Prostate cancer is the cancer of a small gland in males that produces seminal fluid. This cancer is commonly found among men. Symptoms of prostate cancer include trouble with urination, blood in the urine, interruption in the urine flow, bone pain, unexplained weight loss, and erectile dysfunction. For planning an effective treatment strategy, early diagnosis of prostate cancer is crucial.
Based on the disease symptoms, healthcare providers might recommend testing for prostate cancer diagnosis. In this article, we will explore the methods by which prostate cancer is detected.
Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer
Diagnostic tests for prostate cancer diagnosis range from simple physical examination tests to advanced diagnostic procedures.
- Digital rectal exam (DRE): the prostate lies adjacent to the rectum; therefore, the doctor examines the prostate by inserting a gloved lubricated finger into the rectum. During examination, if any abnormality in the shape, size, or texture of the organ is detected, further tests are recommended.
- Blood test for prostate-specific antigen (PSA): PSA is normally produced by the prostate gland, and a small amount of antigen is normally present in the blood. However, a higher-than-normal concentration of PSA in the blood indicates some kind of prostate abnormality. If the DRE test and PSA blood test show any abnormalities, the following tests are recommended to diagnose prostate cancer.
- Ultrasound: In this imaging test, a small probe is inserted through the rectum that uses sound waves to produce an image of the prostate gland.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): an MRI scan of the prostate provides a more detailed picture of the prostate gland and abnormalities. With the help of an MRI scan, a doctor can plan to remove an abnormal tissue sample.
- Prostate tissue biopsy: to confirm the presence of cancerous cells in the prostate, a prostate tissue biopsy is recommended. During the biopsy, a small sample of the abnormal cells is collected with the help of a needle, which is then analyzed in the laboratory for the presence of cancerous cells.
If the presence of cancerous cells is confirmed, then in the next step, the aggressiveness or grade of the cancer is determined. The following techniques are used to determine the aggressiveness of the cancer:
- Gleason score: prostate cancer is graded using the Gleason score, ranging from 2 (non-aggressive) to 10 (very aggressive), with 6 as low-grade, 7 as medium-grade, and 8 - 10 as high-grade. Most assessments fall within the range of 6 to 10.
- Genomic testing: Genomic testing examines prostate cancer cells for gene mutations, offering prognostic insights. While not widely used, it can aid treatment decisions in specific cases but is not necessary for all prostate cancer patients.