Air Pollution Diseases and Health Risks Explained

Updated on 9 Dec 2025

Air pollution is a growing problem in India, especially in crowded cities where smoke, dust and vehicle emissions fill the air we breathe. It occurs when harmful substances, such as gases, tiny particles or chemicals, enter the air and change its natural quality.

These pollutants not only irritate the lungs but can also affect the heart and overall health over time. Every year, millions of people die prematurely from air pollution-related diseases. So, what are the diseases caused by air pollution? How does it affect our bodies? Let's find out.

10 diseases caused by air pollution

Here are the top 10 diseases caused by air pollution:

1. Ischemic heart disease: The arteries get narrower in this condition, reducing blood supply to the heart. The risk of inflammation, oxidative stress and blood clotting increases.
2. Stroke:The sudden stoppage of blood flow to the brain causes brain damage, which can be fatal. Air pollution increases the risk of stroke by elevating blood pressure and damaging the blood vessels.
3. COPD:Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and makes breathing difficult. Air pollution can worsen COPD by irritating the airways, causing inflammation and impeding lung function.
4. Lung cancer: Air pollution can increase the risk of lung cancer by exposing the lungs to cancer-causing materials, such as tiny particles, ozone and benzene.
5. Acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI):These are infections in the lower respiratory system and include pneumonia and bronchiolitis. ALRI is common in kids and weakens the immune system, exposing kids to viruses and bacteria, and impeding lung growth.
6. Asthma: This problem narrows the airways, leading to excessive mucus production. Asthma causes wheezing, coughing, a tight chest and trouble breathing. Air pollution can trigger asthma by irritating the airways, causing inflammation and making the body more sensitive to allergens.
7. Leukaemia: This cancer affects the blood cells, causing anaemia, bleeding, infections, and damage to the organs. Air pollution can aggravate the risk of leukaemia by exposing blood cells to volatile chemicals, tobacco smoke and industry fumes.
8. Neurological disorders: Some studies suggest that breathing in polluted air might be linked to brain problems, including Alzheimer's disease and issues with memory and thinking.
9. Congenital disabilities:Air pollution can raise the risk of birth problems by messing with the baby's growth, causing genetic or hormone issues.
10. Pneumonia: Pneumonia is a serious lung infection caused by bacteria, fungi or parasites that can be present in polluted air. It fills the air sacs with fluid or pus, making breathing difficult and causing symptoms like coughing, fever and chills.

Respiratory diseases caused by air pollution

Common indoor and outdoor pollutants, such as dust, smoke, pollen, chemical fumes, and fine particulate matter, act as strong irritants. Over time, this exposure can trigger conditions such as asthma flare-ups, bronchial infections, emphysema and frequent respiratory infections.

Cardiovascular diseases linked to air pollution 

Air pollution can put significant strain on the heart. Tiny airborne particles, ozone and gases like sulphur dioxide can enter the bloodstream, causing inflammation and damaging blood vessels over time. This increases the risk of serious heart problems such as arrhythmias, high blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes.

Other health issues due to air pollution

Air pollution can also cause:

• Allergies: Pollutants and pollen can worsen allergic reactions, causing sneezing, itchy eyes and congestion.
• Skin problems: Chemicals and particulate matter can irritate the skin, causing rashes or dryness.
• Weakened immunity: Long-term exposure can lower the body’s defence against infections.

Vulnerable groups most affected by air pollution 

Certain groups of people are more at risk from the harmful effects of air pollution:

• Children are especially sensitive because their lungs are still developing.
• Older adults face higher risks due to existing heart or lung conditions.
• Pregnant people can pass harmful pollutants to their unborn child, affecting growth and development.
• Individuals with chronic illnesses like asthma, COPD or heart disease are more likely to experience severe health complications.

How to protect yourself from air pollution-related diseases

Limit outdoor activities when air quality is poor and keep windows closed during high-smog days. Use masks that filter fine particles if you must go outside.

Indoors, air purifiers can reduce pollutants, and houseplants like snake plants or peace lilies may help improve air quality naturally. In addition, eating a diet rich in antioxidants strengthens your lungs and overall immunity.

It is also wise to invest in a good health insurance policy to cover medical expenses in case of pollution-related illnesses. If you are not sure which one is best suited for your needs, simply fill out the form on this page to receive expert guidance.

Conclusion

Air pollution can take a serious toll on our health, leading to breathing problems, heart conditions and other illnesses. While we can reduce risks by staying indoors on high-pollution days, using masks and eating a healthy diet, some health issues can still arise unexpectedly. This is where family health insurance becomes important. It helps cover medical expenses if anyone in your family falls ill due to pollution-related conditions.

FAQs

• How does extended exposure to air pollution impact one's health?

Long-term exposure can cause chronic respiratory and heart diseases, reduce lung function, increase the risk of strokes and even shorten life expectancy.

• Can indoor air pollution also cause diseases?

Yes. Indoor pollutants from cooking smoke, tobacco, chemicals and dust can trigger asthma, respiratory infections and worsen cardiovascular health.

• What can I do to reduce my risk of air pollution-related diseases?

Try to limit outdoor activities when air quality is poor, use masks outdoors, install air purifiers indoors, keep windows closed on high-smog days and maintain a diet rich in antioxidants.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis or treatment. Please consult a certified medical and/or nutrition professional for any questions. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.