Updated on 7 Jan 2026
Human papillomavirus infection is the most widespread sexually transmitted infection globally. It is high among the sexually active age group. Over 80% of sexually active men and women will contract at least one HPV infection by the time they reach 45 years of age.
Since the infection often shows no symptoms early on, many people can have the virus and pass it on without knowing. This is why learning about HPV, its symptoms and its different types is important for early detection and prevention.
What is human papillomavirus (HPV)?
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a double-stranded DNA virus that infects the skin and mucous membranes. It lacks an outer envelope, making it more stable in the environment. It spreads through skin-to-skin contact, often during sexual activity. There are more than 100 types of HPV, and while many are harmless and clear up on their own, only some can lead to health problems like genital warts or even certain types of cancer.
Most HPV infections are asymptomatic and are cleared by the body’s immune system within one to two years. However, persistent infection with high-risk types can lead to precancerous lesions and, if left untreated, may progress to cancer over time.
What are the symptoms of HPV?
Human papillomavirus infection’s most common symptom is the occurrence of warts. They usually appear around the genitals and are often mild and not noticeable. They can also occur in other body parts.
Genital warts
These warts are rough, small skin bumps with stem-like protrusions and resemble cauliflowers. These warts come in various sizes and appearances. Some are large, others small and white, pink, red, purplish-brown or skin-coloured. Genital warts can cause itching, burning and general discomfort in the area where they have grown. The signs of wart growth usually appear weeks, months or even years after a person has been infected with HPV. These genital warts can form on the:
- Vulva
- Cervix
- Penis or scrotum
- Anus
- Groin area
Other types of warts
HPV can also cause different types of warts:
- Common warts: These are rough, raised bumps that can form on the hands, fingers and elbows.
- Plantar warts: These warts have hard, grainy growths that often form on the feet.
- Flat warts: These are flat-topped, slightly raised lesions that often appear on the face or neck.
Some high-risk forms of HPV do not always cause symptoms until they become cancerous. For instance, cervical cancer is the most common HPV-related cancer that can cause life-threatening complications.
Are all warts HPV?
Not all warts are caused by HPV, though the majority—especially common types like plantar, flat, and typical skin warts—are linked to it. HPV is the primary virus responsible, but with over 100 strains, only some lead to visible warts on the skin. While HPV is the leading cause, in rare cases, other factors may also contribute to wart formation.
Certain HPV types cause specific kinds of warts:
- Common warts are generally caused by HPV types 2 and 4.
- Plantar warts are linked to HPV types 1, 2, 4,27 and 57.
- Flat warts are usually caused by types 3,10, 28 and 49.
- Genital warts are caused mainly by HPV types 6 and 11.
So, while different types of HPV are behind most warts, it’s important to know that not all HPV types are dangerous. Most types that cause warts are considered low-risk and don’t lead to cancer. High-risk HPV strains, like 16 and 18, usually don’t cause warts but can lead to cancer if left untreated.
Who does HPV affect?
HPV can affect anyone, but individuals who become sexually active at a young age, especially before 18, or those with multiple sexual partners, are at a higher risk of infection. People of all genders can get HPV, but the health risks may vary.
In females, HPV is a major cause of cervical cancer, especially when caused by high-risk types of the virus. These types can lead to changes in cervical cells, which can be detected early through regular Pap smears and HPV tests, usually starting at age 21. Although many HPV infections clear on their own before age 30, regular screening becomes more important after that to identify persistent or high-risk strains.
In males, HPV may cause fewer complications, but it can still lead to genital warts and, in rare cases, cancers of the penis, anus or throat. Men who have sex with men are at greater risk of contracting high-risk HPV strains that could lead to anal cancer. An anal Pap test may be recommended to check for early cell changes.
People with weakened immune systems, such as those living with HIV, may also have more difficulty clearing the virus and face a higher risk of HPV-related complications.
Conclusion
HPV is a common virus that affects both men and women, often without showing any symptoms. While most infections go away on their own, certain types may result in serious health complications like genital warts or cancer. Regular screenings, safe sexual practices and getting vaccinated are important steps to stay protected.
Along with preventive care, having the right health insurance policy can help cover the medical fees related to screenings, consultations or treatments for HPV-related conditions. If you are looking to safeguard your loved ones as well, a health insurance policy for family can provide coverage for everyone under one plan.
Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.