skin that can appear red, swollen or blistered. Symptoms may include a foul odour or itching. This infection is more prevalent among individuals who wear closed shoes, perspire heavily or share footwear or towels with others.

Diagnosis of Ringworm

There are multiple ways to diagnose this infection. If the condition has not worsened yet, your doctor may diagnose this disease by inspecting the affected skin and asking questions about the symptoms.

If your doctor is unsure of the condition, then in such a scenario, he/she may ask you to undergo a few tests, such as —

• Observation under Black Light: Some fungi glow under black light, which can help identify the infection.

• Microscopic Examination: A small sample of the affected skin is scraped and examined under a microscope for fungal elements.

• Skin Biopsy or Fungal Culture: A skin piece or fluid sample extracted from a blister can be sent to a laboratory for further testing.

Treatment of Ringworm

You can treat ringworms with the help of topical or oral antifungal medications. Prescriptions for these medications are determined based on the infection’s location and severity.

Topical antifungals include creams, lotions, powders or shampoos containing Clotrimazole, Miconazole, Terbinafine or Ketoconazole. Doctors usually recommend topical antifungals to be applied to the affected area twice daily for at least two to four weeks.

Oral antifungals include pills such as Fluconazole, Griseofulvin, Itraconazole or Terbinafine. Doctors usually prescribe them for ringworms affecting the scalp, nails or beard and for severe or widespread infections. Take oral antifungals as a doctor prescribes, typically for six to 12 weeks or until the patches clear.

However, remember that oral antifungals may cause side effects such as headache, nausea, liver concerns or allergic reactions. Therefore, use them with caution and under medical supervision.

One can opt for home remedies like applying coconut oil, apple cider vinegar, turmeric, and essential oils. However, there is no scientific validation that these home remedies are effective; hence, talk to your doctor before opting for such remedies. Also, remember that home remedies are not an alternative to antifungal treatment options prescribed by doctors.

If you are a mom-to-be, consult your doctor and consider topical medicines like Clotrimazole, Ciclopirox, and Oxiconazole. Although these medicines do not harm the foetus, taking them under medical supervision is wise. Typically, doctors do not prescribe medicines like Miconazole and Ketoconazole to pregnant women owing to their potential side effects during pregnancy. Also, discussing effective treatment options with your healthcare provider if you are chestfeeding/breastfeeding is prudent.

Risk Factors of Ringworm

Some factors that can make you more likely to catch ringworm are:

• Residing in a hot and moist environment
• Being in direct contact with a person or animal that has ringworm
• Using personal belongings like clothes, towels or sheets that belong to someone infected with the ailment
• Playing sports that require touching the skin with other players, for example, wrestling
• Putting on clothes that are tight or do not allow air circulation and cause sweating
• Having a low immunity that makes it challenging to resist infections

How Can Ringworm Be Prevented?

To prevent ringworm, follow these steps:

• Keep your skin clean and dry. Wash your hands regularly with soap and water, especially after touching animals or infected areas. Use a clean towel to wipe your skin, and avoid sharing towels, clothing, bedding or other personal items with someone infected with ringworm.

• Choose footwear that lets your feet breathe. Do not go barefoot in places like public showers or locker rooms. Wear fresh socks and underwear every day. Keep your nails short and clean.

• Avoid sharing sports equipment with others, such as gloves, pads or helmets. If you play sports requiring bodily contact, shower right after your game or practice and wash your sports gear and clothes regularly.

• If you notice any signs of ringworm on your pet, visit a vet as soon as possible. Sanitise the items and areas that your pet uses, such as toys, bedding or furniture. Use a vacuum cleaner to get rid of any infected hair or skin flakes on the floor or carpet. Protect yourself with gloves and long sleeves when you touch animals infected with ringworm, and clean your hands afterwards.

• Touching infected soil can transmit ringworm in some cases. Avoid highly contaminated soil, and remember to clean your hands and clothes after being outdoors or gardening.

Conclusion

To identify and treat ringworm effectively, you must understand what it is. Unlike what the name of this disease suggests, it is not a worm infection but a fungal one. You should look for signs of the infection, get diagnosed early and follow the treatment plan, which may involve ointments or pills. You can also prevent ringworm infection by keeping yourself and your surroundings clean and avoiding physical contact with people or animals infected with the ailment. Having health insurance can help cover the cost of consultations and treatments, ensuring timely and effective care for managing infections like ringworm.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.