The oesophagus is a long, muscular tube-like structure that starts from the throat, connecting the mouth to the stomach. Cancer of the oesophagus usually starts in the cells that line it. One of the major risk factors for this condition is tobacco use. Signs and symptoms that indicate oesophageal cancer are difficulty swallowing, unexplained weight loss, heartburn, pressure in the chest or chest pain, coughing or hoarseness, and indigestion problems. If a person has the indications of oesophageal cancer, then various tests and a biopsy are done to confirm the preliminary diagnosis. Therefore, opting for a health insurance plan that covers diagnostic tests is a smart move.
Diagnosis of oesophageal cancer
If a person has symptoms related to oesophageal cancer, then the doctor usually recommends the following tests and procedures for oesophageal cancer diagnosis:
- Barium swallow study: This is an imaging test in which a patient swallows a liquid containing barium. Barium coats the inner layer of the oesophagus and makes it more clear on X-rays. Any changes in the oesophageal tissues can be easily visualised through X-rays.
- Endoscopy: In endoscopy, a flexible tube containing a video lens called an endoscope is passed down the throat into the oesophagus. With the help of the camera, healthcare providers can visualise any changes in the inner lining of the oesophagus.
- Tissue biopsy: During endoscopy, if the doctor suspects any abnormal changes in the oesophagus, a tissue sample is removed from the problematic area. Tissue samples are then sent for analysis to determine the presence of cancer cells.
If a tissue biopsy confirms oesophageal cancer, then other tests are done to determine whether the cancer has spread to other body parts and lymph nodes. These tests may include:
- Endoscopic ultrasound
- Bronchoscopy: A bronchoscopy is done to check if oesophageal cancer has spread to the windpipe or trachea.
- Computerised Tomography (CT): This imaging test produces detailed cross-sectional images of the organs and is done to understand if oesophageal cancer has spread to lymph nodes or other nearby organs.
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): This imaging technique is usually done to look for the spread of the cancer to the spinal cord and brain.
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET): In this technique, a special camera is used to detect the presence of cancer cells. For a PET scan, the patient is injected with a radioactive form of sugar, which is absorbed by the cancer cells.
Conclusion
When a person shows signs and symptoms related to oesophageal cancer, specific diagnostic tests and procedures are recommended by the doctor. The treatment for this condition depends on the type of cells that are involved in the formation of malignancy. Early detection of oesophageal cancer can help plan timely treatment and recovery.