Almond butter and peanut butter are two common types of sandwich spread.

Both share a similar creamy texture and pack essential nutrients, but one may align better with your health goals. Understanding their nutritional differences is key for anyone striving for a balanced diet. This article breaks down the benefits of almond butter vs peanut butter to help you choose the healthier option.

What is almond butter?

Almond butter is a creamy and chunky spread made from ground almonds. The almonds are roasted and then processed into a smooth paste, which retains much of the nut’s nutritional value.

Almond butter is often made with just almonds and oil. Some brands might include a pinch of salt or sweeteners, but the ingredient list remains relatively simple.

Almond butter is also a viable choice for those looking for an alternative to peanut butter, especially for individuals with peanut allergies.

What is peanut butter?

Peanut butter is processed from ground and roasted peanuts, often enriched with added ingredients like salt, sugar, and oils to enhance its flavour. Many people love its richer, more savoury taste compared to almond butter.

Due to its versatility, it is a staple in many diets, ranging from being spread on bread to being used in smoothies, snacks, and desserts. Peanut butter tends to have a slightly higher protein content, making it an optimal choice for those looking to meet higher protein needs.

What are the health benefits of almond butter?

Almond butter is a powerhouse when it comes to essential nutrients. It offers benefits such as:

1. Healthy Fats

Almond butter contains monounsaturated fats, which are beneficial for heart health. These fats lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases, which could ultimately lead to fewer medical expenses and lower insurance premiums.

2. Protein Rich

Almond butter contains protein, making it great for muscle repair and growth.

3. Rich in Fibre

Almond butter is great for dietary fibre, supporting digestive health and weight management.

4. Packed with Vitamins and Minerals

Almond butter contains vitamin E, magnesium, and potassium, which are good for immune function, muscle health, and overall well-being. These factors can lower the chances of illness.

What are the health benefits of peanut butter?

While both almond butter vs peanut butter have health benefits, peanut butter has some distinct advantages that enhance overall health, potentially impacting your health decisions in the long run. These include:

1. Protein Power

Peanut butter offers a high protein content, which is ideal for those looking to build muscle or recover post-workout. Protein repairs tissues and is essential for overall growth.

2. Heart-Healthy Fats

Peanut butter is rich in healthy fats, specifically monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. These fats improve heart health and lower cholesterol.

3. Rich in Essential Nutrients

Peanut butter is rich in niacin, folate, magnesium, and potassium, which maintain energy levels, support muscle function, and boost immunity.

4. Weight Management

Peanut butter has high protein and fat content that keep you full longer. This can prevent overeating and contribute to healthy weight management.

Almond butter vs peanut butter: Which one to choose?

Several factors should influence your decision when deciding between almond butter vs peanut butter.

1. Heart Health

The higher content of monounsaturated fats in almond butter makes it an excellent choice to manage cholesterol and lower the possibility of heart issues.

2. Protein Needs

Peanut butter contains more protein than almond butter, making it ideal for athletes, muscle builders, or anyone looking to recover from strenuous physical activity.

3. Dietary Preferences

For those with nut allergies or preferences for plant-based foods, almond butter is the safe choice. However, if you are looking for a spread with a richer, more savoury flavour, peanut butter may suit your taste.

4. Impact on Health Insurance:

A nutritious diet that includes either of these nut butter can lead to improved health outcomes, potentially lowering your need for extensive medical care. Which means, it can lower your healthcare costs in the long run.

FAQs

1. Are almond butter and peanut butter good for weight loss?

Yes, both can support weight management due to their fibre, healthy fats, and protein. However, almond butter may have a slight edge for those looking to maintain a lower-calorie diet, as it contains fewer calories per serving.

2. Which one is healthier, almond butter or peanut butter?

Both are nutritious, although almond butter has high content of vitamin E, magnesium, and healthy fats. Peanut butter, however, provides more protein, making it ideal for those with higher protein needs.

3. Can consuming these nut butter affect my health insurance?

While nut butters don’t directly affect health insurance, maintaining a balanced diet and good health can result in fewer medical claims, potentially impacting insurance premiums.

4. Is it safe to eat almond butter vs peanut butter every day?

Yes, both can be part of a daily diet. However, due to their high-calorie content, moderation is key. It’s best to incorporate them into a balanced diet to avoid exceeding calorie requirements.

Conclusion

Choosing between almond butter vs peanut butter comes down to your nutritional goals and personal preferences. Both offer significant health benefits.

If you prioritise heart health or want a lower-calorie option, almond butter may be better. Peanut butter is ideal for those looking for more protein or prefer a richer taste.

And when we talk about health, it’s not just about what we eat—investing in reliable health insurance is equally important. An appropriate insurance ensures coverage against illness and accidents while covering various other services like doctor visits, prescription bills and even emergency treatments. 

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis or treatment. Please consult a certified medical and/or nutrition professional for any questions. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

India is known for its distinct culinary traditions, and dal, or lentils, is one of the staples that unites all regions. Dals are not only a source of protein but also a key part of every Indian meal.

With so many different types of dal available, it can be overwhelming to know which ones to stock in your kitchen.

This article explores the types of Indian dal, their nutritional benefits, and why they should be a part of your daily diet.

Nutritional value of dal

Dals are highly nutritious and an essential part of a balanced diet. They are rich in protein, making them an excellent option for vegetarians and vegans.

Here are some of the key nutrients found in different types of dal:

• Protein: Helps in muscle repair and growth.
• Dietary Fiber: Boosts digestion and aids in weight management.
• Iron: Essential for producing red blood cells and preventing anaemia.
• Potassium: Helps regulate blood pressure.
• Folic Acid: Crucial for pregnant women and fetal development.
• Low Glycemic Index: Moderates blood sugar levels, making dal suitable for diabetics.

10 Different types of dal

India offers various dals to choose from. Here are the staple types of Indian dal you must have in your kitchen:

1. Toor/Arhar Dal (Pigeon Pea Lentils)

A staple in many Indian homes, especially in South Indian cuisine, toor dal is used in dishes like sambhar. It has a mild flavour and cooks quickly, making it ideal for everyday meals.

2. Moong Dal (Green Gram)

Available in split and whole form, it is light on the stomach and highly nutritious. It is perfect for soups, khichdi, and even desserts like moong dal halwa.

3. Masoor Dal (Red Lentils)

Masoor dal has an earthy flavour and cooks quickly. This makes it a versatile option for curries and stews.

4. Chana Dal (Bengal Gram)

A hearty lentil with a nutty taste, it is also a great source of fibre. It is often used in curries, snacks, and desserts.

5. Urad Dal (Black Gram)

Urad dal comes in two forms: split and whole. It’s a key ingredient in South Indian dishes like idli, dosa, and vada. Whole urad dal is also used in Punjabi delicacies like dal makhani.

6. Rajma (Kidney Beans)

Though technically a legume, rajma is often grouped with dals in Indian households. It’s cooked in rich tomato-based gravies and served with rice.

7. Lobia (Black-eyed Peas)

Lobia is known for its creamy texture and mild flavour, and is commonly used in North Indian curries.

8. Masoor Whole (Brown Lentils)

Whole masoor is similar to red lentils but has a more robust flavour. It is perfect for hearty stews and dals.

9. Matki dal (moth beans)

A protein-rich dal that is great for building muscles and providing energy.

10. Gahat dal (horse gram)

A winter special dal from the mountains of Uttarakhand. It has the highest protein content and is rich in iron, calcium, and other nutrients.

How to make a dal?

Preparing dal is both simple and versatile. Here’s an easy recipe to get you started:

Ingredients:

• 1 cup dal (any type of your choice)
• 3 cups water
• 1 medium onion (chopped)
• 1 medium tomato (chopped)
• 1 teaspoon turmeric powder
• 1 teaspoon cumin seeds
• 2-3 garlic cloves (minced)
• 1-2 green chillies (optional)
• 1 tablespoon oil or ghee
• Salt to taste
• Fresh coriander leaves for garnish

Method:

1. Wash the dal and soak it for 15-30 minutes.
2. Boil the dal in a pot or pressure cooker with water, turmeric and salt.
3. Heat oil or ghee in a pan. Add cumin seeds and let them splutter.
4. Add garlic, onions, and green chillies. Sauté until the onions are golden brown.
5. Stir in sliced tomatoes and cook until they soften.
6. Pour the cooked dal into the pan. Simmer for 5-10 minutes, adjusting the consistency with water if needed.
7. Garnish with fresh coriander leaves, then serve hot with rice or roti.

This recipe is highly customisable. For a unique twist, you can add spices like garam masala, curry leaves, or tamarind.

Introduction

Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer responsible for high mortality rates worldwide. The condition develops when cancer cells in the lung tissues start multiplying rapidly and uncontrollably. Lung cancer is mainly traceable to regular smoking and prolonged exposure to smoke, and the common lung cancer symptoms include chest discomfort, cough, breathlessness, and wheezing. Continuous or frequent exposure to cigarette smoke can cause lung cell dysplasia, which leads to genetic changes and carcinogenesis. Lung cancer is common worldwide, but developed countries have seen more cases. The cancer can become fatal if not treated at the right time.      

What is Lung Cancer?

Lung cancer affects the lung parenchyma cells or the primary functional cells of the lungs. This cancer type is also known as bronchogenic carcinoma, as it originates from within the lungs' bronchi (tubes) containing alveoli. Around 90% of lung cancer is associated with regular smoking; however, it does not mean a person who never smokes will not develop the disease. Lung cancer has many cellular and molecular subtypes; even so, it is broadly divided into two major types: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), depending on the detection of lung cancer cells under the microscope. 

Types of Lung Cancer

Let us look at the two major types:

• Small Cell Lung Cancer – Rare form of lung cancer (15% of total cases); strongly linked to cigarette smoking. It is highly aggressive and spreads quickly 
• Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer – The most common form of lung cancer (85% of total cases), which is divided into the following three types depending on the cells from where the cancer has originated:
  • Lung adenocarcinoma
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Large cell carcinoma

Symptoms of lung cancer

Lung cancer remains asymptomatic mainly until the latter stages, though some mild symptoms may appear initially, which get mostly ignored. However, as the tumour grows, it causes local changes such as increased bronchial compression, leading to chest discomfort. However, as the tumour grows, it causes local changes such as increased bronchial compression, leading to chest discomfort. This is probably the first of lung cancer symptoms and is accompanied by a persistent cough, as observed in some 75% of patients with lung cancer. Lung adenocarcinoma is associated with cough and thin mucus secretion. The following common lung cancer symptoms are usually associated with advanced lung cancer: 

• Chronic cough with or without mucus
• Chest pain and breathing problems/dyspnea
• Blood in cough
• Recurrent bronchitis and pneumonia
• Bone pain, if the cancer has spread to the bones
• Headache
• Appetite loss and consequent weight loss

Stages of Lung Cancer

The pathologist diagnoses the lung cancer stages as per the typical characteristics of a stage. The Tumour Node Metastasis (TNM) system of determining the cancer stage is followed. Here, “T” represents the location and size of the tumour in the lung, “N” represents the involvement of lymph nodes to determine whether the tumour has started spreading through lymph nodes, while “M” stands for metastasis of the cancerous cells within the lung, i.e. if the cancerous lung cells have spread to distant body organs such as bones, liver, brain, kidney, etc. Lung cancer is staged from I through IV as per the TNM staging system, with minor differences in SCLC and NSCLC. 

SCLC is divided into the following two categories:

• Limited stage SCLC – The cancerous cells are just within one lobe of the lung and near a lymph node but have not crossed one lobe to another or metastasised to a distant organ.
• Extensive stage SCLC – The cancerous cells are found not only in one lung but have spread to the other lung and distant organs through the pleural fluid or bloodstream. 

The following five lung cancer stages are observed under NSCLC:    

• Stage 0 – The tumour occupies a tiny place inside a lung, leaving the surrounding lung tissues normal.
• Stage I – The tumour has grown to reach a size around 3 cm (for stage I A) to 4 cm (for stage I B) involving a considerable part of lung tissue. But since it has not spread to the nearby lymph nodes, stage I lung cancer symptoms may not be conspicuous.
• Stage II – The tumour has grown more than 4 cm but has not spread to nearby lymph nodes (Stage II A) and (Stage II B). 
• Stage III – The tumour becomes cancerous, and the cancer cells start spreading to nearby lymph nodes. This stage can be divided into Stages III A, III B, and III C depending on the tumour size and particular lymph node involvement. This stage is associated with widespread lymph node metastasis, but the cancerous cells have not metastasised to distant organs. 
• Stage IV – The cancerous cells have spread from one lobe to the other lobe of the lungs or to a nearby organ (Stage IV A) or one/more distant organs (Stage IV B). The cancerous cells in stage IV spread either by entering the lungs' fluid or into the bloodstream. Once the cells enter the bloodstream, they can reach any body part. NSCLC cells can spread to the liver, bones, brain, and adrenal glands.

Complications Associated With Lung Cancer

As the tumour grows, it is usually associated with several complications and side effects linked to lung cancer treatment. These complications are major causes of morbidity and include the following:

• Complications arising from distant metastasis: In advanced stages, the tumour metastasises to different parts of the body causing various complications. If the tumour metastasises to the brain, it can cause blood clots and stroke. If it metastasises to the kidneys, it can cause kidney stones. It leads to bone pain if metastasised to the bones.
• Superior vena cava syndrome: As the lung tumour grows it can obstruct blood flow from the upper part of the body to the heart (superior vena cava). Superior vena cava syndrome is associated with swelling of the face, neck, and upper body parts with visually dilated neck veins. This is usually linked to small cell lung cancer.
• Complications arising from paraneoplastic syndromes: Lung cancer can lead to abnormal parathyroid activity and cause hypercalcemia and related complications such as nausea, anorexia, constipation, and lethargy. Other symptoms associated with neurologic paraneoplastic syndrome include cerebellar ataxia, autonomic neuropathy, encephalomyelitis, and sensory neuropathy. Besides, lung cancer is also linked with hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy, dermatomyositis, and polymyositis. In advanced stages, lung cancer can impact the adrenal glands and enhance cortisol hormone production, leading to Cushing’s syndrome. 
• Complications arising from malignant pleural effusion: Abnormal pleural thickening, nodulation, and malignant pleural effusion are linked with advanced lung cancer. Pleural effusion is further associated with various symptoms, including irritating cough, hoarseness, chest pain, and fever.
• Complications arising from frequent lung infection: A lung cancer patient can experience recurring lung infection that causes bronchitis, pneumonia, etc. 

Causes of Lung Cancer

The most notable environmental and habitual factor that causes lung cancer is tobacco consumption and exposure to its smoke. Cigarette smoking alone is accountable for around 90% of lung cancer-related deaths. Other tobacco products, such as cigars or pipes, significantly increase lung cancer risk. Besides tobacco inhalation, the other known causes of lung cancer include:

• Second-hand smoke
• Exposure to radon, asbestos, diesel exhaust, silica, chromium, and arsenic
• Radiation exposure
• Genetic factors/family history

How is Lung Cancer Diagnosed?

Lung cancer is diagnosed through various techniques, with the doctor recommending specific tests depending upon the signs and symptoms of the stage suspected. The following methods are adopted to diagnose lung cancer:

• Imaging techniques: Imaging studies are essential in diagnosing lung cancer as they pinpoint where the tumour is growing in the lung. Techniques such as X-Ray, CT-scan, MRI, and PET-scan are employed to analyse lesions in the lung.
• Bronchoscopy: A bronchoscopy involves using a thin, flexible tube with a light at one end and inserting it through the mouth/nose into the windpipe and further into the lungs. Bronchoscopy also enables ultrasound-guided lymph node examination, and this procedure is called endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS).
• Tissue or biospecimen assessment: A biopsy is done to confirm the presence of tumour or cancer cells. Biopsy refers to the excision of a small part of the tissue and using that sample for pathological analysis. A pathologist analyses the biopsy test results to confirm the presence of cancer. Other samples used as biospecimen include blood, pleural fluid, and sputum.

How is Lung Cancer Treated?

Multiple treatment options are available for lung cancer, typically depending on the tumour type, stage of cancer, and patient’s overall health. The following include lung cancer treatment options:

• Surgery - Often considered the main treatment approach, particularly for NSCLC, surgery removes the tumour from the lung and nearby affected lymph nodes. Stage I lung cancer is mainly treated with surgery.
• Radiation therapy – High beam radiations are used to kill the cancer cells in the lung. Radiation cannot treat metastasised cancer and is thus helpful in the early stages of lung cancer.
• Chemotherapy – Chemotherapeutic drugs are used to destroy cancer cells. As chemotherapy produces widespread effects, it can be used for higher stages of lung cancer. 
• Immunotherapy – This therapy utilises specific drugs that can stimulate the immune system to fight lung cancer. 
• Targeted therapy – This therapy targets cancer-specific genes or proteins and has appeared promising in the treatment of all stages of lung cancer. 

Can Lung Cancer Be Prevented?

Most lung cancer cases occur from environmental exposure to certain chemicals and smoke. Hence, it can be prevented with proper measures to minimise exposure. Quitting smoking is one of the most essential factors in preventing lung cancer. Further, secondhand smokers can always reduce exposure to chemicals and smoke at the workplace by taking informed steps. 

Exposure to radon and asbestos is another important factor, particularly in certain regions. For instance, those living and working in areas near asbestos factories should follow recommended safety measures. Similarly, people living near high chances of exposure to radon should follow such measures. Moreover, following a healthy lifestyle with ample exercise and nutritional food intake can be beneficial and help prevent lung cancer.  

Outlook Towards Lung Cancer

So far, significant technological advances have been achieved to prevent and cure lung cancer. Even so, regular screening plays an important role as early diagnosis can prevent fatalities. The curability of lung cancer depends on the factors listed thus:

• Routine screening and early diagnosis
• The overall health of the patient
• Consulting with doctors about the best treatment approach
• Analysing and managing side effects
• Regular follow-ups and timely taken appropriate treatment measures

Conclusion

Coping with lung cancer is always tricky, but a positive mindset and correct treatment choices can help defeat the disease. Most patients get diagnosed at stages II or III, considerably increasing their problems. It is natural for a patient to be stressed out if diagnosed positively, which gets exacerbated by costly treatment charges. To steer clear of such unwanted situations, obtaining health insurance will surely alleviate your stress and help to better focus on your treatment.   

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Related Articles:

• Lung Cancer: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
• Effective Treatments for Chest Infection
• What is Chest X-Ray (CXR): What To Expect & Preparation
• Causes of Throat Cancer: Understanding the Origins of a Silent Threat
• Understanding Throat Cancer Treatment Options

When it comes to women’s health, one condition that is often not discussed enough is endometrial cancer. Endometrial cancer, a type of uterine cancer has become a health concern and hence awareness regarding it is crucial. In this article, we will understand what is endometrial cancer, what are endometrial cancer causes, its stages and the risk factors associated with it. We will also understand the type of endometrial cancer and look at its treatment options and how it can be prevented.

What is endometrial cancer?

Endometrial cancer, a form of uterine cancer, originates in the endometrium – the inner lining of the uterus. As per the data provided by the National Cancer Institute, (NCI), it is believed that 3 out of every 100 women are at risk of being diagnosed with uterine cancer once in their lifetime. While talking about the survival rate, 80 percent of women survive for 5 years or even more after receiving the treatment. Thus, early detection and diagnosis increase the chances of recovery from endometrial cancer.

Symptoms of endometrial cancer

Abnormal vaginal bleeding stands out as the predominant symptom linked to endometrial cancer. Further symptoms include:

• Changes in menstrual cycle flow and length
• Bleeding or spotting occurring between menstrual periods
• Vaginal bleeding after menopause

Some other symptoms include:

• Pain during intercourse
• Unexplained weight loss
• Discomfort experienced in the pelvic and lower abdominal regions
• Blood-tinged or watery discharge from the vagina

If one experiences any of the above listed symptoms then do consult a doctor. At times these may not be a sign of serious issues but to be on the safer side a consultation is ideal.

Menopause or other non-cancerous issues can cause bleeding in the vagina. Though in some cases it is associated with endometrial cancer and other gynecological cancer.

It is your doctor only who can identify the cause and put you on the right treatment.

Causes of endometrial cancer

The exact endometrial cancer causes are still unknown. Experts attribute it to the changes occurring in the hormone levels of estrogen and progesterone as they affect the endometrium. The increased levels of estrogen cause the endometrial cells to multiply and divide.

Genetic mutations occurring in the endometrial cells can cause them to rapidly grow and transform into tumours.

There are numerous studies being conducted to understand what causes normal endometrial cells to convert into cancer cells.

Risk factors associated with endometrial cancer

Age is associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer. According to reports, people under the age group of 45 to 75 are more prone to be affected by endometrial cancer.

A number of other factors are also connected with the increased risk of endometrial cancer. These include changes seen in the level of sex hormones of the woman, certain medical conditions, family history of cancer, obesity, and more. Let’s discuss some of these factors further:

1. Hormone levels

Female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone are mainly responsible for the health of the endometrium. Drastic increases in the production of these hormones can increase the risk of being diagnosed with endometrial cancer.

2. Patient medical history

A woman’s medical history is also known to have an effect on the sex hormone leading to higher chances of developing endometrial cancer, including:

• Longer years of menstruation and early menarche or late menopause increase endometrial cancer risk.
• Lack of pregnancies heightens risk, especially with infertility-related issues.
• Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) elevates risk due to hormonal imbalances
• Granulosa cell tumors in ovaries releasing estrogen raise endometrial cancer risk

3. Medication:

Medications like estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) or tamoxifen can impact hormone balance. Tamoxifen, used for breast cancer, may increase endometrial cancer risk.

4. Birth control

Birth control pills lower endometrial cancer risk, with longer use offering greater protection. Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are linked to reduced endometrial cancer risk.

5. Endometrial hyperplasia

Endometrial hyperplasia is a disorder where the lining of the uterus becomes thick but it cannot be termed cancerous. At times it goes away on its own, and in other cases it can be treated with HRT or surgery. Endometrial hyperplasia, when not treated, can turn into endometrial cancer. Abnormal vaginal bleeding is known to be the most common symptom of endometrial hyperplasia.

6. Obesity

People who are obese and have extra weight are more at risk of suffering from type 2 diabetes which is a risk factor for endometrial cancer. Higher the chances of obesity in people having type 2 diabetes, the more they are prone to endometrial cancer.

7. History of cancer

Your chances of developing endometrial cancer are much higher if other members of the family have had it. Moreover, a family history of Lynch syndrome also increases the chances of developing cancer. Having suffered from breast cancer or ovarian cancer raises your risk of endometrial cancer. Also, radiation therapy on the pelvis increases your chances of having endometrial cancer.

One should be cautious about these risk factors also. In some cases, people who have been identified as suffering from certain factors may never develop endometrial cancer and on the other hand, people who never showed any risk factors may develop endometrial cancer.

What are the stages of endometrial cancer?

With time, endometrial cancer can extend to other parts of the body from the uterus.

There are four stages into which cancer has been identified depending on its growth in the body:

• Stage 1: Presence of cancer in the uterus only.
• Stage 2: Cancer has spread in the uterus and cervix.
• Stage 3: Cancer is spreading beyond the uterus, but has not affected the rectum or bladder. Though its presence can be seen in the fallopian tubes, ovaries, vagina, and near the lymph nodes.
• Stage 4: The spread of the cancer can be noted beyond the pelvic region. It might have affected the bladder, rectum, and/or distant tissues or organs.

If someone is detected suffering from endometrial cancer, the treatment options are identified depending upon the stage the cancer is in. Early detection of the cancer makes the treatment more effective.

How is endometrial cancer diagnosed?

If you notice possible symptoms of endometrial cancer, it's crucial to schedule an appointment with your primary care doctor or gynecologist immediately.

During the appointment, your medical history and symptoms will be discussed. A pelvic exam will be conducted to identify any abnormalities in your uterus and reproductive organs. To further investigate, a transvaginal ultrasound exam might be recommended.

This type of imaging test employs sound waves to create internal pictures. For the test, a healthcare professional will insert an ultrasound probe into your vagina, which will transmit images onto a screen.

In case any irregularities be detected, your doctor may recommend additional tests to obtain tissue samples:

Endometrial Biopsy: A thin tube is inserted through your cervix into the uterus to suction a small piece of endometrial tissue.

Hysteroscopy: Using a flexible tube equipped with a camera, the doctor visually inspects the endometrium and extracts biopsy samples.

Dilation and Curettage (D&C): If biopsy results are inconclusive, this procedure involves dilating the cervix and scraping tissue from the endometrium.

Samples collected during these tests are sent to a lab for analysis. If endometrial cancer is confirmed, further tests will be ordered to determine the extent of its spread. Blood tests, X-rays, and other imaging methods might be utilized for this purpose.

Different types of endometrial cancer

Endometrial cancer develops from mucus-producing glands known as adenocarcinomas. Less common forms of endometrial cancer include:

• Uterine carcinosarcoma (CS)
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Small cell carcinoma
• Transitional carcinoma
• Serous carcinoma

There are two types of endometrial cancer:

• Type 1- These are slow-growing and do not easily extend to other organs or tissues.
• Type 2 – These spread quickly and extend outside of the uterus.

Type 1 cancers are common in comparison to type 2 cancers and are easy to treat.

How is endometrial cancer treated?

Treatment options for endometrial depend upon factors like cancer type, stage, and your overall health. There are different treatment options and each approach comes with potential benefits and risks, which your doctor will discuss with you.

Surgery: The main surgical treatment is a hysterectomy, where the uterus is removed. Sometimes ovaries and fallopian tubes are also taken out (bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy). Lymph nodes near the uterus might be removed to check for spread, known as lymphadenectomy. Additional surgeries could be advised if the cancer has spread further.

Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy employs high-energy beams to kill cancer cells. External beam radiation targets the uterus from outside, while internal radiation (brachytherapy) places radioactive materials inside the vagina or uterus. Your doctor can recommend either one or both of these. These can follow surgery to eliminate remaining cancer cells.

Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Depending on the type, it could be taken orally or intravenously. It's recommended if cancer has spread or returned after treatment.

Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy: Targeted therapy uses drugs designed to attack specific changes in cancer cells. Immunotherapy enhances the immune system's ability to recognize and combat cancer cells. These newer approaches are often used with chemotherapy or each other.

Hormone Therapy: Hormone therapy involves using hormones or hormone-blocking drugs to alter hormone levels. This slows cancer cell growth. It might be suggested for stage III or IV cancer, or for cancer that has returned.

Your doctor's treatment recommendation is guided by your unique circumstances. They'll consider cancer specifics, your overall health, and your preferences to design the most suitable plan.

Can endometrial cancer be prevented?

While this condition cannot be prevented, a number of factors can help lower the risk of endometrial cancer:

• Maintaining a healthy weight: This can lessen the chances of developing endometrial cancer. It also lowers the chances of return of the cancer if you develop it.
• Workout regularly: Few minutes of workout have been linked to lowering chances of cancer development.
• Treatment in case of abnormal vaginal bleeding: It is important to treat vaginal bleeding. Even if it is caused by endometrial hyperplasia, it is wise to consult a doctor and discuss the available treatment options.
• Discussing benefits and disadvantages of hormone therapy: In case your doctor decides to go for HRT then do discuss the benefits and drawbacks associated with the therapy.  
• Discuss the benefits of contraceptives: it has been found that contraceptive pills and IUDs have been associated with lowering the risk of endometrial cancer. Check with your doctor about the potential benefits and drawbacks associated with the treatment.
• Monitoring family history for cancer: It is recommended to discuss with your doctor if anyone in the family has previously been affected by them, especially ovarian or colon cancer.  Genetic testing might help.

Conclusion

Endometrial cancer is a serious health condition. Hopefully, this blog helped you understand what is endometrial cancer, endometrial cancer causes and risk factors. You should have also understood types of endometrial cancer. However, such diseases always lead to financial consequences. Hence, it is important to consider investing in health insurance for cancer. A health insurance for cancer can provide the necessary financial support in case one is diagnosed with endometrial cancer. By detecting cancer early and making the appropriate choices, you can effectively combat this disease.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

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• What is Cancer Insurance Waiting Period?
• How To Choose Health Insurance Plan With Cancer Coverage
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Bladder cancer, although still unknown in India, has emerged as a significant health concern. As the name suggests, it occurs when cells in the bladder become cancerous, and if left untreated, can have severe complications. The good news is that there is plenty of information available to help understand this form of cancer and its treatment options. Whether you or someone you know has been recently diagnosed with bladder cancer, or if you simply want to learn more about this disease, it's important to have a basic understanding of what it means. In this article, we will understand what is bladder cancer, what are the symptoms of bladder cancer, and its causes. We will also understand the types of bladder cancer, the risks associated with it, as well as the process of diagnosing bladder cancer and its treatment. We will also look at its treatment, outlook towards it, and how to prevent it.

What is bladder cancer?

Bladder cancer develops when there is growth and multiplication of abnormal cells in the bladder. These abnormal cells in the bladder have the tendency to convert into a tumour and have the ability to spread to other organs in the body.

Other forms of cancer have the potential to extend to the bladder, but the name of the cancer is known by the organ from where it originates. This severe disease is the seventh most common form of cancer worldwide.

Symptoms of bladder cancer

So, what are the symptoms of bladder cancer? A number of varying symptoms can be identified among individuals such as:

• Presence of blood in the urine, making its appearance bright red or rust-colored, and sometimes invisible.
• Pain during urination.
• Frequent urge to urinate.
• Sudden urge for urination.
• Unintentional leakage in the bladder, known as urine incontinence.

Bladder cancer is known to have other symptoms as well, if it has affected other parts of the body, namely:

• Discomfort in the abdomen
• One-sided pain in the lower body
• Fatigue
• Losing weight without any exercise
• Loss of appetite
• Joint pain
• Swelling in feet

Causes of bladder cancer

Cancer mainly arises when mutations in the cell lead to their growth of abnormal and unwanted growth, resulting in the rapid multiplication of these cells. If left untreated, this can lead to the spread of these cells to other tissues and muscles. These mutations can be caused by certain factors like exposure to toxic chemicals.

Certain other conditions also come into play that increase our chances of developing bladder cancer. This includes smoking, family history of cancer,radiation therapy and more.

Risk factors associated with bladder cancer

There are a number of factors associated with the growth of bladder cancer cells, which may include:

• Smoking cigarettes (Research points out that people who smoke cigarettes on a regular basis are three times more likely to develop bladder cancer in comparison to a person who is a non-smoker)
• Being exposed to chemicals that can cause cancer such as dyes, paint products, rubber, and metal among the few
• Family history of the disease
• Suffer from schistosomiasis a parasite that is known to cause bladder infection
• Drinking contaminated water
• Certain supplements and medicine consumption
• Prior exposure to chemotherapy medications cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) or ifosfamide (lfex)
• Radiation treatment used to treat pelvic area cancer
• Suffering from bladder infections frequently
• Use of urinary catheters for a long time
• Drinking fluids inadequately
• Defects in the bladder

While cancer can affect just about anyone, there are certain other factors that can influence your risk of developing cancer:

• If you are a male by birth
• You fall into the age group of 55 or above
• You have a white complexion

Types of bladder cancer

Bladder cancer is classified based on the specific cells involved that turn abnormal. This classification encompasses:

Transitional Cell Carcinoma

It is also known as urothelial carcinoma. It is a prevalent form of bladder cancer. It initiates within transitional cells located in the bladder's inner layer. These adaptable cells can change shape without impairment when the bladder tissue stretches.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

This bladder cancer develops after prolonged bladder infection or irritation. This type emerges from thin, flat squamous cells within the bladder. These cells undergo changes due to extended irritation.

Adenocarcinoma

It is formed from glandular cells following persistent bladder inflammation. Adenocarcinoma involves cells that compose mucus-secreting glands in the body.

Small Cell Carcinoma

It originates in neuroendocrine cells. These cells release hormones into the bloodstream under the guidance of the nervous system's signals.

How is bladder cancer diagnosed?

Diagnosing bladder cancer involves various steps if you have symptoms or lab findings or urinalysis results suggest it. After reviewing the patient’s medical history, the doctor might also conduct a physical exam, which might include checking for lumps in the vagina or rectum. Then your doctor can order tests for a conclusive diagnosis. These tests may include:

• Cystoscopy: A slender tube with a camera is inserted via your urethra to see inside the bladder.
• Biopsy: A small bladder tissue sample is taken for cancer testing.
• CT Scan or IVP: These scans offer detailed bladder views.
• Urine Tumor Marker Test: Identifies certain bladder cancer types.

Further tests might be needed to stage the cancer and detect its presence in other body areas. These include CT scans, MRI scans, chest X-rays, and bone scans.

To communicate the extent of the spread of cancer, doctors use the staging system:

• Stage 0: It means that the cancer is limited to the bladder lining.
• Stage 1: It means that the cancer has spread beyond the lining but not to the muscle layer.
• Stage 2: It means that the cancer has extended to the bladder muscle.
• Stage 3: It means that the cancer has progressed to surrounding tissues.
• Stage 4: It means that the cancer has reached neighboring regions

Stages can also be detailed further to provide a clearer picture of the cancer's spread.

How is bladder cancer treated?

Bladder cancer treatment depends upon the stage of the cancer and other factors like your overall health. Your doctor will collaborate with you to devise the most suitable plan.

For stage 0 and 1 bladder cancer, treatment options include:

• Surgery: To eliminate the tumor.
• Chemotherapy: Employing drugs to target cancer cells.
• Immunotherapy: Medications that stimulate your immune system to attack cancer cells.

Stage 2 and 3 bladder cancer treatments may involve:

• Partial Bladder Removal: Extracting a portion of the bladder.
• Radical Cystectomy: Removing the entire bladder, followed by creating a new path for urine exit.
• Chemotherapy: Medication-based cancer treatment.
• Radiation Therapy: Precisely directed radiation to target cancer cells.
• Immunotherapy: Stimulating your immune system against cancer.

Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy serve various purposes, such as shrinking tumors pre-surgery, addressing cancer without surgery, managing residual cancer cells post-surgery, and preventing cancer recurrence.

Stage 4 bladder cancer treatments encompass:

• Radical Cystectomy: Removing bladder and nearby lymph nodes, followed by a new urine exit pathway.
• Chemotherapy: Medications for cancer treatment.
• Radiation Therapy: Directed radiation.
• Immunotherapy: Enhancing immune response.
• Clinical Trial Drugs: Investigational treatments.

The patient’s overall health determines whether treatments focus on cancer cell removal or alleviating symptoms. Patients can also choose to participate in clinical trials to explore new treatment avenues.

Outlook towards bladder cancer

The outlook depends upon various factors, including the stage and type of cancer, age factor, overall health of an individual, and prevailing medical condition and response to the cancer treatment.

As per the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the five-year survival rates of bladder cancer are 71% for cancer that has not gone beyond the bladder. For cancer that has reached near the lymph nodes the survival rate is 39%.  It is 8% for metastatic bladder cancer that has extended to the other parts of the body.  For carcinoma in situ that has not spread beyond the bladder lining the survival rate is around 97%.

Healthcare professionals use the 5-year survival rate to show how a disease is expected to turn out. It shows us the percentage of people who were diagnosed with bladder cancer and are still alive after 5 years of disease diagnosis. It is based on averages and may not predict a patient’s life expectancy.

Prevention against bladder cancer

It is not yet exactly known what causes bladder cancer, be it urinary bladder cancer or gallbladder cancer. But, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk of bladder cancer. Chief among these is quitting smoking or avoiding it altogether if you currently smoke. Secondhand smoke should also be evaded to limit exposure. Furthermore, safeguarding yourself from carcinogenic chemicals is essential. In case you work with such substances make sure you use appropriate safety equipment when working with such substances. Another beneficial measure is to maintain good hydration by drinking plenty of water.

Conclusion

Now that you understand this bladder cancer better, it's important to be aware of how you are vulnerable or connected to someone who has bladder cancer. This could involve knowing more about family history, getting the right health insurance, being mindful of any persistent changes in your body, and lastly remaining aware about other lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise. Ultimately, it's up to each individual to take responsibility when recognizing the severity of bladder cancer; however, if diagnosed correctly and at an early stage, recovery should not be a far-fetched dream. With these tips in mind, you can join the fight against bladder cancer and support those who have been affected by it.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

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With skin being the largest organ of our body, it’s important to ensure it's well cared for. Your skin provides a protective barrier from the outside world, and nourishing and safeguarding it can help prevent serious health consequences such as sunburns or even skin cancer. Skin cancer is quite common and something we all must be aware of. It is a prevalent condition that develops from the abnormal growth of skin cells. Understanding its types, stages, symptoms, causes, prevention, treatment, and outlook is essential to promote awareness and ensure early detection and effective management. In this quick guide, we’ll cover the ins and outs of skin cancer, from types to treatments. Let’s dive in and get you informed!

What is skin cancer?

Skin cancer is characterised by the abnormal and uncontrolled growth of abnormal skin cells. People develop this condition due to damage to the DNA within skin cells, and is often caused by harsh exposure to UV rays in daylight from the sun. The most prevalent types of skin cancer include basal cell cancer, squamous cell cancer, and melanoma. While the first two are more common and have a high cure rate if detected, melanoma is more aggressive and can spread to other body parts if not addressed promptly. Let’s explore more about the types and causes in the sections to come.

Types of skin cancer

There are several types of skin cancer, each with distinct characteristics, causes, and treatment approaches. Let's take a close look at the most common types of cancer.

1. Basal Cell Carcinoma, or BCC, is the most common form of skin cancer. It typically develops in areas frequently exposed to the sun. For instance, the face, neck, and hands. BCC often appears as a raised, pearly bump or a sore that doesn't heal. While it rarely spreads to other body parts, early treatment is essential to prevent damage to surrounding tissues.

2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma, or SCC, also often develops in sun-exposed areas and can appear as a scaly, red patch or a raised growth with a crusted surface. It has a higher potential to spread to other body areas than BCC. Timely diagnosis and treatment are essential for you to prevent the cancer from advancing.

3. Melanoma affects the melanocytes (cells that give skin its colour), and is the most severe type of skin cancer. This is because it can reemerge from existing moles or appear as new, abnormal growths and can spread rapidly to other body parts if not detected early. Melanomas often exhibit irregular borders, uneven colouring, and changes in size and shape.

4. Actinic Keratosis is not a form of skin cancer but a pre-cancerous growth that can develop into SCC if left untreated. It appears as rough, scaly patches on sun-exposed areas and requires medical attention to prevent progression.

5. Merkel Cell Carcinoma is an uncommon and aggressive type of skin cancer that develops from Merkel cells in the skin. It usually appears as firm, shiny nodules on the head, neck, and limbs. Early detection and treatment are vital due to their potential to spread rapidly.

6. Cutaneous Lymphoma is a type of skin cancer originating in the lymphocytes and can manifest as red, itchy patches or plaques on the skin. It often presents as mycosis fungoides or Sézary syndrome and may require specialised treatment.

Stages of skin cancer

Doctors break cancer down into stages to figure out the right way to approach it. Let’s learn about each stage:

1. Stage 0: This early stage skin cancer is present just at the skin's surface, not causing much trouble. Doctors call this "in situ," meaning it's stuck where it started and is very treatable.

2. Stage I: The cancer's gotten a bit thicker, but it's still sticking to its site of origin. It might have made a little ulcer on the skin, but it's not invading other parts yet. No trips to nearby lymph nodes or other parts of the body.

3. Stage III: This is a much more serious. The cancer's grown thicker, maybe even formed an ulcer, but it's still not moving to other lymph nodes or distant places.

4. Stage III: The cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, but it's not yet moved to far-off body parts. Treatment usually involves a combination of processes, like surgery, radiation, and sometimes chemotherapy.

5. Stage IV: The cancer has gone beyond its initial spot and invades other organs or faraway lymph nodes. Depending on the situation, treatment at this stage gets more complex and might include surgery, radiation, targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and even chemotherapy.

Doctors assess these stages through exams, scans, and sometimes by checking lymph nodes or other affected areas. And remember, catching skin cancer at an early stage is extremely helpful for the most successful treatment. Regular skin checks and wearing sunscreen are like your power-ups to keep the game in your favour.

Symptoms of skin cancer

So, you may be wondering, “What are the symptoms of skin cancer?” Let's talk about the signs your skin might send you about potential skin cancer.

• First off, keep an eye out for new spots that suddenly appear and don't seem to be going anywhere. These could be anything from a bump, a mole, or a patch that's a different colour than the rest of your skin.

• Second, if you've got a mole or spot that's been around for a while and suddenly decides to transform, it's worth checking out. Changes in size, shape, colour, or texture are red flags that shouldn't be ignored.

• Third, let's talk about itching, bleeding, or crusting. If a spot won't stop itching, or if it's bleeding or crusting over, that's definitely a signal that something may not be quite right.

Causes of skin cancer 

Let's dive into what could be behind the scenes causing skin cancer.

• Sun is one of the big players among the skin cancer causes. Its powerful UV rays can damage your skin's DNA, making it more prone to forming cancer cells. So, if you're basking in the sun, make sure you have proper protection like sunscreen, hats, and shades.

• People with lighter skin tones are at a higher risk of skin cancer. It's not about favouritism – it's just that fair skin has less melanin, which is a skin pigment and a natural protection against the sun's UV rays. So, it's extra important for those with paler skin to be extra cautious in the sun.

• Cancer genes are also a prominent cause of skin cancer. If someone in your family tree has had skin cancer, you might also be at a slightly higher risk of getting it yourself.

• Age is another factor. As you get older, your skin has been exposed to more sun over time, which can increase your risk of skin cancer.

But don't let this all stress you out. Being aware of these causes is the first step to protecting your skin. So, wear sunscreen and a hat when you step out in the sun, and watch your skin for any changes.

How is skin cancer treated?

The approach to treating skin cancer depends on the type, size, and cancer stage. Surgical procedures like excisions or Mohs surgery can cut out the cancerous tissue in minor cases. If it's more stubborn, radiation therapy might be employed to zap those cells with targeted radiation.

When the cancerous cells have spread deeper or wider, chemotherapy or targeted therapy could be on the cards. These treatments use drugs to attack cancer cells directly or interfere with their growth. And if the cancer is too resilient, immunotherapy might be brought in, boosting your immune system's power to destroy those cells.

Remember, treatment plans are tailored to each individual. So, what works for one might not be the same for another. Consulting with a medical professional is key to choosing the right strategy for your skin cancer battle.

Prevention against skin cancer

Here are some preventive measures that you must use against skin cancer:

• Sun Protection

Cover up with clothing, including wide-brimmed hats and UV-blocking sunglasses, to shield your skin from harmful UV rays.

• Sunscreen

Apply a good quality broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30 to all areas of your skin that are exposed to the sun, even if it appears cloudy.

• Limit Sun Exposure

Avoid direct sunlight during peak hours, usually 12 PM to 4 PM, which is when when UV rays are strongest.

• Tanning Beds

Avoid tanning beds and sunlamps, which emit harmful UV radiation.

• Seek Shade

Stay in the shade when outdoors as much as possible, especially during midday hours.

• Protect Children

Keep babies under 6 months old out of direct sunlight as this can be incredibly harsh for young skin, and use protective clothing and sunscreen on older children.

• Stay Hydrated

Drink plenty of water to keep your skin healthy and hydrated.

• Healthy Lifestyle

Maintain a balanced diet, exercise regularly, and avoid smoking to support overall skin health.

• Regular Checkups

Visit a dermatologist for regular skin checkups, especially if you have a family history of skin cancer or other risk factors.

Outlook towards skin cancer

The outlook for individuals diagnosed with skin cancer is generally positive, particularly when it is detected and treated in its early stages. Many cases of skin cancer, particularly basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas, can be effectively treated with relatively minor procedures. These procedures often completely remove cancer without causing significant disruptions to daily life.

Melanoma, a more aggressive form of skin cancer, has a high cure rate when detected early. Advances in medical science and treatment processes have significantly improved melanoma patients' prognoses. However, it's important to note that the outcome depends on various factors, including the type of skin cancer, its stage at diagnosis, and the individual's overall health.

Regular self-examinations, dermatologist skin screenings, and following preventive measures are essential can significantly lower the risk of developing skin cancer. Staying informed about skin cancer's signs, symptoms, and risk factors empowers individuals to take proactive steps for early detection and effective treatment, resulting in better outcomes and improved overall skin health. We advise you consult a medical professional for an accurate diagnosis and personalised guidance if you have concerns about skin changes or potential skin cancer.

Conclusion

Staying informed about cancer types, symptoms, and treatment options is vital. Health insurance, especially cancer-specific coverage, can ease the financial strain of treatment. Prioritising prevention, early detection, and securing comprehensive health insurance ensures access to quality care and peace of mind, supporting a healthier, more worry-free life journey.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

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Prostate cancer is a serious health issue for men, yet it's one that often goes under the radar. While this condition doesn't get the same attention in conversations as other diseases, it affects many men every year and should not be overlooked. To make sure you stay informed, this article will take you through exactly what you need to know about prostate cancer, its causes, diagnosis, and treatment options. From taking preventative measures to staying informed on screenings and treatment options – no stone shall remain unturned as we explore why paying attention to our prostates matters now more than ever before.

What is Prostate cancer?

Let’s first dive into what is prostate cancer. It is a type of cancer that affects the prostate gland, which is a small, walnut-shaped gland located just below the bladder in men. This gland is crucial in producing seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm. When cells in your prostate gland start to grow uncontrollably, they can form a tumour and potentially spread to other parts of the body. While early-stage prostate cancer might not show noticeable symptoms, routine screenings and awareness are essential for early detection and effective treatment. It's one of the most common cancers in men, but with advancements in medical care, the outlook is positive, especially when caught in its early stages.

Symptoms of Prostate cancer

Are you wondering “What are the symptoms of prostate cancer?” Prostate cancer often develops without causing obvious symptoms in its early stages, making detection challenging. However, as the cancer progresses, certain signs may emerge. These can include:

• Difficulty in starting or maintaining urination
• Frequent urge to urinate (especially at night)
• Weak urine stream
• Blood in the urine or semen
• Painful urination or ejaculation
• Discomfort in the back, hips, or pelvis

In advanced stages, individuals might experience:

• Bone pain
• Unexplained weight loss
• Fatigue

While these symptoms can also indicate other conditions, it's crucial not to dismiss them. Regular check-ups and screenings, especially for those at higher risk, can help catch prostate cancer early when it's more treatable.

Causes and risk factors of Prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is a disease with no definite preventable causes. However, the chances of its development are influenced by various factors or conditions. So, if you’re wondering what causes prostate cancer, here are a few factors that play a major role in this condition.

1. Age: The older you are, the more chances you've got of developing prostate cancer. It tends to affect individuals at the age of 50 and above.

2. Family history: If a close relative, like your dad or brother, has had prostate cancer, your chances of having it increase.

3. Genetics: Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes can lead to prostate cancer development.

4. Lynch Syndrome: Lynch syndrome, a rare genetic condition, is linked to mutations in genes like MLH1 and MLH2. People affected by this syndrome face a higher chance of developing various forms of cancer, including prostate cancer.

5. Lifestyle: Your lifestyle habits also have a major say in your chances of developing prostate cancer. If your diet is loaded with saturated fats, and lacks fruits and veggies, your risk increases all the more. The same goes for the lack of physical activity. Lack of exercise elevates your risk of developing the disease.

6. Hormone levels: Hormones, which are naturally produced by our body's various organs, play a crucial role in regulating essential functions. One such hormone, Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), specifically controls normal cell growth. Recent research has shown a correlation between elevated levels of IGF-1 and the increased likelihood of developing prostate cancer.

Stages of Prostate Cancer

Let's break down the stages of prostate cancer, which decides the course of treatment and its rate of success. A common method doctors use to assess stages is by assessing Prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels. This is a protein made by the prostate, high levels of which indicate prostate cancer. Let’s discuss the four main stages of prostate cancer:

1. Stage I: At this early stage, the cancerous cells are confined to the prostate gland and haven’t moved to other parts. PSA levels are low at this stage.

2. Stage II: Here, the cancer's still in the prostate, but your PSA levels might be a bit more elevated.

3. Stage III: The tumour starts growing, and the cancer might start invading nearby tissues. PSA levels are now elevated, which indicates an advanced cancer form.

4. Stage IV: The cancer has spread to distant parts of the body, like the lymph nodes, or even the bones. Most men with stage 4 prostate cancer cannot be cured, even though treatments may help to slow down or shrink the cancer.

How is Prostate cancer diagnosed?

Here are a few tests and processes that doctors use to diagnose prostate cancer:

• PSA Test

Your doctor most likely will start by running a PSA blood test. Higher levels of protein could indicate an issue.

• Rectal Exam

The doctor checks your prostate's size, shape, and any abnormalities by gently inserting a gloved finger into your rectum.

• Biopsy

A small piece of your prostate tissue is sampled and examined under a microscope for cancer cells.

• Imaging Tests

X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans provide detailed images to check whether the cancer has spread outside the prostate.

• Gleason Score

This helps rate how aggressive the cancer is. A low score means it's less likely to spread, while a higher score indicates a more aggressive nature.

• Staging

Doctors decide on the stage (I to IV) to determine how much the cancer has spread.

How is Prostate cancer treated?

When it comes to prostate cancer treatment, a range of treatment options exists, each tailored to the specific needs of the individual. Here's a closer look at these approaches.

1. Radical prostatectomy: Radical prostatectomy involves removing the entire prostate gland. Doctors may do it through traditional open surgery or minimally invasive techniques like laparoscopic or robotic-assisted surgery, often resulting in shorter recovery times.

2. Radiation Therapy: Radiation Therapy is a method that employs high-energy rays to target and destroy cancer cells. External beam radiation therapy directs radiation from outside the body towards the cancer. On the other hand, brachytherapy involves implanting tiny radioactive seeds or capsules directly into the prostate.

3. Hormone therapy: Prostate cancer cells often rely on male hormones like testosterone for growth. Hormone therapy aims to block the effects of these hormones or reduce their production, thereby slowing down the cancer's progression.

4. Chemotherapy: When cancer spreads beyond the prostate, doctors turn to chemotherapy. It involves using drugs to target rapidly growing cancer cells. Although it can have serious side effects, it's an important method when dealing with advanced cases.

5. Immunotherapy: This is an innovative approach to strengthening the body's immune system to fight cancer cells. It works by boosting the patient's immune response to identify and destroy cancer cells in the body more effectively.

Your doctor will create your treatment plan based on many factors, like your preferences, the stage of the cancer, and your overall health. It's crucial to have open and honest conversations with your medical team to determine the best course of action. Remember, you're not alone on this journey – your healthcare providers are there to guide you every step of the way.

Outlook towards Prostate cancer

While prostate cancer can be a scary thing, the good news is that with early detection and advances in medical science, the prognosis for many people affected by prostate cancer is quite positive. Most cases are detected early and can be effectively treated, leading to long and fulfilling lives post-treatment.

Dealing with cancer, including its diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care, can be emotionally and financially challenging. But here's where health insurance steps in as a safety net. Health insurance, especially critical illness insurance, can provide the necessary financial support to cover the costs of various treatments, medications, hospital stays, and even regular check-ups.

When considering health insurance, make sure to review the policy details, coverage limits, and any specific provisions related to cancer care. This way, you can ensure that you're properly protected and have peace of mind knowing your health and well-being are safeguarded.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

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Introduction 

Fallopian tube cancer or tubal cancer is a rare form of cancer in women associated with BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 gene mutations. It develops in the fallopian tubes that connect the ovaries and the uterus. Ignoring the early symptoms can eventually cause the removal of the uterus and the fallopian tubes and ovaries. Our focus should be on understanding how fallopian cancer begins and recent advancements in its diagnosis and treatment, especially in the early stages.

What is Fallopian Tube Cancer? 

The fallopian tubes are part of the female reproductive system on each side of the pelvis. Fallopian tube cancer usually begins in the tube or oviduct gland cells that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. These eggs are released each month and pass out as menstrual blood if not fertilised by sperm. Studies have reported that fallopian cancer cases are rare, with only 1,500-2,000 cases reported globally to date.

Symptoms of Fallopian Tube Cancer 

Fallopian tube cancer symptoms are difficult to detect early and easy to dismiss as nothing serious. It is always worthwhile to consult a gynaecologist in case of irregular menstruation, any abnormalities related to the reproductive system, or if you have a history of cancer risk in the family. The symptoms of fallopian tube cancer usually are:

• Vaginal bleeding not associated with menstruation
• Irregular periods
• Watery or white vaginal discharge that contains blood
• Back pain
• Bleeding from the vagina after menopause
• Swelling in the lower abdomen
• Pain in the lower belly
• Constipation
• Experiencing pain during intercourse
• Fatigue
• Frequent urination

Causes of Fallopian Tube Cancer 

The causes behind fallopian tube cancer are still not clear, but the cancer typically starts somewhere else in the body before spreading to the fallopian tubes as metastatic cancer. Experts say fallopian tube cancer may account for up to 70% of all epithelial ovarian cancers. The exact reason is yet to be ascertained, but women who have never given birth or breastfed a child post-delivery may have a higher chance of developing it. The risk factors behind fallopian tube cancer are: 

• Women aged between 50 and 60 years are at a higher risk 
• Post-menopause conditions can also lead to this disease; if not treated properly it triggers the cells of the female reproductive system to mutate
• Early menstruation (before age 12) or late menopause
• Inherited gene mutations (such as BRCA)
• A family history of ovarian or breast cancer 
• Infertility or having no pregnancies
• Obesity during early adulthood

How is Fallopian Tube Cancer Diagnosed? 

It can be difficult to diagnose fallopian tube cancer as the symptoms are not discernible in the initial stages. Even so, the doctor will first enquire about any suspected symptoms based on medical history and conduct a thorough physical examination. Subsequently, the gynecologic oncologist may recommend any of the following procedures:

1. Biopsy: In this procedure, tissue in the affected area is surgically removed and sent to a pathologist to determine the presence of cancerous cells. This method can stop such cells from spreading to nearby organs. 
2. CA 125 blood test: This test measures the level of CA 125 protein that sometimes indicates the presence of ovarian cancer in the blood.
3. Pelvic examination: The doctor inserts a speculum into the vagina to inspect the cervix, uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes for any lump. The doctor may ask for a Pap test, whereby a thin tool is used to scrape some cells from the cervix, and the sample is sent to a pathology lab to check for cancer cells.
4. Ultrasound: In this method, high-energy sound waves are used to create echoes that form a picture of the pelvic area tissues.
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging: This powerful technique uses magnets and radio waves to take pictures of the fallopian tubes.
6. Computed Tomography (CT) scan: This technique uses a powerful X-ray that takes detailed pictures of the interior body parts.

How is Fallopian Tube Cancer Treated? 

The treatment for fallopian tube cancer is similar to ovarian cancer treatment, through two main methods—surgery and chemotherapy. 

Oncologist surgeons try to remove the fallopian tubes and the uterus, cervix, ovaries, and other affected areas. Chemotherapy is suggested if surgery cannot remove all of the cancer —HIPEC (hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy). This procedure involves placing heated chemotherapy in the fallopian tube area that removes the tumour and reduces the recurrence chance. The chemotherapy drugs commonly used to kill cancer cells are carboplatin and paclitaxel. Targeted therapy treatment is mainly used to identify and attack specific cancer cells using two types of targeted therapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors. Researchers and scientists are still looking for ways to cure fallopian tube cancer completely, and several clinical trials are underway.

With cancer comes the burden of hefty treatment costs that eventually exhaust people’s lifetime savings, let alone the tension and anxiety of what is to become of a loved one. Hence, a health insurance plan that ensures adequate health coverage and helps to settle cancer treatment costs is highly recommended for everyone. For one, you can explore the ICICI Lombard health insurance policy and learn about the amazing benefits it provides to the insured.

Pregnancy After Fallopian Tube Cancer 

Women affected with fallopian tube cancer may fail at childbearing, but proper diagnosis and adequate treatment can address this issue. However, pregnancy becomes difficult if the patient is in the fourth stage of cancer, as the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and uterus are affected by cancer cells.

The treatment procedure comprises: 

• Surgery to remove ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus can negate pregnancy chances forever.
• Chemotherapy can also damage the fallopian tube by inducing early menopause. 
• However, pregnancy is possible if both ovaries are removed and the embryo and eggs are frozen before surgery. Consulting a doctor is highly recommended before conceiving to avoid any sort of risk during pregnancy.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

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Introduction 

What is thymus cancer? This is a common question exasperated patients ask their doctors. Let us find out what thymus cancer is and gain knowledge about this rare cancer type. The thymus is a small organ in the upper chest above the heart and behind the sternum (breastbone). Thymus cancer occurs when cells mutate, become malignant, and grow out of control. This cancer type is common among middle-aged adults and individuals 70 years or older.

What is Thymus Cancer? 

The thymus is a small gland that plays a vital function in maintaining the body’s immune system. The thymus produces white blood cells called lymphocytes that protect us from viral and bacterial infections. The two main types of thymus cancer are thymoma carcinoma and thymic carcinoma. Thymoma cancer is more common, grows slowly, and can spread to other body parts. Thymic carcinoma develops more quickly and also spreads to other body parts. 

Symptoms of Thymus Cancer 

Most thymus cancer patients do not show symptoms until the tumour grows large enough to start pressing on nearby organs or blood vessels in the chest. The symptoms can include persistent cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, drooping eyelids, loss of appetite, double vision, dizziness, low red blood cell count, and unexplained weight loss. Many people develop an autoimmune disorder called myasthenia gravis (weakening of skeletal muscles) with the onset of this thymus tumour. 

How is Thymus Cancer Diagnosed? 

A thymus tumour can be detected with imaging tests such as chest X-ray, CT scan, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scan, Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan, and blood test. The doctor will enquire the patient about their health history, symptoms, risk factors, and family history regarding the disease. Once the tumour is surgically removed, the surgeon sends it to the pathologist who examines the tumour for cancerous growth. Doctors sometimes inject a special dye called contrast medium on the patient before the scan for clearer details of the image. 

The TNM staging system is used to assess the various stages of thymus cancer, from stage 1 to stage 4, based on the size of the tumour (T), spread to lymph nodes (N), and the indication of metastasis (M), or its spread to other parts of the body. Stage 1 is non-invasive, while stage 4 indicates the cancer’s spread to distant organs such as the liver or kidneys. Diagnosis is most critical as it helps healthcare professionals determine the ways to treat the cancer.

How is Thymus Cancer Treated? 

Treatment is primarily aimed at reducing the size of the tumour. Patients diagnosed with thymoma and thymic carcinoma undergo different types of treatments, including the following treatment methods depending on the type of thymus cancer detected. 

Doctors recommend treatment procedures according to the size and spread of the tumour in the body, which include: 

1. Surgery: Under this procedure, the tissue affected by the growth of cancer cells is surgically removed to prevent further spread to nearby organs.
2. Radiotherapy: This therapy is one of the most popular and effective medical treatments to treat thymus cancer patients. Radio oncologists use radioactive chemicals or X-rays to kill the DNA structure of cancerous cells under this therapy.
3. Chemotherapy: In this treatment procedure, the doctor adopts a chemical treatment administered through an intravenous drip that helps in blocking cell growth, and cancerous cells lose their ability to reproduce in the thymus area.
4. Targeted Therapy: This type of treatment is mainly used to identify and attack specific cancer cells in the body. Targeted therapy includes tyrosine kinase inhibitors and mammalian target rapamycin inhibitors.
5. Immunotherapy: In immunotherapy, doctors try to improve a patient's immune response by prescribing drugs such as Pembrolizumab, Cetuximab, and Nivolumab to fight cancer cells. Immunotherapy can be done if thymic carcinoma has not responded to chemotherapy.
6. Clinical trial: A clinical trial is a study that is done to test the safety and effectiveness of new or different cancer treatments. 

Coping With Thymus Cancer

Coping with a rare type of cancer as thymus cancer can be extremely challenging, causing worry, depression, and stress among the patient and their near and dear ones. The patient’s family should remain in constant touch with the concerned healthcare team if the patient faces any problems during the treatment procedure. Family members and friends often play an important role in taking care of a person suffering from a thymic tumour. They must function as caregivers, providing physical, practical, and emotional support to the patient as undergoing cancer treatment can be hard on the mind and body. 

Reducing financial stress at such times is among the most crucial aspects of the treatment stage for both patients and their families. It is in moments like these that solid health coverage becomes priceless. For instance, the ICICI Lombard health insurance policy can readily help such individuals offset cancer treatment costs.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

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From speaking to singing and from breathing to swallowing-the throat plays an incredibly important role in how we engage with the world around us. Everyone, regardless of their age, gender or lifestyle, relies on the health of their throat for a range of activities. Taking good care of your throat should be near the top of everyone’s list when considering their overall wellness. Understanding the signs and symptoms of a more serious condition like throat cancer can help ensure that any issue you may have with such a delicate area gets addressed quickly and appropriately. With this in mind, it’s essential that you understand just what impacts your throat’s health and take actionable steps towards looking after it on a daily basis.

What is Throat Cancer?

Throat cancer, in everyday language, refers to cancer that begins in your throat. However, doctors and medical experts prefer to use more precise terms because the throat area can be affected by various types of cancers. When you have medical appointments, your healthcare provider will explain the exact type of cancer you're dealing with using the correct medical terms.

For instance, cancer that starts in the thyroid gland at the front of your neck is called thyroid cancer. Cancer that begins in the tube that typically carries food to your stomach is known as esophageal cancer. Similarly, cancer that originates in the windpipe, also called the trachea, is called tracheal cancer.

Types of Throat Cancer  

The following are some of the most commonly known types of neck cancer.

• Oropharyngeal cancer: This type typically impacts the area situated just behind your mouth. Nasopharyngeal cancer: This typically emerges in the area behind your nose.
• Laryngeal cancer: This cancer refers to tumours forming within your vocal cords. The origin of the cancer can be from different parts of your voice box.
• Glottic cancer: If you encounter glottic cancer, it affects your vocal cords located in the middle of your larynx. Notably, more than half of all laryngeal cancer cases begin in this region.
• Subglottic cancer: This cancer starts beneath your vocal cords, in the lower portion of your voice box. Supraglottic cancer originates in the upper part of your larynx and might typically include the epiglottis; it is the cartilage that prevents food from entering your windpipe.

Symptoms of Throat Cancer

Listed below are some of the most commonly known throat cancer symptoms:

• Keep an eye out for recurring nosebleeds.
• The tumour's presence can affect your voice, making it quieter, huskier, or resembling a perpetual cold.
• Throat cancer can make eating and swallowing painful and difficult, leading to weight loss, a common symptom in various cancer types.
• You might encounter pain or a burning sensation when chewing or swallowing, as the tumour interferes with these actions.

Causes of Throat Cancer

The following are some of the popular risk factors that can potentially become one of the throat cancer reasons.

• If you are a man, you have a 4 to 5 times greater likelihood of developing throat cancer compared to women.
• If you have been exposed to human papillomavirus (HPV) through sexual activity with an infected partner, you are at risk of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer.
• While those over 55 years of age face a higher risk, it's crucial to note that even younger individuals can also be affected by these types of cancer.
• If you use tobacco products like cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco, or snuff, you need to be aware that these increase your risk of cancer. An astonishing 85% of cancer cases are linked to tobacco use. In addition to direct smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke and smoking marijuana can further raise this risk.
• If you have difficulty swallowing and are iron deficient, be aware that you are at a higher risk of throat cancer due to this condition.
• If you happen to frequently consume alcohol in excessive amounts, you are significantly increasing your chances of developing cancer. Combining alcohol with tobacco usage intensifies this risk more.
• If your occupation exposes you to harmful substances like asbestos, wood dust, paint fumes, or specific chemicals, your risk of developing cancer significantly increases.

Can Throat Cancer Be Prevented?

While you can't completely prevent throat cancer, you have the power to significantly reduce your risk by avoiding risk factors such as:

• Pay close attention to your diet. Opt for a healthy diet that typically includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, minimally processed meats, sugary drinks, and highly processed foods.
• Practise safe sexual habits, like limiting oral sex and the number of sexual partners, to minimise your chances of HPV exposure.
• Stop or limit your consumption of alcohol. Avoid smoking as well.

How is Throat Cancer Diagnosed?

The specific tests chosen depend on factors like the suspected cancer type, your neck cancer symptoms, age, general health, and previous medical results.

Your diagnostic process starts with a physical examination and lab tests. The doctor will inspect your neck, lips, gums, cheeks, nose, mouth, throat, and tongue for any anomalies such as a throat cancer lump.

A biopsy, involving microscopic examination of tissue samples, would provide a conclusive throat cancer diagnosis. The type of biopsy varies based on the cancer's location. Through the use of a laryngoscope, your larynx and hypopharynx will be directly examined. This procedure may also involve a biopsy.

When it comes to assessing the spread of cancer, imaging tests become a crucial part of the diagnosis. For example, computed tomography (CT) scans utilise X-rays from various angles, crafting a detailed 3D image that reveals irregularities or tumours.

What are the Different Stages of Throat Cancer?

The following are the different stages of throat and neck cancer.

The stages of early throat cancer involves the presence of abnormal cells within your throat lining that have the potential to develop into cancer.

As you advance to stage 1, the tumour measures no more than two centimetres, and the malignancy hasn't infiltrated your lymph nodes.

Progressing to stage 2, your tumour expands beyond two centimetres but remains under four centimetres in size. The cancer hasn't extended into your lymph nodes.

As you transition to stage 3, the throat cancer is more advanced. This stage involves either a tumour surpassing four centimetres in size, or the involvement of a lymph node on the same side of your neck as the tumour.

Finally, stage 4 denotes the utmost advancement of throat cancer for you. The tumour's size is variable, but will have spread to various regions, including neighbouring tissues like your neck, trachea, thyroid, oesophagus, jaw, and mouth. In the most severe cases, the cancer might have travelled to remote body parts, such as your lungs.

How is Throat Cancer Treated?

• Your throat cancer treatment options are typically customised for you by several factors, including your throat or neck cancer stage, the location of cancer, the type of cells involved, the presence of HPV infection, your overall health, and your personal preferences. The following are some of the most common throat cancer treatments:
• Chemotherapy employs drugs to eliminate cancer cells. It's often combined with radiation to enhance effectiveness. Radiation therapy employs high-energy beams like X-rays and protons to target and eliminate cancer cells. For small cancers or those not affecting lymph nodes, radiation alone may suffice.
• Targeted drug therapy targets specific defects in cancer cells to inhibit their growth.
• Surgical interventions will vary based on the cancer's location and stage. Minor cancers on the throat's surface or vocal cords may be treated with endoscopic procedures. This involves inserting a hollow endoscope, along with specialised tools or a laser, to remove the cancer. Larger tumours might require complete voice box removal, with techniques available for speech restoration. Smaller cancers may require you to opt for partial throat removal (laryngectomy) with reconstruction to restore swallowing.
• Immunotherapy utilises your immune system to combat cancer by counteracting cancer cell proteins that suppress the immune response. This method is typically reserved for advanced cases that don't respond to standard treatments.
• Post-treatment rehabilitation addresses complications, involving specialists to restore swallowing, eating, and speaking abilities.

Living with Throat Cancer

In your journey with throat and neck cancer, staying vigilant during post-treatment monitoring becomes very important.

• Regular blood tests evaluate your thyroid function, while dental check-ups focus on managing radiation-related concerns. If needed, speech, hearing, and swallowing rehabilitation help address any post-treatment challenges you might encounter.
• As you move forward, it is important to remember to stay on top of your health insurance to ensure continued coverage. Keeping a record of your medical history proves very valuable in communicating effectively with new doctors and specialists you may encounter on your recovery journey.
• It's crucial to promptly communicate any new problems or concerns to your doctors. By doing so, you aid in the early detection of any potential issues, contributing to your overall well-being.
• If your sense of smell is impacted, olfactory rehabilitation can help restore it. The impact of treatment on your intimacy is also a consideration that your healthcare team can assist you with.

Conclusion

Throat cancer comes in various forms and stages, each requiring personalised approaches. Detecting it early is key, which is why regular medical check-ups and staying vigilant about your health are essential. Working closely with healthcare experts and promptly addressing any health concerns are vital steps in managing cancer effectively. Always invest in good health insurance to get adequate coverage for your treatment.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

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Dyspnea is the medical term for “shortness of breath” when you can’t get air into your lungs. Whether caused by an underlying medical condition, illness, or physical exertion, dyspnea can be truly frightening to experience. In this article, we’ll explore everything there is to know about dyspnea.

What is Dyspnea?

So, what is dyspnea? Dyspnea, or shortness of breath, is often described as an intense tightening in the chest. A person finds it difficult to breathe and feels suffocated. The main causes for dyspnea can be strenuous exercises, extreme temperatures and obesity. There are two types of dyspnea—acute and chronic.

Acute dyspnea is a condition that comes quickly and doesn’t last very long. Allergies, anxiety, exercise and the common cold or the flu can bring this on. Chronic dyspnea lasts longer, i.e., several weeks or longer, or keeps returning. This can occur due to serious health conditions like asthma, heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). If you have dyspnea, you should see your doctor as soon as possible.

Symptoms of Dyspnea

Shortness of breath can feel different for every person, and its symptoms depend on what’s causing it. Some common signs and dyspnea symptoms include:

• Chest tightness
• Laboured breathing
• Shortness of breath
• The feeling of forceful breathing
• Rapid breathing tachypnea
• Increased heart rate
• Feeling of suffocation
• Noisy breathing or wheezing
• Heart palpitations
• Coughing

Causes of Dyspnea

Many health conditions like heart or lung diseases can cause dyspnea. Your heart and lungs are the main part of the respiratory system, responsible for providing your body with oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. So, if either of these isn’t working right, you can end up with excess or too little carbon dioxide in your blood, and in such a condition, you breathe harder to get more oxygen in or get carbon dioxide out. Engaging in intense workouts or visiting places at high altitudes are common causes of dyspnea. Resistance in airflow due to blockages or inflammation in your lungs can also lead to this condition.

Other health conditions that are the main shortness of breath causes involve:

Lung and airway conditions:

• Asthma
• Allergies
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Respiratory illnesses like bronchitis, flu, COVID-19
• Pneumonia
• Inflammation around your lungs
• Pleural effusion
• Pulmonary edema inside the lung
• Scarring or fibrosis inside the lungs
• Lung cancer
• High blood pressure in your lungs causes pulmonary hypertension
• Tuberculosis
• Partial or complete collapsed lung
• Blood clotting or pulmonary embolism

Heart and blood conditions:

• Anaemia
• Heart failure
• Cardiomyopathy
• Abnormal heart rhythm
• Endocarditis
• Pericarditis
• Myocarditis

Other conditions:

• Anxiety
• Broken ribs causing difficulty in breathing
• Some medicines like statins or beta-blockers that are used to treat high blood pressure
• Body mass index above 30
• Lack of exercise
• Sleep apnea (that can cause paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)

Diagnosis of Dyspnea

To diagnose dyspnea, your healthcare provider will ask for a medical history and perform a physical exam, including listening to your lungs and heart with a stethoscope and noting your blood pressure. You need to explain the episode of the attack with specific details like how long it lasted, how severe it was, and if you get them frequently.

The doctor may order other additional testing, including:

• Chest X-ray: In this technique, pictures of the inside of your chest are taken to know if there’s an issue with your lungs.
• Computed Tomography (CT) scan: This technique involves the use of powerful X-rays that make detailed pictures inside of our body scan.
• Blood Tests: These are done to assess the effectiveness of treatment by taking white and red blood cell counts to look for anaemia or other illnesses.
• Lung function tests. Tests are run to check lung strength and blood oxygen levels to see how well you are breathing.
• Cardiopulmonary exercise testing. This technique involves using a treadmill or stationary bike to check the amount of oxygen you take in and the carbon dioxide you release while exercising to see respiratory activities.
• Echocardiogram: Doctors may use an echocardiogram to assess heart function to assess how blood flows through the heart and heart valves. It creates a picture of the heart using sound waves to find abnormalities, if any.

Treatment of Dyspnea

A person with dyspnea is treated based on what is causing it. For example, if the cause of dyspnea is anaemia, the doctor may prescribe iron supplements. Other forms of dyspnea treatment include:

Diet and exercise

If obesity and difficulty managing your fitness levels are causing dyspnea, a balanced diet and frequent exercise can help reduce the symptoms. It has been reported that moderate weight loss without exercise can also help people deal with obesity, which will help reduce symptoms of dyspnea.

Pulmonary rehabilitation

A pulmonary lung condition like COPD requires the care of a pulmonologist, a doctor who specialises in the health of your lungs and respiratory system. They will treat the patient with medications and breathing exercises to improve lung functioning and muscle strength and increase exercise endurance and conditioning. These dyspnea patients may need supplemental oxygen in a portable tank to help keep them from feeling out of breath.

Cardiac rehabilitation

Dyspnea is usually one of several symptoms of heart failure, whose treatment involves cardiac rehabilitation. This treatment consists of using an artificial pump to assist heart function and help manage heart failure and other heart-related conditions.

How Can Dyspnea Be Prevented?

Preventing dyspnea means avoiding or managing its possible causes to control shortness of breath. This can be done using the following methods:

• Treating underlying conditions

Underlying health disorders such as lung disease, heart disease and obesity, among others, can treat dyspnea. It’s important to follow the proper treatment plan suggested by the doctor.

• Avoiding air pollution

Air pollution and airborne diseases can also cause respiratory problems and may lead to breathing problems. It is important to use safety measures like wearing masks in places with poor air quality to prevent such diseases.

• Maintaining a moderate weight.

Maintaining a healthy weight and BMI can help a person avoid dyspnea. If you are obese, it is important to seek help from a dietician and nutritionist to maintain a healthy weight.

• Avoiding over-exertion

Intense and strenuous workouts can cause short-term dyspnea. So, minimising such activities can prevent this condition.

• Avoiding asthma triggers
• Quitting smoking
• Avoiding inhaling harmful chemicals and fumes that can irritate your lungs
• Practising relaxation exercises

When Should You Call the Doctor?

Contact a healthcare provider if you have experienced severe shortness of breath, chest pain, or light-headedness. Such symptoms can be a sign of a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. After assessing the symptoms and causes of the dyspnea, your doctor will provide treatment to help you breathe better. You may also experience dyspnea if you have symptoms of COPD and pneumonia. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs with symptoms of chills, fever and coughing that produces phlegm. The phlegm can cause more difficulty in breathing alongside dyspnea, and you may have to rush to the hospital to treat it.

Conclusion

Dyspnea, meaning shortness of breath, is characterised by sudden or severe shortness of breath, alongside symptoms like nausea, chest pain or blue skin, and heart palpitations. If you’re experiencing shortness of breath regularly due to an underlying condition like lung and heart disease, speak to your healthcare provider about managing your symptoms. Don’t let dyspnea hold you back from living your best life. Stay informed and proactive in taking good care of your health. And as always, breathe deeply and live fully! Having health insurance can provide access to timely medical care and resources to help manage conditions like dyspnea effectively.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

The liver truly is a remarkable organ. As our body’s detoxifier, it filters out all sorts of toxins every day, helping us stay healthy. Unfortunately, the liver is not invincible, and fatty liver disease (FLD) can be a real threat to our well-being. This disease occurs when there is a buildup of fat in the liver. With its ability to quietly develop over many years without causing obvious symptoms, FLD has gained the reputation as a “silent epidemic”. Furthermore, many people are unaware of this severe condition and its various forms. Today, we will answer the question, “What is fatty liver disease,” and delve into its causes, symptoms, treatment options, and more.

What is Fatty Liver Disease?

The liver is the largest organ within the body, which helps us digest food, store energy, and remove toxins from the body. However, a condition called fatty liver disease can put this organ in danger. This disease occurs when too much fat accumulates in the liver, which, if left untreated, can cause serious health problems such as cirrhosis (scarring) and liver failure. It is mainly caused due to heavy alcohol consumption or due to certain medical conditions such as diabetes. FLD is of two main types: nonalcoholic and alcoholic, but it also occurs in other forms.

Although the condition can be asymptomatic in its early stages, diagnosing and managing it early on is essential. With proper diet changes, exercise, and medication, fatty liver disease can be prevented and managed effectively.

Symptoms of Fatty Liver Disease

Fatty liver disease, also called steatosis liver disease (SLD), doesn’t always show symptoms and is usually a silent disease with few or no symptoms. It usually progresses through four main stages. These are:

• Simple Fatty Liver: Excess fat builds up in the liver but is generally harmless unless it progresses further.
• Steatohepatitis: Along with excess fat, inflammation occurs in the liver.
• Fibrosis: Inflammation leads to scarring, but the liver can still function relatively well.
• Cirrhosis: Widespread scarring impairs the liver’s function, making this stage the most severe and irreversible.

People notice fatty liver symptoms once it has progressed to cirrhosis, which is when they may experience:

• Swollen belly
• Enlarged blood vessels
• Enlarged spleen
• Yellowing of skin and eyes (jaundice)
• Dark-coloured urine
• Pale stools
• Swelling in the abdomen (ascites)
• Edema
• Bleeding in the oesophagus, stomach, or rectum
• Nausea
• Loss of appetite
• Unexplained weight loss
• Malaise
• Larger-than-normal breasts in men
• Red palms
• Nausea
• Tiredness or fatigue
• Mental confusion

If you experience any of these symptoms, meet your doctor as soon as possible. This is because cirrhosis causes permanent liver damage, which can impact your quality of life. You can stop fatty liver from progressing and causing complications by following a doctor’s recommended treatment plan.

Causes of Fatty Liver Disease

So, what causes fatty liver disease? Chronic alcohol use is one of the main culprits behind FLD. Consuming too much alcohol can alter certain metabolic processes in the liver and cause Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (AFLD), a type of FLD. When these metabolic products combine with fatty acids, they form fat that can accumulate in the liver.

Other conditions that cause FLD include:

• Metabolic syndromes like insulin resistance, high cholesterol and high triglycerides
• Type 2 diabetes
• Obesity
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
• Obstructive sleep apnea
• Hypothyroidism (low levels of thyroid hormones)
• Hypopituitarism (low levels of pituitary gland hormones)
• Hypogonadism (low levels of sex hormones)

Other potential causes of fatty liver disease:

• Pregnancy (very rarely)
• Side effects from some types of medications, including amiodarone, diltiazem, tamoxifen, or steroids, build up fat in your liver.
• Infections such as hepatitis C
• Certain rare genetic conditions

Risk Factors Associated with Fatty Liver Disease

The main risk factor for developing Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (AFLD) is heavy alcohol consumption. Heavy drinking is defined in terms of grams of alcohol consumed or the number of drinks consumed weekly. To clarify, a standard drink contains about 14g of alcohol. Thus, heavy drinking is defined as:

• 15 or more drinks per week for men, or 40–80 grams (g) of alcohol per day
• 8 or more drinks per week for women or 20–40 g of alcohol per day

Other risk factors include:

• Being overweight
• Being malnourished
• Have chronic viral hepatitis C
• Insulin resistance due to type-2 diabetes
• High amounts of triglycerides or Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol or reduced levels of good High-Density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
• Rapid weight loss
• Exposure to harmful toxic fumes of chemicals

Some less common reasons factors to develop nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) include:

• Medical conditions affecting fat storage
• Hepatitis C infection
• Taking certain medicines like glucocorticoids, methotrexate, synthetic estrogen, and others
• People who have undergone surgery to remove their gallbladder are more likely to develop NAFLD

It is not necessary that having a single risk factor can cause fatty liver disease, but it does increase your chances of developing it. If you have one or more risk factors for FLD, speak to your doctor about prevention strategies.

Types of Fatty Liver Disease

FLD is classified based on the causes and the conditions associated with the fatty liver. These include:

• Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one type of fatty liver disease that is not associated with alcohol use. There are two kinds:

• Simple fatty liver: This happens when you have too much fat in your liver but little or no inflammation that can still cause liver damage or complications.
• Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): This occurs when your liver exhibits inflammation, fat deposition, and liver cell damage that may further cause fibrosis or scarring. In later stages, it may lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer.

• Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD)

Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), also called alcoholic steatohepatitis, occurs due to heavy consumption of alcohol. In general, the liver breaks down most of the alcohol you consume. It generates harmful substances during this process that can harm the liver cells, promote inflammation, and weaken the body’s natural defences. The more alcohol you drink, the more damage it causes to your liver.

• Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)

MASLD is known to be a non-alcohol-related fatty liver disease (NASLD). The risk factors for this disease include:

• Obesity
• Type 2 diabetes
• High blood pressure
• Lipid abnormalities

• Metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (MASH)

Metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a serious form of MASLD in which fat buildup causes inflammation, tissue damage, and scarring in the liver.

• MASLD and increased alcohol intake (termed MetALD)

One more type of FLD is MetALD, in which both metabolic risk factors and alcohol consumption can build up fat in your liver. The amount of risk for liver damage varies from person to person.

• Cryptogenic SLD

Sometimes, healthcare providers cannot identify the cause of steatosis liver disease and call it cryptogenic SLD.

Diagnosis of Fatty Liver Disease

The diagnosis of fatty liver starts with a health history and physical examination because most people don’t have symptoms. The doctor uses different methods to diagnose the condition, which include:

Health history and physical exam

The doctor will first ask about your alcohol use, which will help them figure out the extent of the disease. Your doctor may check for signs of liver issues, such as an enlarged liver or jaundice. They may assess your height and weight to calculate body mass index (BMI), which will help determine the chances of developing a fatty liver.

Blood tests

The following blood tests are conducted for fatty liver disease:

• Liver function tests to detect and monitor liver damage, if any.
• Fibrosis assessment tests to estimate the level of liver scarring.
• Lipid profile test that measures lipid content in the blood, such as cholesterol and triglycerides.
• Other blood tests for hepatitis C and Wilson disease (a rare genetic condition).
• Haemoglobin A1C, determines how stable your blood sugar is.

Imaging tests

The doctor may ask for an ultrasound, computerised tomography (CT) scans, or even magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reports to check how much fat is present in the liver. But these tests can only tell if there is fatty liver and cannot discriminate between simple fatty liver and NASH.

Some tests can detect fibrosis by assessing the stiffness of the liver. When liver cells usually die, they’re replaced by scar tissue, which is stiff. The stiffer the liver is, the more scarring it has.

• Transient elastography is done to measure liver stiffness using a special ultrasound machine named pulse-echo ultrasound acquisitions to measure liver stiffness.
• Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) combines ultrasound and MRI to visually map stiffness caused by inflammation and fibrosis in chronic liver diseases.

Liver biopsy

A doctor may need to conduct a liver biopsy if you’re at risk for NASH or if the doctor suspects liver cirrhosis. Here, a doctor extracts a sample of liver tissue and sends it to a lab for examination to look for liver inflammation or damage in the lining of the liver.

Treatment of Fatty Liver Disease  

There’s no specific fatty liver treatment or medication. Instead, doctors guide you to focus on helping you manage risk factors that contribute to the condition of fatty liver, including lifestyle modification and certain medications.

Your healthcare provider may recommend that you:

• Avoid consumption of alcohol: The most crucial part of alcohol-related fatty liver disease treatment is to stop drinking alcohol entirely. You may need a therapist or participate in an alcohol recovery programme to break this habit. Some medicines can help to reduce your craving for alcohol. The doctor will advise you to steer clear of alcohol even if your FLD isn’t related to alcohol use.
• Lose weight: Exercising and changing your eating and drinking patterns under a nutritionist’s supervision can help you lose weight. Certain medications, such as GLP1RA, can also help you lose weight. Doctors may also suggest bariatric surgery to lose weight in a few cases.
• Take medications to manage metabolic conditions: Certain medicines can help you with the metabolic process to manage diabetes, cholesterol, and triglycerides (fat in the blood).
• Get vaccinated for hepatitis A and B: Viral infections like hepatitis A and hepatitis B make your body more vulnerable to disease, including liver disease.

Lifestyle Changes Recommended for Fatty Liver Disease

The first-line treatment for fatty liver disease includes treatment that focuses on lifestyle changes like weight loss, dietary control, and increased physical activity. These modifications are similar to the recommendations for metabolic syndrome. They may also be applied for NAFLD, which controls blood glucose, blood pressure, triglycerides, and HDL levels.

The doctor may recommend specific lifestyle changes depending on your condition and lifestyle habits, which include:

• Weight loss
• Reduction or abstention from alcohol consumption
• Taking a nutrient-rich diet with fewer calories, low saturated fat, and trans fats
• Doing 30 minutes of exercise on most of the days
• Taking vitamin E supplements might help improve alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels and reduce liver inflammation.

However, it is always recommended to consult a doctor before you try any new supplement, as they might place stress on your liver or may interact with any ongoing medications.

Diet for Individuals with Fatty Liver Disease

If you have fatty liver disease, the doctor will advise you to make certain changes to treat your condition and lower its complications, including:

• Balance your diet: A balanced diet can help lower the risk of forming fatty liver disease. So, selecting foods from all food groups, like fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, low-fat dairy and healthy fats and oils, is recommended.
• Cut calories: You must always aim to reduce your consumption of foods that are high in calories to maintain a healthy weight.
• Focus on fibre: Increasing the uptake of fibre-rich food in the diet, like millet, fresh fruits and vegetables, legumes, and whole grains, can help improve the function of your liver.
• Limit certain foods: People living with fatty liver disease should cut down on certain foods like:
  • Sodium (salt)
  • Refined carbohydrates present in sweeteners, white rice and bread, or other refined grain products
  • Saturated fats present in red meat, full-fat dairy, and fried foods
• Limit alcohol: Talk with a doctor about whether you can have alcohol or not because people with serious liver conditions like AFLD should completely abstain from drinking alcohol entirely.
• Drink water: Staying hydrated by drinking lots of water can help keep your liver hydrated, which can help improve its health.

How can Fatty Liver Disease be Prevented?

Some general tips to prevent FLD tips include:

• Limiting or avoiding the use of alcohol even if your SLD isn’t related to alcohol use.
• Managing your weight by eating a balanced diet, i.e., one that is rich in nutrients and low in saturated fat, trans fat, and refined carbs.
• Taking steps to manage and monitor your blood sugar, triglyceride levels, and cholesterol levels as a rise in blood sugar is linked to fatty liver disease.
• Increasing uptake of fibre-rich food in the diet to help improve the function of your liver
• Doing 30 minutes of exercise on most of the days.

Conclusion

To sum up, fatty liver disease is a warning sign that can help you take steps to avoid a fatal liver condition like cirrhosis or liver cancer. The first form of treatment for fatty liver disease is to make lifestyle modifications to improve your liver health. For people dealing with Alcoholic Fatty Liver disease (AFLD), it is important to abstain from alcohol use entirely to prevent further damage to the liver. Lifestyle modifications and proper management of other medical conditions are crucial for people affected by other forms of FLD. Changes in an early stage can help you protect your liver, improve your health and prevent severe complications of this disease. Having health insurance ensures access to regular check-ups and necessary treatments, giving you peace of mind while managing your liver health effectively.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Breast cancer can feel like a daunting and overwhelming topic, but understanding the basics of what it is and how to recognize the signs could help you save your own life or that of someone else. In this article, we will go over everything from breast cancer basics, to recognizing symptoms of breast cancer, causes of the disease as well as breaking down stages for diagnosis so that we can all learn more about how to detect this important health issue. Knowing these key facts may not only help those affected by breast cancer but hopefully allow us to take proactive steps towards prevention and early detection. Additionally, the importance of having proper health insurance coverage for breast cancer diagnosis and treatment cannot be overstated. With the right breast cancer insurance policy, many patients are able to receive the best care possible, including important tests such as mammograms, MRIs, and biopsies.

What is breast cancer?

Breast cancer originates in the breast tissue, wherein cells mutate and grow out of control, creating a mass of tissue that results in a tumour. Like other cancers, breast cancer cells can grow rapidly, spreading to other tissues and organs leading to a condition known as metastasis. Sometimes, the non-cancerous tissue mass growing in the breast does not spread outside of the breast and is referred to as a benign tumour. This form is usually not life-threatening if treated on time. Some types of breast lumps can be malignant, meaning it can be spread to other body parts.

Symptoms of breast cancer

It should be noted that the signs and symptoms of breast cancer can vary for each person based on the type of breast cancer. Breast cancer often has no symptoms in the early stages and usually appears in advanced cancer stages. The signs and symptoms are:

• A breast lump or thickening which is often non-painful
• A lump or thickened area in or near the breast or underarms
• A change in shape, cup size or appearance of the breast
• Reddish skin on the breast
• A change in nipple appearance
• Abnormal or bloody fluid from the nipple.
• A blood-stained or clear fluid discharge from the nipple
• A distinct area on either side of the breast that differs from the other skin area

Levels of pain one may experience

Pain can be both a symptom of breast cancer itself or a side effect of breast cancer treatment that occurs when nerves or tissues are damaged or inflamed. The frequency of pain increases with the onset and progression of the disease because of which, the sharpness, throbbing, stabbing, aching, tingling, or pinching increases, hampering sleep patterns and the daily performance of the patient which slows down with the spread of the disease.

Causes of breast cancer

The causes of breast cancer are many, but genetic mutations also play a major role in the occurrence of breast cancer. The genes that are responsible for the occurance of breast cancer are breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) and breast cancer gene 2 (BRCA2) which significantly increases the risk for breast or ovarian cancer.

However, researchers have studied several risk factors that may increase the chances of developing breast cancer. These include:

• Age: Women aged 50 or older are more at risk to get breast cancer than younger women.
• Sex: Breast cancer can occur in both men and women but the maximum number of cases of breast cancer are reported in women
• Personal history of cancer: Our odds could go up slightly if we have certain benign breast conditions.
• Family history: Women who have a family history of breast cancer face an increased risk of developing breast cancer.

Stages of breast cancer

Knowledge of the various stages of breast cancer and its symptoms can help in the early detection of this disease. There are five stages of breast cancer. The higher the stage, the more advanced the cancer will be.

• Stage 0: Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is non-invasive and commonly referred to as stage 0 in which breast cancer cells have not spread further than the milk ducts.
• Stage I: If the tumour size is 2 cm and is only present in the breast tissue and has not spread to the lymph nodes or other tissue.
• Stage II: If the tumour size is 2 cm to 5 cm and has spread to underarm lymph nodes or larger than 5 centimetres across but has not spread to underarm lymph nodes
• Stage III: In this stage, the tumour may be of any size and has spread from 4 armpit lymph nodes to 9 armpit lymph nodes to the internal mammary lymph node.
• Stage IV: If the tumour has spread further to tissue around the breast, and nearby lymph nodes and has invaded other parts of the body and further to near and distant lymph nodes.

Risk factors associated with breast cancer

To lower the risk of breast cancer, it's important to understand the factors that contribute to its development, despite the absence of a foolproof prevention method. These factors are lsited below:

• Women in advanced age between 50 and 60 years are at a higher risk of getting this cancer
• Post-menopausal women are also at higher chance of developing breast cancer, since this stage triggers the cells of the female reproductive system to mutate.
• Research has consistently shown that women who use oral contraceptives or receive long-acting progesterone shots every 3 months for birth control have a slightly elevated risk of developing breast cancer compared to women who have never used these methods. The use of birth control implants, intrauterine devices (IUDs), skin patches, and vaginal rings may also potentially contribute to the growth of breast cancer cells. In particular, hormone-releasing IUDs have been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.
• Postmenopausal hormone therapy in which oestrogen combined with progesterone has been used to help relieve symptoms of menopause can increase the chances of developing breast cancer
• Inherited gene mutations (such as BRCA): The genes that are responsible for breast cancer are breast cancer gene 1(BRCA1) and breast cancer gene 2 (BRCA2) which increase the risk for breast or ovarian cancer.
• A family history of ovarian cancer also raises a woman’s risk of getting breast cancer.

Other factors include:

• Obesity
• Tobacco use

Types of breast cancer

Breast cancer comes in two main forms: invasive and non-invasive. Invasive breast cancer spreads beyond the breast gland or duct, potentially affecting other areas of the body. Non-invasive breast cancer, on the other hand, remains localised to the gland or duct itself. The non-invasive cancers are of two types: Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS), in which cancer is still concentrated in the ducts, and Lobular Carcinoma in Situ (LCIS), in which the disease is confined to the breasts' milk-producing glands and not spread beyond. Invasive breast cancer is an extremely rare form of breast cancer that occurs when cancer grows in the breasts' blood or lymph cells.

How is breast cancer diagnosed?

Since the symptoms of breast cancer do not appear in the initial stages, it can be difficult to diagnose breast cancer. Discovering breast cancer may involve several diagnostic techniques, each with its own purpose and capabilities. The doctor will first ask about symptoms based on medical history and after a thorough physical exam, an oncologist may make a diagnosis using the following procedures.

1. Breast Ultrasound: Utilising sound waves, this non-invasive procedure produces sonograms to capture images of the internal areas of the breast.

2. Diagnostic Mammogram: This highly-detailed X-ray is conducted when a problem, such as lumps or irregularities, is detected during a screening mammogram.

3. Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): By utilising a magnet connected to a computer, this advanced body scan generates precise images of the breast's internal structures.

4. Biopsy: This essential test involves removing tissue or fluid from the breast, which is then examined under a microscope for further analysis. There are various types of biopsies available, including fine-needle aspiration, core biopsy, and open biopsy.

When it comes to diagnosing breast cancer, these methods provide valuable insights and help healthcare professionals choose the most appropriate course of action.

How is breast cancer treated?

There are several standard types of treatment for breast cancer, the most common form being surgery. Let us explore the types of surgical procedures, as well as other treatment procedures.

1. Breast cancer surgery involves physically removing the cancerous portion of the breast. There are different types of surgery. These include:

• Lumpectomy: In this method, the tumour in the breast, and a small margin of surrounding tissue around and some of the lymph nodes, are removed.
• Mastectomy: Mastectomy is a surgical procedure used to remove the entire breast in cases where breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy) is not possible.

2. Radiotherapy: Breast cancer treatment commonly employs radiation therapy, which employs high-energy X-rays, protons, or other particles to eradicate cancer cells. The therapeutic impact of radiation therapy is more pronounced on rapidly multiplying cells, such as cancerous cells, compared to normal cells.
3. Chemotherapy: With this therapy, the doctor uses chemical treatment given through an intravenous drip that helps in blocking cell growth. This causes cancerous cells to lose their ability to reproduce.
4. Targeted Therapy: An effective approach that pinpoints and combats specific cancer cells within the body using two types of targeted therapy that include: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and mammalian target rapamycin inhibitors.
5. Immunotherapy: Doctors use immunotherapy to try to improve a patient's immune response by administering certain drugs like trastuzumab, pertuzumab and margetuximab that include monoclonal antibodies.

Can breast cancer be prevented?

Like any other cancer, breast cancer cannot be prevented; it can occur in any woman. However, there are certain things we can do that can decrease the risk of getting cancer, such as:

• Every woman should regularly examine her breasts by themselves, to look for any changes. Always consult a doctor if you notice any difference, and go for regular check-ups, especially for women over the age of 50.
• It is best to avoid smoking cigarettes as this harmful habit increases the risk of getting breast cancer.
• Regular exercise and a diet packed with healthy fruits and vegetables can aid in lowering the risk of breast cancer while promoting a healthy weight.
• Studies have shown that receiving hormonal therapy after menopause can also initiate cancer of the breast. These risks should be discussed with your doctor.
• Breastfeeding for a longer period can also help in reducing the chances of breast cancer.
• Drinking alcohol is also one of the major factors for breast cancer, and it is best to be avoided or had in very limited amounts.
• Genetic testing could also help to look for a change in the genes responsible for breast cancer that raises our risk
• Taking preventive medicines like raloxifene, tamoxifen, and aromatase inhibitors can also help to lower the risk of breast cancer.

Conclusion 

With knowledge about breast cancer symptoms, risk factors, diagnoses, treatments and resources available - anyone can make informed decisions about their health and wellness. Early detection is key, so if you're uncertain about something or feel like there might be a problem - don't hesitate to see your doctor! Knowledge is power when it comes to cancer; the more you know the better off you'll be. Additionally, get breast cancer health insurance so that medical care isn’t out of reach in times of need. Breast cancer insurance provides access to necessary medical treatments, procedures, and medications that may not otherwise be affordable. It provides coverage for breast cancer surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and other therapies that are crucial for managing the illness. With access to healthcare and resources like breast examinations as well as mammograms if needed - early detection and improved quality of life are equally achievable goals. Living fearlessly starts with understanding the details: stay informed and get insured today!

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

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• Uterine Cancer Treatment: A Comprehensive Guide
• Uterine Cancer: Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
• Uterine Fibroids Treatment: Options and Considerations

You’ve probably noticed that some diseases are tricky to spot when they first show up. But others come right out and make themselves known. One such condition is jaundice, characterised by the yellowing of the skin and eyes. While it’s common in babies and usually harmless, adults with jaundice could be dealing with an underlying health issue. That’s why knowing what is jaundice and what to look out for is important. So, let’s dive in and explore everything there is to know about jaundice.

What is Jaundice?

Jaundice is the yellow discolouration of the eyes, skin and mucous films. It happens when the body has an overproduction of bilirubin, a yellow substance produced during the breakdown of red blood cells. Under normal conditions, bilirubin passes through the liver and is eliminated in the stools. But it can’t be properly removed if there’s an excessive amount of bilirubin produced or there is severe damage to the liver or bile ducts. And that’s what gives the skin and eyes a yellowish tinge. Monitoring bilirubin levels is crucial for identifying and addressing potential health concerns.

Causes of Jaundice

Usually, the development of jaundice means there is an underlying problem in the body that either makes too much bilirubin or stops the liver from getting rid of it. These include:

• Reactions to certain drugs
• Infections like viral hepatitis
• Parasitic infections of the liver
• Cirrhosis (scarring of liver tissue)
• Heavy alcohol consumption
• Gallbladder or pancreatic cancer
• Gallstones
• Gallbladder problems that lead to bile pipe blockages, blood issues,
• Pancreatic disease, and
• Inherited liver disorders like Gilbert disorder or Dubin-Johnson condition. These affect the breakdown of bilirubin in the body

Symptoms of Jaundice

When jaundice occurs, the whites of the eyes are the primary tissues that turn yellow. This happens when bilirubin levels are moderately high. The skin turns yellow when bilirubin levels are elevated even further. Other side effects related to jaundice will depend on the reason behind it. However, the common symptoms seen in most cases include:

• Dark urine
• Pale stools
• Excessive tiredness (fatigue)

Apart from this, people may also experience the following symptoms:

• Abdominal pain
• Weight loss
• Vomiting
• Itchiness
• High temperature (fever)

Types of Jaundice

The different types of jaundice include:

• Haemolytic jaundice: This results from excessive red blood cell breakdown
• Hepatocellular jaundice: This stems from liver damage or infection
• Obstructive jaundice: This is caused by bile duct obstruction, which hinders the removal of bilirubin from the liver

Diagnosis of Jaundice

Getting a jaundice diagnosis involves a few steps. First, the doctor will ask about the patient’s medical history and perform a physical exam, all of which assess the abdomen, liver, and skin. The doctor might also order some laboratory tests to help figure out what is causing the jaundice. These include:

• Bilirubin test
• Full blood count to measure the level of red and white blood cells and platelets
• Blood tests to detect liver infections like hepatitis A, B, and C

If the doctor suspects a liver blockage is causing the jaundice, they might conduct imaging tests like MRIs, CT scans, or ultrasounds. In some cases, they may perform an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), which combines endoscopy and X-ray imaging.

In certain situations, a liver biopsy might also be needed. This involves taking a small sample of liver tissue with a needle and examining it under a microscope. This can help check for inflammation, cirrhosis, cancer, or fatty liver.

Treatment of Jaundice

Jaundice treatment mainly focuses on addressing the underlying condition rather than directly treating the jaundice itself.

If you’re dealing with acute viral hepatitis, you can be assured that the jaundice will naturally go away as your liver heals. In cases where a blocked bile duct is to blame, your doctor might recommend surgery to open it up. And if you’re experiencing itching, your doctor can prescribe cholestyramine, a medication taken orally to combat bile acid-induced itching. If severe liver damage is the cause of jaundice, a liver transplant might be the way out.

Newborns and Jaundice

Jaundice affects around 60% of full-term infants and 80% of premature babies. It typically emerges within the first days of life because they have too many red blood cells. These cells break down a lot and need to be replaced. However, newborns have underdeveloped livers, so they struggle to get rid of the bilirubin in their blood, leading to jaundice. Apart from this, a few other factors are associated with jaundice in babies, including:

• An underactive thyroid gland
• Blood group incompatibility between the pregnant person and the baby
• Rhesus disease, where the pregnant person’s antibodies attack the baby’s blood cells
• Urinary tract infection
• Blockage in the bile ducts and gallbladder

Breastfeeding or chest feeding can also increase the likelihood of jaundice in newborns, but don’t worry, there’s no need to stop feeding the baby this way. In these cases, the jaundice symptoms usually go away within a few weeks.

While usually harmless, monitoring bilirubin levels is crucial, as excessive levels may require treatment to avert potential complications. Treatment often involves phototherapy, exposing the baby to specialised lights that aid bilirubin breakdown. In severe cases, interventions like blood exchange transfusions may be necessary.

Complications Associated with Jaundice

The treatment of jaundice may lead to certain complications or side effects like constipation, stomach pain, bloating, or diarrhoea. In babies, issues may involve fever, vomiting, lethargy, difficulty waking, distinctive crying, and, in severe cases, possible brain damage causing hearing loss, mobility problems, and dental issues. The underlying issues that cause jaundice can also result in their own complications.

How Can Jaundice Be Prevented?

Here are a few simple tweaks to your everyday routine that can help prevent jaundice:

• Eat healthy, balanced meals
• Stay active and get those endorphins flowing
• Go easy on the alcohol—moderation is key
• Steer clear of harmful chemicals and toxins, whether they’re in the air or on your skin
• Be mindful when it comes to medication management
• Ensuring immunisation against hepatitis A and B viruses can help prevent liver infections that can lead to jaundice
• Safe practices: Practising safe sex, avoiding sharing needles, and using sterile equipment can reduce the risk of contracting hepatitis viruses

Conclusion

Jaundice is a condition that affects many people, but it doesn’t have to be a cause for concern. You can better navigate this condition by understanding the various causes of jaundice and knowing when to seek medical attention. Remember, jaundice causes and experiences may differ, and it’s always best to consult a healthcare professional for personalised advice. Stay informed, take proactive measures, and remember that your health should always remain a top priority. Having health insurance can provide essential financial support for timely diagnosis and treatment.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Malaria is a disease that is of global health concern. Despite making progress in fighting this mosquito-borne illness, we still witness millions of cases every year. It can affect anyone, regardless of age, gender, or socioeconomic status. With globalisation and increased travel, even those in developed nations with strong healthcare systems are at risk of exposure. In this article, we’ll explore everything you need to know about malaria—what causes it, how it spreads, different kinds of malaria parasites, common symptoms, diagnosis, and especially how it can be prevented or treated.

What Is Malaria?

Malaria is caused by a parasite named Plasmodium. This parasite is transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitoes. Once inside the body, the parasite multiplies in the liver and then attacks red blood cells. This can cause severe symptoms, mainly fever and chills. For some people, malaria can be deadly. Luckily, the disease is preventable and, more importantly, treatable. If you plan a trip to a high-risk area, ensure you have protective clothing, bed nets, and mosquito repellant.

Symptoms Of Malaria

The main symptoms of malaria include the following:

• High fever is one of the most common symptoms people tend to disregard. The fever may come in intervals, causing the body temperature to rise sharply and then drop, accompanied by chills.
• Infected people experience severe chills that can range from moderate to severe.
• Profuse sweating is seen in most individuals as the body struggles to maintain its temperature due to fever spikes.
• Headaches are common during malaria infections, ranging from mild discomfort to debilitating pain and persist throughout the illness.
• A person may experience abdominal pain, which can range from mild discomfort to a little too much. The patient might feel weird churning sensations in their stomach.
• Muscle pain is very common due to this parasitic disease. As the body gets weaker, the muscles and joints start aching.
• Patients experience nausea for a long time, which kills their appetite.
• Vomiting is also one of the severe symptoms of malaria. This also leads to loss of water from the body.
• Diarrhoea is another symptom that also promotes the loss of water in the body. It also hinders the absorption of nutrients in the body.
• Anaemia can occur due to malaria as blood platelet levels drop.
• Deep breathing and respiratory distress: A person might need to take deep breaths profusely and have respiratory issues like feeling claustrophobic or deprived of air.
• Clinical jaundice and vital organ dysfunction can also occur.
• A patient might lose consciousness due to malaria.
• Coma is a severe symptom indicating infection is taking over the body.
• Severe infection can lead to bloody stools, adding to the patient’s discomfort.

Causes of Malaria

Several species of Plasmodium can cause malaria in humans, including:

• Plasmodium falciparum
• Plasmodium vivax
• Plasmodium ovale
• Plasmodium malaria
• Plasmodium knowlesi

When a mosquito, specifically a female Anopheles mosquito, feeds on an infected individual’s blood, it ingests the parasites and blood. Within the mosquito, the parasites undergo development, eventually reaching the stage where they can infect another person when the mosquito feeds on another human.

When the infected mosquito bites a healthy individual, the parasite travels through the bloodstream and reaches the liver to reproduce. After that, they return to the bloodstream and infect the healthy red blood cells. This is when symptoms like chills and fever begin showing up. The symptoms get worse as the number of parasites multiply. Several human and environmental factors are responsible for the spread of malaria, such as climate change, stagnant water bodies where mosquitoes breed, and poor health infrastructure.

Where is the Condition Common?

Malaria is common in tropical and subtropical countries. These regions are warm and humid, making them suitable for breeding mosquitoes. Common areas recognised by WHO where malaria outbreaks are seen every year are:

• Africa: Sub-Saharan Africa bears the highest burden of malaria cases and deaths globally. Countries like Nigeria, Congo, Uganda, Mozambique, and Burkina Faso have high transmission rates due to climate, lack of resources, and socioeconomic challenges.

• South and Southeast Asia: Countries like India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and some parts of Southeast Asia have significant malaria transmission, although progress has been made in reducing the incidence in some areas.

• Latin America: Malaria is present in some countries of Central and South America, with higher incidence rates in regions such as the Amazon basin, affecting countries like Brazil, Peru, Colombia, and Venezuela.

Malaria is common in these areas due to the climate as well as poor health infrastructure in these countries. This emphasises the need for more awareness. Efforts by governments, international organisations, and health agencies have led to significant strides in reducing malaria cases, but it remains a major health concern in these areas.

Diagnosis of Malaria

Malaria testing determines whether the parasite is present in the patient’s blood. Some methods used as diagnostic techniques are:

• Microscopic examination: A medical professional will use a microscope to look for plasmodium parasites in a blood smear.

• Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs): RDTs are quick and easy-to-use tests that detect specific malaria antigens in a blood sample. The test usually provides immediate results within 15 to 20 minutes. This method is used during emergencies and when there is an increased number of patients.

• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): PCR tests are highly sensitive and accurate molecular techniques. It is used to detect the genetic material of the malaria parasite. PCR can accurately identify the distinctive species of Plasmodium.

Treatment of Malaria

Malaria treatment depends on various factors. These factors include the severity of symptoms, parasite species, age, and health status of the person.

Commonly used medications for treating malaria include:

• Antimalarial drugs

Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTs): ACTs, such as artemether-lumefantrine, artesunate-amodiaquine, and others, are effective against Plasmodium falciparum, which is the most deadly malaria parasite. The therapy works by reducing the number of parasites in the blood.

• Chloroquine and other medications

This medication is used for regions where the malaria parasite is still sensitive to chloroquine. However, due to increasing resistance, it may not be effective in some areas. Medications like mefloquine or atovaquone-proguanil may be prescribed depending on the specific type of parasite and drug resistance patterns.

• Treatment of Severe Malaria

In severe cases of malaria, particularly caused by Plasmodium falciparum, hospitalisation and intravenous (IV) medications like quinine or artesunate are required. This is vital in preventing complications in the body and reducing the risk of death.

• Preventive therapy

Chemoprophylaxis is prescribed in some instances where the patient is at risk of contracting malaria.

How Can Malaria Be Prevented?

Prevention of malaria requires a multifaceted approach to minimise the risk of mosquito bites and parasite transmission. Some of the key preventive measures are as follows:

• Vector control
• Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets (ITNs): Sleeping under ITNs can significantly reduce mosquito bites, especially during nighttime when the Anopheles mosquitoes, carriers of malaria, are active.
• Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS): Spraying insecticides inside dwellings helps kill mosquitoes and reduce their numbers, decreasing the risk of malaria transmission.
• Other methods include using mosquito repellents like incense sticks, fabric roll-ons, and creams.

• Antimalarial medication

If you are travelling to a malaria-prone area, it is advised to take Chemoprophylaxis to reduce the risk of infection. It is taken before, during and after the trip. Consultation with a healthcare professional is essential to determine the most suitable medication based on the travel destination and individual health considerations.

• Environmental measures

Eliminating or reducing mosquito breeding sites by draining stagnant water, covering water containers, and proper waste management helps limit mosquito reproduction. Building houses with screened windows and doors can reduce indoor exposure to mosquitoes. Prompt water is where mosquitoes breed and can be collected outside the home. Stay aware of the surroundings and check for stagnant water regularly.

• Community Engagement and Education

Increasing awareness among people through various means of mass communication can significantly help prevent malaria. Involving communities in malaria control programs can enhance the adoption of preventive measures and improve overall health outcomes.

Conclusion

To sum it up, malaria is a preventable, deadly disease. We must educate ourselves and others about this illness to prevent its spread. From understanding its transmission and symptoms to knowing how to protect yourself from mosquito bites, we can all play a role in eradicating malaria. Let’s not wait for an outbreak to take action; let’s start now by making small changes in our daily lives, advocating for change, and ensuring we have health insurance for added protection.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Ovarian cancer is a form of cancer that is not often talked about. It is a type of cancer that grows in the ovaries, which are the main part of the female reproductive system. Women who are diagnosed with this form of cancer often do not exhibit any symptoms in the early stages of the disease, which can make it difficult to catch. Unfortunately, this also means that the cancer has typically spread to other parts of the body by the time it is detected, making it more difficult to treat successfully. While the thought can be scary, it is important to understand the various ovarian cancer symptoms, in order to catch it as early as possible. In this article, we'll explore everything you need to know about ovarian cancer- from risk factors and symptoms to ovarian cancer stages diagnosis, treatments, and more. We hope our insights leave you feeling educated and empowered in your battle against ovarian cancer!

What is ovarian cancer?

Women have two ovaries which are an important part of the female reproductive system. Ovaries are located on each side of the uterus and produce eggs and hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone. Ovarian cancer can start in one or both ovaries, when abnormal cells grow and multiply out of control and even in the abdominal lining, called the peritoneum. Like other cancers, ovarian cancer can invade and grow spreading to other tissues and organs leading to a condition known as metastasis. Epithelial ovarian cancer is reported to be the most common type of ovarian cancer, in which cancer cells start growing on the surface of the ovary.

Symptoms of ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer-related symptoms are hard to find in its earliest stages, and is often detected in the advanced stage of cancer.  So it is always recommended to consult a gynaecologist in cases of irregular menstruation or any abnormalities related to the female reproductive system. The ovarian cancer symptoms include:

• Vaginal bleeding (not occuring because of menstruation)
• Irregular menstrual periods
• Watery or white vaginal discharge that contains blood
• Urge to urinate frequently
• Discomfort in the pelvic area
• Fullness after eating less amount of food
• Bleeding from the vagina after menopause
• Gastrointestinal problems like bloating
• Swelling in the lower abdomen
• Pain in the lower belly
• Constipation
• Painful intercourse
• Fatigue

Risk factors associated with ovarian cancer

According to studies, there is no particular way to prevent ovarian cancer, but we might be able to reduce the chances of developing this disease by understanding a few risk factors, such as: 

• Women with advancing age between 50 to 79 years are at a higher risk of getting this cancer
• Inherited gene mutations (such as BRCA): The genes that are responsible for ovarian cancer are breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) and breast cancer gene 2 (BRCA2), which increase the risk for breast or ovarian cancer. You can consult with your doctor about getting gene testing, especially if the risk runs in your family.
• Certain post-menopausal conditions can trigger the cells of the female reproductive system to mutate, leading to ovarian cancer.
• Birth control:Most studies have found that women using oral contraceptives or taking long-acting progesterone shots every 3 months for birth control have a slightly higher risk of ovarian cancer than women who have never used them.
• Being overweight or obese has been directly linked to having a higher risk of developing many cancers, including ovarian cancer.
• Postmenopausal hormone therapy,in which oestrogen combined with progesterone has been used to help relieve symptoms of menopause, have been found to increase the risk of developing cancer.
• Having a family history of endometrial cancer or colorectal cancer can also raise the risk of developing ovarian cancer.

Stages of ovarian cancer

After diagnosing ovarian cancer, healthcare professionals assess its stage and grade to develop an effective treatment plan. There are four ovarian cancer stages, determined by the extent of the disease's spread.

• Stage I: In this ovarian cancer stage, cancer is present in both ovaries and fallopian tubes and in the space around the ovary (called the peritoneal cavity).
• Stage II: In this stage, the cancer is not only in the ovaries but has spread to the uterus and also to other nearby structures in the pelvis.
• Stage III: In this stage, the tumour is 2 centimetres or more in size, and has spread beyond the pelvic area, lymph nodes and it could impact other organs, like the liver and spleen.
• Stage IV: Stage IV cancer is the most severe stage in which the cancer has spread to the inside of organs such as the liver or spleen, and also to the lymph nodes of the groin or into the chest.

Types of ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancers are divided based on the cell in which they form. Three main common types of ovarian cancer have been reported so far namely:

• Epithelial cells which occur in the lining of the ovary
• Germ cells that forms eggs which help in reproduction
• Stromal cells that form the structure of ovaries and help in hormone release

How is ovarian cancer diagnosed?

A doctor diagnoses ovarian cancer based on the existing signs and symptoms and may ask for a medical history, and a thorough physical examination. Here are a few steps that a doctor make take in the process of diagnosis:

1. The doctor will first ask about family and medical history, since a family history of cancer or the presence of any existing medical conditions raises the risk of ovarian cancer.
2. CA 125 blood test: This test measures the level of Cancer Antigen 125 (CA 125) protein in the blood. High levels of this antigen may indicate the presence of ovarian cancer.
3. Pelvic exam: The doctor will examine the cervixand assess the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes for any sort of lump. The doctor may take a small sample of cells from the which is then sent to a pathology lab.
4. Ultrasound: In this method, high-energy sound waves are used to create echoes that form a distinct picture of the pelvic area tissues.
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging: This is a powerful technique that uses magnets and radio waves to create clear images of the ovaries.
6. Computed Tomography (CT) scan: This technique involves the use of a powerful X-ray that makes detailed images of our body.

How is ovarian cancer treated? 

The standard approach for ovarian cancer treatment typically includes a combination of surgery and chemotherapy. During surgery, doctors remove the cancerous tissue through an operation. Chemotherapy, on the other hand, involves the use of special medications to either shrink or eliminate the cancer. These medications can be taken orally or administered intravenously, and in some cases, a combination of both methods may be used.

Another treatment option for ovarian cancer is targeted therapies, which specifically target cancer cells in order to inhibit their growth or spread. These targeted therapy drugs can be taken orally or given through intravenous infusion. To determine the most suitable targeted ovarian cancer treatment specifically for you, your doctor may recommend genetic testing.

Can ovarian cancer be prevented?

While cancer cannot be prevented, there are certain things you can do to reduce your chances of developing this disease, especially if you are at a high risk of getting it. These include:

• Using birth control pills for five or more years.
• Undergoing tubal ligation, removal of ovaries or fallopian tubes, or a hysterectomy.
• Having children and considering breastfeeding for a year or more.
• Genetic testing could also help to look for a change in the genes responsible for ovarian cancer.
• Maintain a healthy weight, as studies show being overweight may increase the risk of getting cancer

Remember to consult your doctor to discuss personalised strategies for reducing your risk. While these methods can be effective, it's important to weigh the risks and benefits associated with each option. For example, while birth control pills can lower ovarian cancer risk, they may increase the chances of breast cancer. Take proactive steps, but understand that there is no guarantee against cancer.

Conclusion 

While educating yourself is certainly an invaluable way to protect yourself from ovarian cancer, it's equally important to take further proactive steps like getting health insurance. Having health insurance can give you access to services that may help spot ovarian cancer in its early stages. Additionally, many health insurance plans cover expensive treatments and medications that will be helpful if you do develop ovarian cancer further down the road. We hope this article has shed light on what you need to know about ovarian cancer, but the main takeaway here is simple: knowledge is power! Equip yourself with strategies of protection in order to keep yourself safe against this severe disease.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

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• Uterine Cancer Treatment: A Comprehensive Guide
• Uterine Cancer: Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
• Uterine Fibroids Treatment: Options and Considerations
• Understanding Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment

Chickenpox might seem like a harmless childhood rite of passage, but the viral disease warrants closer attention. Increasing reports of its occurrence have been reported among adults in recent times. While the itchy blisters and mild fever tend to resolve on their own, chickenpox poses certain risks—particularly for babies, pregnant women, and those with weakened immune systems. This blog will explore the chickenpox virus in depth, including how it spreads, common symptoms, and treatment options.

What is Chickenpox?

Chickenpox is a contagious disease brought on by the Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV). It can cause an extremely itchy, blister-like rash, among other chickenpox symptoms. The rash first appears on the chest, back, and face and then spreads over the entire body. It is transmitted from person to person through direct contact and usually lasts for five to seven days.

Symptoms of Chickenpox

The chickenpox rash appears 10 to 21 days after exposure to the varicella-zoster virus. It often lasts about 5 to 10 days. Other chickenpox symptoms that may appear 1 to 2 days before the onset of the rash include:

• Fever
• Appetite loss
• Headaches
• Tiredness

Once the chickenpox rash appears, it undergoes three phases:

• Raised bumps called papules break out over a few days.
• Small fluid-filled blisters called vesicles form in about one day and then break and leak.
• Chickenpox causes crusts and scabs, which cover the broken vesicles and take some more time to heal. For the next few days, new bumps will keep showing up. You may even have bumps, blisters, and scabs simultaneously. This virus can be spread to other people for up to 48 hours before the appearance of the rash. And the virus stays contagious until all the broken blisters have finally crusted over.

The disease is relatively mild in healthy kids. But sometimes, the rash can cover the entire body, which can cause great discomfort. Blisters may even form in the throat and eyes. They may also form within the inside of the urethra, anus, and vagina.

Chickenpox symptoms in adults who did not get the disease as kids may be similar to those seen in children, but they could be more serious.

Causes of Chickenpox

A virus called varicella-zoster causes chickenpox. This highly contagious virus belongs to the family of herpesviruses, which also includes herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, Epstein-Barr virus, and others. Chickenpox spreads through direct contact with the rash. It can also spread when an infected individual coughs or sneezes and breathes in the air droplets.

How Does Chickenpox Spread?

Individuals who have never had chickenpox, have never received the vaccination, or have a weakened immune system are at the greatest risk of acquiring the infection. Chickenpox is easily transmitted by touching an infected person's blisters, saliva, or mucus. The virus can also spread through the air by coughing and sneezing. It can be spread indirectly by touching an infected person's freshly contaminated items, like clothing. A person with shingles can also cause chickenpox in a person who has never had chickenpox through direct contact. It's important to remember that dry and crusted blisters are no longer contagious.

Diagnosis of chickenpox

Diagnosing chickenpox involves a clinical evaluation based on the characteristic symptoms. The distinctive itchy rash with fluid-filled blisters, fever, and fatigue is a crucial indicator of chickenpox. A doctor or nurse will directly know whether a child or adult has chickenpox by recognising a person's telltale rash and asking a few questions about their symptoms.

If a person is not vaccinated and is unsure of contracting chickenpox as a child, laboratory tests can determine the virus's presence in the body. Adults who have had chickenpox as children will not get the disease again because they develop immunity to the virus. Testing also helps doctors distinguish the symptoms of chickenpox from other conditions with similar symptoms, such as shingles, which is brought on by the same virus that causes chickenpox.

Treatment of Chickenpox

Chickenpox has no cure, but it usually resolves within a week or two without treatment. A doctor may prescribe medication for severe conditions and can advise you on reducing symptoms of itchiness and discomfort.

The following are some chickenpox treatments that may alleviate symptoms:

• Pain-relieving drugs: Acetaminophen may help reduce a high fever and pain when a person has chickenpox. This has to be taken as per the instructions provided by the doctor. Avoid using aspirin-containing products to treat chickenpox, as this can lead to complications.
• Avoiding dehydration: Drink plenty of fluids, preferably water, to prevent dehydration as it can complicate chickenpox.
• Limit certain foods. Avoid salty or spicy foods. If chewing is painful, soup is a good option, but avoid making it too hot.
• Reduce itching: Although difficult, it is essential to minimise scratching to reduce scarring. Topical ointments or cool bath tablets can be helpful.

The following may also help prevent scratching:

• Place soft gloves or even socks over a child's hands when they go to sleep so they do not scratch themselves during the night
• Wear loose clothing

A doctor may prescribe an antiviral medication for pregnant women who get an early diagnosis, for newborn babies, and for those with a compromised immune system.

How Can Chickenpox Be Prevented?

Prevention of chickenpox involves a combination of vaccination, good hygiene practices, and isolation measures. Here are essential preventive measures:

• Vaccination: Ensure that children receive the recommended two doses of the chickenpox vaccine as part of routine immunisation schedules. Adults susceptible to chickenpox or without the disease should also consider vaccination.
• Isolation: Keep individuals with chickenpox isolated from others, especially those who are not immune, until all blisters have crusted over. Avoid as much physical contact as possible with infected people to prevent the spread of the virus.
• Hygiene Practices: Encourage regular washing of hands with soap and clean water, especially if you've had direct contact with an infected person or their belongings. Teach respiratory hygiene, such as covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing to stop the virus from being transmitted.
• Avoiding High-Risk Situations: Individuals with weakened immune systems or pregnant women who are not immune should avoid contact with those infected with chickenpox.

Complications Associated with Chickenpox

Among unvaccinated people who develop chickenpox, a few may have more severe symptoms. Adults are more prone to developing complications than children, but even in adults, it is a rare occurrence.

Contact a doctor if any of the following symptoms show up:

• Infection: If the skin surrounding the spots and blisters becomes red and tender or sore. This may be an indication of a bacterial infection.
• Breathing problems: If a person has breathing difficulties, they may develop pneumonia, which must be addressed immediately.
• Encephalitis: A person can develop inflammation of the brain. Symptoms include confusion, sleepiness, behaviour, or personality changes.
• Reye's syndrome: In rare cases, recovering children and teenagers may develop swelling of the liver and brain.
• Bleeding: A person can experience haemorrhage, which is characterised by blood loss from a ruptured blood vessel.
• Sepsis: An improper response to chickenpox infection within the body may cause sepsis, which is a medical emergency that can lead to organ failure and even death. This is very rare.

Pregnant women have a slightly higher chance of developing pneumonia due to chickenpox. There is also a risk of the mother passing the infection on to her foetus. There is a higher risk of the foetus developing congenital varicella syndrome if the infection occurs during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. This can cause severe scarring in the foetus, as well as eyesight issues, brain drainage, and shortened arms or legs.

Conclusion

Understanding the various symptoms, treatment options, and preventive measures for chickenpox is crucial for maintaining public health. Vaccination remains the most effective tool in curbing the spread of this infectious disease. Promoting good hygiene practices and awareness can also contribute to a safer and healthier community. Moreover, comprehensive health insurance coverage is vital in ensuring access to timely medical care, covering potential complications, and easing the financial burden associated with healthcare expenses.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Lymphoma is the general term for a group of blood cancers that occurs in our lymphatic system. This vital system is made up of a network of tissues, vessels and organs that helps in fighting infections in our body. This cancer is also known as blood cancer, as it starts in the white blood cells (lymphocytes) in the lymphatic system. A specific reason for the occurrence of lymphoma and related cancer cannot be attributed to any specific cause and the research continues. In this article, we will explore what is lymphoma, its causes, treatment options and more.

What is lymphoma?

Lymphoma, a type of cancer, affects the lymphatic system that plays a vital role in defending the body against infection.  This type of cancer can quickly metastasize or spread to different tissues and organs like the liver, bone marrow, spleen, thymus and lungs. It can occur at any age, but the most commonly reported cases of lymphoma are of children and young adults aged 15-24 years. There are 2 main types of lymphoma: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is the most common type that develops from B and T lymphocytes (cells) present in the lymph nodes or tissues throughout the body. Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer of the immune system that involves abnormal large B lymphocytes that usually moves from one lymph node to an adjacent one.

Symptoms of lymphoma

The most common lymphoma symptoms can include:

• Swelling of one or more lymph nodes that does not cause pain
• High fever persisting for a longer period without infection
• Unexplained weight loss
• Loss of appetite
• Persistent fatigue or tiredness
• Sweaty nights
• Unusual itching
• Shortness of breath
• Cough and chest pain
• Swelling in armpits, neck or abdomen
• Bruising or Bleeding

Causes of Lymphoma

Doctors do not understand the real lymphoma causes. However, there are certain factors that can increase our risk of developing lymphoma. These include:

• Genetics: Disease-fighting white blood cells go through genetic mutation and continue to multiply in the lymphatic fluid. As a result, cancer spreads to the patient's lymph nodes, liver and spleen.
• Viral disease: There is an increased risk of acquiring lymphoma after exposure to certain viruses including HIV(human immunodeficiency virus) and Epstein-Barr (causes mononucleosis)
• Weak immune system: A person would be at higher risk of developing lymphoma if their immune systemis weakened by other conditions or medical treatments. For example,  people who undergo organ transplantation and have to take immunosuppressant medication to keep their bodies from rejecting the transplanted organ would have a weak immune system.
• Autoimmune disease: Individuals with autoimmune diseases have an increased susceptibility to blood cancer, a condition in which the body mistakenly targets its own cells. Conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and celiac disease are associated with a heightened risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

How is Lymphoma diagnosed?

To diagnose lymphoma in a suspected patient, a doctor will perform a biopsy by removing cells from an enlarged lymph node which is then sent to a hematopathologist for examination. The other tests to diagnose lymphoma are:

• Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: This technique involves the use of powerful X-rays that create detailed pictures inside the body
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET): This scan is done to acquire a three-dimensional image, to look for lymphoma in the bone marrow.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging: It is a powerful technique that uses magnets and radio waves to acquire images of the lymph nodes.
• Bone Marrow Biopsy: Bone marrow biopsy, in which a small amount of liquid is taken from the bone marrow, is done to identify if cells present in the bone marrow are cancerous or not.
• Gland Biopsy: It involves the biopsy of lymph nodes or tissue of the nearby cells
• Ultrasound: In this method, high-energy sound waves are used to create echoes that form a picture of the abdominal organs.
• Lumbar puncture: This is performed where a small amount of fluid from the spine is removed and tested for cancer cell growth.

How is lymphoma treated?

Lymphoma treatment can vary based on the type of lymphoma, its stage and symptoms, and the associated health risk to the patient. These include the following therapies:

• Chemotherapy uses certain drugs to destroy cancer cells or stop them from multiplying further.
• Radiation Therapy is the type of treatment that involves utilising high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells. This type of therapy is done in patients that do not need to undergo surgery.
• Targeted therapy utilizes drugs and other substances to target specific cancer cells.
• Immunotherapy therapy drugs like nivolumab and pembrolizumab are also given to the lymphoma patient which uses the body’s T cells to attack the cancer cells.
• Stem cell transplant: If the doctor doesn’t see any improvement with these treatments, the patient undergoes chemotherapy in an attempt to destroy as many cancer cells as possible, after which, a stem cell transplant is carried out, where stem cells from a donor are transplanted to the cancer patient to replace the damaged cells.

What to expect from the condition?

Being diagnosed with bone marrow cancer can be a life-altering experience that is both emotionally and physically challenging. Coping with the news and managing the range of physical changes can seem overwhelming, but it's important to remember that you're not alone. Establishing and fostering a support network is essential for navigating the challenges of treatment. The unwavering support of friends, family, and healthcare professionals offers encouragement, guidance, and a compassionate ear. Although the journey may present obstacles, rest assured that there are accessible resources to help you navigate the tough times with ease. Remember, it's okay to ask for support and to take things one day at a time.

How to take care of yourself?

Receiving a diagnosis of bone marrow cancer can be overwhelming for patients and their loved ones alike. Thus, involving yourself in activities like meditation, and breathing exercises can help to ease stress and can improve the quality of life. Cancer patients can enroll themselves in cancer wellbeing programs which can mentally help them to stay strong. Eating healthy and staying physically active can also help manage side effects of treatment. Managing stress and seeking emotional support can also improve your well-being. Remember to take things one step at a time and seek help when needed.

Conclusion 

The journey of being diagnosed with cancer and receiving treatment is a tremendous challenge. Timely diagnosis has a significant impact on the effectiveness of treatment. To provide appropriate care for cancer patients, a strong financial state is necessary to cover the expenses of treatment. Health insurance can be an instrumental tool for anyone facing a cancer diagnosis. This is because health insurance can provide invaluable financial support, ensuring that cancer patients receive the diagnosis and treatment they require without enduring the added stress of mounting medical bills. So, just remember, with prompt detection of lymphoma symptoms and appropriate care, one can effectively combat cancer treatment.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

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• Understanding Lymphopenia: Unveiling Its Causes
• What lymphocyte count is considered dangerous?
• Causes of Hairy Cell Leukemia: Unraveling the Origins of a Unique Blood Disorder
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Tuberculosis occurs worldwide and remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in many countries, including India. There were an estimated 10.4 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths caused by TB globally in 2015. Of these, there were an estimated 2.8 million new cases in India, and 0.48 million people died in India due to TB in 2015.

It is a cause for concern as India stands first in terms of absolute number of cases. Let us dive deeper into the tuberculosis meaning and its other aspects.

What is tuberculosis?

Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily targets the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. It spreads through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

Only some people infected with tuberculosis bacteria become sick immediately. Some may develop latent TB infection, where the bacteria are present but do not cause illness. In such cases, tuberculosis causes no symptoms, and the person is not contagious.

Types of tuberculosis

There are several stages and forms of the disease:

• Primary TB: This is the first stage of a tuberculosis infection. Your immune system may be able to fight off the germs. But sometimes, it doesn’t destroy all of them, and they keep multiplying. You may not have any TB symptoms at this stage, or you might have a few flu-like symptoms.
• Latent TB Infection: Latent TB infection occurs when the TB bacteria are present in the body but are not actively causing illness. Individuals with latent TB do not experience symptoms and are not contagious.
• Active TB Disease: Active TB disease occurs when the bacteria become active and cause illness. Common symptoms include a persistent cough, chest pain, fatigue, weight loss, and fever.
• Active TB outside the lungs: A tuberculosis infection that spreads from your lungs to other parts of the body is known as extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Your symptoms will depend on which part of your body the infection affects.

Symptoms of tuberculosis

Active tuberculosis symptoms in the lungs include:

• A cough that lasts more than three weeks
• Chest pain
• Coughing up blood
• Feeling tired all the time
• Night sweats
• Chills
• Fever
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
  
  

When TB is outside the lungs, you may have these same symptoms, along with pain near the infected area.

Causes of tuberculosis

The bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes TB. It spreads when an infected person talks, coughs, or sneezes, releasing tiny droplets containing the bacteria into the air. People nearby can inhale these droplets and become infected.

Risk factors for tuberculosis

You're more likely to get tuberculosis if:

• A friend, co-worker, or family member has active TB.
• You live in or have travelled to an area where TB is common, like Russia, Africa, Eastern Europe, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean.
• You're part of a group in which TB is more likely to spread, or you work or live with someone who is diagnosed with TB. This includes unhoused people, people with HIV, those in jail or prison, and those who inject drugs.
• You work or live in a hospital or nursing home.
• You're a healthcare worker for patients at high risk of TB.
• You're a smoker.

You're at higher risk of developing active TB if you have:

• HIV or AIDS
• Diabetes
• Severe kidney disease
• Head or neck cancer
• Low body weight and poor nutrition

Or use:

• Cancer treatments such as chemotherapy
• Medications for organ transplants
• Certain drugs to treat rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and psoriasis

Babies and young children are at higher risk of developing active TB because their immune systems aren't fully formed. Children under 5, teens and young adults aged 15-25, and adults aged 65 and older are most likely to get active tuberculosis.

Diagnosis of tuberculosis

Prompt and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective TB management. If someone shows symptoms or has been in contact with a TB-infected person, seeking medical attention for proper testing is crucial.

Tuberculin Skin Test (TST): This standard method involves a tuberculosis test by injecting a small amount of TB protein under the skin. After 48 to 72 hours, a healthcare provider checks for a raised bump at the injection site. This helps determine if the person has been infected with TB.

There are two common tests for tuberculosis:

• Tuberculosis skin testing

This is also known as the Mantoux tuberculin skin test. A technician injects a small amount of fluid into the skin of your lower arm. After 2-3 days, the person checks for swelling in your arm. You might have to undergo this test more than once.

• Tuberculosis blood testing

These tests, also called interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs), measure the response when TB proteins are mixed with a small amount of your blood.

Treatment of tuberculosis

• Most cases are cured with antibiotics. But it takes a long time. You have to take medications for at least 6 to 9 months. Your tuberculosis treatment will depend on your infection. If you have latent TB, your doctor will give you medication to kill the bacteria so the infection doesn't become active.

• Your doctor may prescribe Isoniazid, Rifampin, or Rifapentin, either alone or combined. You'll have to take the drugs for three months or more. If you see any signs of active TB, call your doctor right away.

• A combination of medicines also treats active TB. The most common are Ethambutol, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Rifampin. You may have to take them for 6 to 12 months.

• If you have drug-resistant TB, your doctor might give you one or more different medicines. You may have to take them for up to 30 months, and they can cause more side effects.

However, some strains of TB are resistant to antibiotics. Bacteria become drug-resistant because of changes in their genetic makeup. That can happen randomly. But when antibiotics are overprescribed or misused, this speeds up the process.

Side-effects of tuberculosis

Like any medication, TB drugs can have side effects. Common Isoniazid side effects include:

• Numbness and tingling in your hands and feet
• Upset stomach, nausea, and vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Weakness

Ethambutol side effects include:

• Chills
• Painful or swollen joints
• Belly pain, nausea, and vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Headache
• Confusion
• Eye issues such as pain and vision problems

Some side effects of Pyrazinamide include:

• Lack of energy
• Nausea and vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Muscle or joint pain

Common Rifampin side effects include:

• Skin rash
• Upset stomach, nausea, and vomiting
• Brown urine
• Yellowish skin or eyes (jaundice)
• Diarrhoea
• Loss of appetite

Complications of tuberculosis

Tuberculosis infection can cause complications, such as:

• Joint damage
• Lung damage
• Infection or damage of your bones, spinal cord, brain, or lymph nodes
• Liver or kidney problems
• Inflammation of the tissues around your heart

How can tuberculosis be prevented?

If you're travelling to a place where TB is common, avoid spending a lot of time in crowded places with sick people. If you have a latent infection, take all your medication so it doesn't become active and contagious.

In case you have active TB, you'll need to take care to protect others from infection during your first few weeks of treatment.

• Limit contact with other people

If you live with others, sleep in a separate room and isolate yourself as much as possible.

• Prevention

Cover your mouth when you laugh, sneeze, or cough. Wear a surgical mask when you're around other people.

• Keep your space ventilated

Open windows, and use a fan. Germs spread more easily in poorly ventilated places.

Conclusion

Understanding tuberculosis, its types, symptoms, and causes is crucial for early detection and effective management. Public awareness, vaccination, and improved living conditions play vital roles in preventing the spread of TB within communities. Additionally, having access to health insurance ensures that individuals can afford timely medical care.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Typhoid or enteric fever is mainly caused by the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi bacteria and also, to a lesser extent, by Salmonella Paratyphi A. Humans are the only reservoir for these organisms. The primary sources of infection are the stool and urine of infected persons, with the essential carriers being contaminated water, food, and flies. The causative agent for this gastrointestinal infection is either waterborne or foodborne. The onset and severity of the disease mainly depend on the organism’s virulence and the infective dose.

Economically developing nations face the disease as a significant public health problem, particularly low-income countries of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, where most of the population strives for safe water and have access to limited sanitation and hygiene infrastructure. A large-scale community study conducted in India in an urban slum setting has described the incidence of the disease as high as 2/1000 population/year under five years of age and 5.1/1000 population/year under ten years of age. A similar study from north India has reported that most cases occurred in children aged 5-12 years, wherein 24.8 per cent of cases were in children up to 6 years of age.

What is Typhoid?

Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection that can spread throughout the body, affecting many organs. Without prompt treatment, it can cause severe complications and even be fatal. Typhoid is caused by a bacterium called Salmonella typhi, which is related to the bacteria that cause salmonella food poisoning. It spreads between individuals through direct contact with the faeces of a person with an infection. No animals carry this disease, so transmission is always from human to human. S. typhi enters through the mouth and spends 1-3 weeks in the intestine. Then, it goes through the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream. From the bloodstream, it spreads into other tissues and organs. The host’s immune system can do little to fight back because S. typhi can live within the host’s cells, safe from the immune system.

Symptoms of Typhoid

Typhoid symptoms typically begin 1-3 weeks after contact with the bacteria. The two main symptoms of typhoid are fever and rash. Typhoid fever is exceptionally high, gradually increasing over several days and reaching up to 104ºF. The rash, which does not affect every infected person, consists of rose-coloured spots, particularly on the neck and abdomen. 

Other symptoms that typhoid causes include:

• Diarrhoea
• Loss of Appetite
• Bloating
• Nausea
• Weakness
• Abdominal Pain
• Constipation
• Headache

Causes of Typhoid

Now, let’s look at what causes typhoid.

Typhoid is caused by the bacteria S. typhi. It spreads through food, drinks, and water contaminated with infected faecal matter. Washing fruit and vegetables with water that is contaminated can also spread it. Some people have typhoid without experiencing any symptoms. Others continue to harbour the bacteria after the symptoms have disappeared. Sometimes, the disease can reappear. Those who test positive for typhoid may not be allowed to work with children or older adults until medical tests are negative.

Who is Usually at Risk?

Typhoid fever is the most prevalent in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. People living, working, or travelling to places where typhoid is prevalent are at risk of contracting the bacteria. Typhoid outbreaks can happen in areas where sanitation and hygiene are insufficient. In the food industry, local outbreaks tend to occur where someone carrying the virus transmits it via food. People who work in restaurants or other food-related businesses may be more at risk. Most infected individuals feel better about a week after starting treatment with antibiotics. But if left untreated, typhoid fever complications can cause death in some cases.

Diagnosis of Typhoid

Diagnosing typhoid fever involves clinical assessment, laboratory tests, and the patient’s medical history. The common and most reliable diagnostic methods include blood cultures, wherein a sample of the patient’s blood, faeces, or urine is tested for the presence of the Salmonella typhi bacterium. The bacteria may not always be detected the first time so that you may need a series of tests. Such laboratory tests may include a complete blood count (CBC) for abnormalities. A Widal test helps detect specific antibodies against Salmonella typhi. These tests help confirm the bacteria’s presence and rule out the possibility of other illnesses with similar symptoms.

Treatment of Typhoid

The treatment of typhoid mainly involves consuming antibiotics to flush out the Salmonella typhi bacteria from the body. Common antibiotics prescribed include Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, and Azithromycin. The choice of antibiotics may depend on the severity of the illness, local antibiotic resistance patterns, and individual body suitability. 

Always complete the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by your doctor. Failure to do so can lead to the presence of hostile bacteria in the body, leading to antibiotic resistance. 

Supportive care is also essential, including remaining hydrated through oral rehydration solutions. In severe cases, the doctor may recommend administering intravenous fluids. Maintaining proper nutrition supports the body’s healing process.

Recent medical advancements have successfully treated typhoid fever within three days, which used to take 10-14 days earlier. This is from administering third-generation Cephalosporins, such as Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, and Cefoperazone. 

How can Typhoid be Prevented?

Countries with less access to clean water and washing facilities typically record higher typhoid cases. Preventing typhoid fever involves a combination of vaccination, good hygiene practices, and avoiding contaminated food and water.

Sometimes, a doctor may treat a person pre-emptively with antibiotics if they know the person will be in an area where the condition is endemic. Typically, they will prescribe Ceftriaxone or Cefixime along with Azithromycin.

Other preventive measures include the following —

• Vaccination: Before travelling to a high-risk area, a person should receive a vaccine against typhoid fever. The typhoid vaccine is available as an oral medication or a one-off injection.
• Capsule: This is a live, attenuated vaccine for adults and children over the age of 6 years. It consists of four tablets that a person should take every alternate day, the last of which is at least one week before travel. 
• Shot: This is an inactivated vaccine needed two weeks before travel for adults and children over the age of 2 years. A previously vaccinated person should get a booster shot two weeks before travelling.

The typhoid vaccine is only 50-80% effective, so a person should still exercise caution when eating, drinking, and coming into contact with people. Anyone living with HIV should not take the live, oral dose. The vaccine may also have adverse effects. 

After the oral vaccine, a person may experience:

• GI (Gastrointestinal) issues
• Nausea
• Headache
• Some people may faint after being vaccinated

However, severe side effects are rare with vaccines.

The following are some general rules to follow in locations where typhoid is prevalent, as these will help minimise the likelihood of typhoid infection:

• Drink bottled water, preferably carbonated.
• If there is no access to bottled water, boil available water for at least 1 minute before consumption.
• Be wary of eating anything that someone else has handled.
• Avoid eating at street food stands, and only eat food that is still hot.
• Do not have ice in drinks.
• Avoid raw fruit and vegetables; peel the fruit yourself, and do not eat the peel.
• Travellers to typhoid-affected areas should be particularly cautious. Besides vaccination, follow safe food and water practices, choose reputable food establishments, and be mindful of personal hygiene.

Complications Associated with Typhoid

A person with severe typhoid fever may experience severe vomiting, diarrhoea, and abdominal bloating. Such a condition requires immediate hospitalisation.

A person can also experience the following complications:

• Internal bleeding in the digestive system and ulcers
• Bowel perforation leads to peritonitis. This occurs in about 8-39% of people
• Sepsis
• Lung complications, such as abscess, empyema, or bronchopleural fistula
• Typhoid encephalopathy, which has a 55% mortality rate
• Meningitis
• Neurologic symptoms such as psychosis and muscle rigidity
• Myocarditis or Pericarditis

Conclusion

We recommend understanding and implementing preventive measures against typhoid fever as crucial to safeguarding individual and community health. Vaccination, proper hygiene practices, and access to clean water significantly reduce the risk of infection and the severity of the disease. One vital aspect often overlooked in health protection is the importance of health insurance. In the event of unexpected illnesses such as typhoid, health insurance provides a financial safety net, ensuring that individuals can access timely medical care.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.