Our minds are complex, capable of incredible feats but susceptible to dysfunction and disease. Neurological disorders arise when something goes awry in the brain or nervous system, affecting how our bodies and minds work together. One such disorder is apraxia. It is a motor speech disorder that makes planning and executing physical movements of the muscles needed for speech difficult. In this article, we will explore what apraxia is, the signs and symptoms to look out for, potential causes, diagnosis, and treatment options.
What is Apraxia?
So, what is apraxia? It is often described as the disconnection between the brain and the muscles needed for speech. It is a neurological disorder wherein individuals are unable to carry out requested tasks or movements despite comprehending the command, having the willingness to execute the task, and possessing fully functional muscles required for the action. This impairment can occur even if the task has been previously learned.
Types of Apraxia
Listed below are the different types of apraxia:
Creates difficulties in mouth and tongue movements to articulate words despite the individual's desire to speak.
Impacts the coordination of the jaw, lips, tongue, and palate. It can also hinder the ability to eat and drink.
Hinders the brain's ability to create a cohesive plan for motor tasks that involve many steps, such as brushing teeth.
Hampers the ability to execute instructions or imitate the movements of others involving the head, arms, or legs.
Affects the voluntary movements of the facial muscles, making it challenging to perform actions such as licking the lips or winking.
Hinders your ability to control the movement of your eyes in the desired direction.
Affects the ability to draw or replicate basic shapes and construct simple objects.
Difference between Apraxia of Speech and Aphasia
Apraxia and aphasia are often mistakenly mixed up. Yes, they can occur together, but their effects on communication are different. Aphasia hampers your ability to understand and use words effectively – it can make speaking, reading, and writing a challenge. Apraxia, on the other hand, is not about understanding language. It’s about struggling to initiate and complete the movements required for speech despite having no muscle weakness. Aphasia can manifest in different forms, commonly being Broca’s aphasia, which impedes speech, while Wernicke’s aphasia challenges comprehension and expression.
Symptoms of Apraxia
Some common symptoms of apraxia include the following:
- Impaired facial movements, such as coughing or winking
- Challenges in performing precise movements with your finger, arm, or leg
- Difficulty using tools for specific tasks
- Impaired eye movement
- Struggles in carrying out tasks like brushing your teeth or tying your shoes
- Taking small steps or having difficulty with coordination
- Issues with copying simple drawings
As discussed before, apraxia of speech affects the way you speak and commonly affects children. Early signs may include:
- Limited babbling (unrecognisable sounds made by babies) during infancy
- Lack of variation in the sounds they produce
- Omitting sounds within words, particularly at the beginning
- Inconsistency in pronouncing certain sounds or words
- Regression in speech abilities despite prior learning
- Reliance on nonverbal forms of communication, such as nodding or pointing
Causes of Apraxia
Apraxia is a condition that typically stems from brain damage, and the individuals suddenly lose abilities they once possessed. Common apraxia causes include:
- Brain tumours
- Neurodegenerative illnesses
- Dementia
- Strokes
- Severe brain injuries
- Hydrocephalus
Apraxia isn’t limited to acquired cases – it can also manifest from birth, with symptoms emerging as the child grows. The cause of this is unknown.
Researchers are currently trying to find out what brain issues cause apraxia of speech. Researchers are trying to find the genes that might be behind this kind of apraxia while also attempting to figure out which specific parts of the brain are connected to this condition.
Diagnosis of Apraxia
Doctors use the following tests to diagnose apraxia:
- During bedside tests, patients are asked to imitate commonly learned tasks like saluting or walking. Testing strength and range of motion helps determine if motor weakness or musculoskeletal issues are causing symptoms.
- Neuropsychologic testing and assessment by therapists can identify subtle apraxia. This standardised testing evaluates various aspects of brain function and provides insight into intelligence, attention, memory, and more. Caregivers should also be asked about the patient's ability to perform daily activities and use household tools properly.
- Brain imaging, like CT or MRI scans, is necessary to diagnose and characterise central lesions like infarcts or masses.
Diagnosing childhood apraxia of speech isn't as simple as just taking a test. But here's what most specialists look for: they'll check if your child can say the same word multiple times or recite a list of words that get more challenging. For example, "joy, joyful, joyfully."
The speech-language pathologist will also interact with your child to see what sounds, syllables, and words they can make and understand. The pathologist will even look inside the child's mouth, tongue and face to see if any structural issues are at play.
You won't be able to get a solid diagnosis until your child turns two. Before that, most kids aren't able to handle the tasks necessary to determine if they have apraxia.
Treatment of Apraxia
Occupational and speech therapists are key players in helping you and your caregivers tackle the challenges of apraxia head-on. During apraxia treatment, therapists will focus on:
- Practicing sounds to improve mouth movements
- Slowing down speech for better communication
- Teaching techniques to enhance your ability to express yourself
- Addressing any signs of depression
Family and friends can also make a big difference in communication by:
- Keeping directions simple
- Using clear and crisp phrases
- Speaking in a regular tone of voice (Remember, they don’t have a hearing issue)
- Trying to understand and offer communication aids if needed
Try these tips to make daily life easier for someone with apraxia:
- Create a relaxed and soothing environment
- Patiently allow them to complete a task without pressure
- Explore alternative ways of doing things, like wearing shoes using a hook and loop closure instead of laces.
Moreover, sign language can also be helpful for children struggling to understand. Therapists often suggest that these kids try to say the words they’re signing, which helps them practice making mouth movements. And it’s not just for kids – even people with more severe cases of acquired apraxia can benefit from sign language or computers.
Conclusion
Apraxia is a complex condition that affects people differently and requires a personalised approach to treatment and management. Parents, guardians, and caregivers must be aware of the symptoms and types of apraxia to provide treatment and support. It is crucial to remember that every individual with apraxia is unique, and there is no one-size-fits-all solution. It takes patience, understanding, and consistent support to help someone with apraxia thrive. Having health insurance can ease access to specialized therapies and resources, ensuring comprehensive care for individuals with apraxia.
Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.