The differential is a system of gears used in cars and other automobiles for smooth vehicle turning. It works by controlling the Revolution Per Minute (RPM) in both rear wheels to enable a change of direction without losing stability.
Need of Differential
The differential used in automobiles constitutes a key component of the driving mechanism and facilitates smooth and stable vehicle manoeuvring. The main function of the differential system is the transmission of adequate power to the wheels to facilitate easy vehicle turning at variable speeds. Knowing the importance of the differential gears is crucial to understanding the manoeuvring system of your car.
Without an effective differential system, turning your vehicle at corners or driving anywhere other than in a straight line would be impossible. The system works by balancing the power distribution between the wheels using a set of gears. It thus transmits the required rotational power to each wheel, controlling their speed and managing the RPM that enables the vehicle to take a turn.
The need for a differential in automobiles cannot be overemphasised. The absence of this key component can result in slip and drag, which can endanger the safety of its occupants.
It is important to note that your car's front and rear wheels move at different speeds, while the left and right wheels function independently of each other. The differential, thus, facilitates the entire driving mechanism by ensuring an even distribution of power.
The following points sum up the importance of a differential system in an automobile:
- Enables smooth turning of the vehicle
- Enhances traction and stability
- Ensures safety of the vehicle and its occupants by reducing the chances of slippage and skidding
- Can improve fuel efficiency by managing RPM and reducing drag
- Reduces stress on vehicle parts like tyres and the drivetrain
The working principle of a differential is based on splitting the engine’s power and distributing it between the two wheels. This helps the wheels react to resistance or enable gripping, allowing the vehicle to change direction.
What are the Types of Differentials in Automobiles
The differential system in automobiles is positioned in the axle assembly, somewhere in the middle of its rear axle and connects to the driveshaft. Depending on the wheel drive mode of your vehicle, the type of differential used can vary. Auto differential types can be classified as under:
- Open differential: This is the most basic form of an auto differential and typically has four gears. An axle bears a gear on each of its ends and they are connected by a third gear. Another supplementary gear strengthens this basic unit which also has a ring gear that performs the function of transmission of power.
As the simplest type of differential system, the open differential is most commonly used in automobiles due to its cost-effectiveness. However, it might not be the best system to bet on for manoeuvring your vehicle in slippery conditions.
- Locked differential: A locked differential is an open differential bearing the additional feature of lockability that helps create a fixed axle. This ensures that the traction gained by the wheels is considerably higher than what is achievable with an open differential. It also sufficiently counters the issue of tyre drag and corner wear. This type is most suitable for vehicles that usually travel across uneven and low-traction surfaces.
- Limited slip differential (LSD): This type combines the benefits of an open differential system and a locked one to ensure a more even distribution of torque in the wheels. Because of its resistance function, it is thus more efficient in controlling vehicle movements on slippery roads. Mechanical clutch LSD and viscous LSD are two types of limited slip differential.
- Torque vectoring differential (TVD): As the most technologically advanced differential used in automobiles, TVD relies on an electronic system for even power distribution. It distributes the torque precisely to both wheels after thoroughly assessing different driving dynamics with its sensors. It is mainly used in high-performance vehicles.
Conclusion
The differential is a vital mechanism of any automobile and needs to be regularly maintained for smooth operation.
Remember to get four-wheeler insurance to financially safeguard your car against damages, accidents and theft.
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