Dandruff: Causes, treatment and prevention

Dandruff is a prevalent scalp issue affecting many individuals. It causes flakes of dead skin to shed from the scalp. While it may not lead to a serious health risk, it can cause irritation, embarrassment, and discomfort. Identifying the causes and finding effective treatments can help alleviate its symptoms and prevent future flare-ups.

Here is a complete guide to understanding the causes of dandruff, its symptoms, treatment, effective home remedies, and when to seek professional help.

What are the causes of dandruff?

Dandruff can be triggered by several factors, some related to lifestyle and others due to underlying health conditions.

1. Dry Skin: When your scalp becomes dry, it can form flakes that shed easily.
2. Seborrheic Dermatitis: A severe condition where the scalp becomes inflamed and oily. It can also affect other body areas with oil-producing glands, such as the eyebrows, nose, and chest.
3. Malassezia Fungi: A naturally occurring fungus that can sometimes overgrow, leading to various skin conditions like irritation and increased shedding of skin cells, which results in dandruff.
4. Sensitivity to Hair Products: Some people may develop dandruff due to sensitivity or an allergic reaction to ingredients in certain shampoos, conditioners, or hair dyes.
5. Not Shampooing Enough: Infrequent hair washing can lead to a pileup of dead skin and oils on the scalp, which contributes to dandruff formation.
6. Other Factors: Stress, hormonal changes, and medical conditions like Parkinson’s disease or HIV can also cause dandruff.

Dandruff symptoms

The most obvious symptom of dandruff is flakes in the hair or on the shoulders. Other symptoms include:

1. Itchy Scalp: Among the most uncomfortable symptoms of dandruff is scalp itching, which often accompanies the flaking.
2. Scalp Redness: The scalp may become irritated or red, particularly in seborrheic dermatitis.
3. Dry or Oily Scalp: Depending on the cause of dandruff, the scalp can either feel dry or greasy. In seborrheic dermatitis, the scalp tends to be oily, while dry skin leads to a flakier scalp.
4. Visible Flakes: As dead skin is shed from the scalp, it becomes visible as small, white flakes in the hair or on clothing.

Treatment for dandruff

Treatment of dandruff depends on its root cause and severity. You can treat dandruff using:

1. Shampoos with Active Ingredients

Specialised anti-dandruff shampoos are often the first option. Key ingredients to look for:

• Zinc Pyrithione: Reduces the fungus Malassezia and reduces inflammation.
• Ketoconazole: A strong antifungal that targets scalp fungi.
• Selenium Sulfide: Reduces fungal growth and controls shedding.

2. Topical Corticosteroids

In cases of seborrheic dermatitis or extreme inflammation, a doctor may prescribe corticosteroid creams or lotions to reduce redness and itching.

3. Prescription Treatments

If over-the-counter shampoos do not work, a doctor may recommend stronger treatments or oral antifungal medications.

Home remedies to treat dandruff

Natural remedies can minimise the symptoms of dandruff. These include:

1. Tea Tree Oil:

   This oil contains antibacterial and antifungal compounds that can effectively treat dry scalp. Add some drops to a shampoo or mix it with oil and massage it onto your scalp.

2. Apple Cider Vinegar

   Balances pH level and may reduce fungal growth. Mix water and apple cider vinegar, apply it to the scalp, and leave it for about 15 minutes before rinsing.

3. Coconut Oil

   Has moisturising and antimicrobial properties that can soothe the scalp and reduce dandruff.

4. Aloe Vera

   Has cooling properties and may reduce scalp inflammation. Apply and leave it for about 20 minutes, and then rinse.

5. Lemon Juice

   Balances the scalp’s pH and reduces dandruff. Massage well before washing.

How to prevent dandruff?

There are several ways to control dandruff. Some popular methods are as follows:

1. Washing Hair Regularly

Regular hair washing removes oil and dead skin cells that may contribute to dandruff. Use a gentle, sulfate-free shampoo that works for your hair type.

2. Avoid Harsh Hair Products

Some hair products irritate the scalp. If you have sensitive skin, choose mild, fragrance-free products.

3. Manage Stress

Since stress can trigger dandruff or exacerbate existing conditions, manage stress with activities like exercise or meditation to maintain a healthy scalp.

4. Eat a Healthy Diet

A nutritious diet can enhance overall skin health. Omega-3 fatty acids may keep the scalp moisturised and healthy.

5. Avoid Washing Hair with Hot Water

Hot water can strip the naturally occurring oils from your scalp, leading to dryness. Use lukewarm water instead.

When to see the doctor for dandruff?

While dandruff can be managed with over-the-counter shampoos and home remedies, consult a healthcare provider if you experience the following:

• The dandruff is severe or persists despite using anti-dandruff shampoos.
• The scalp is highly inflamed, painful, or bleeding.
• There is noticeable hair loss or thinning.
• Dandruff is accompanied by other symptoms like redness or swelling beyond the scalp.

A healthcare provider can diagnose the root cause of dandruff and recommend an appropriate treatment. Where medical treatment is necessary, health insurance can help with consultation costs and treatments.

FAQs

1. Can dandruff be caused by not washing hair enough?

Yes, infrequent washing can lead to an accumulation of skin debris and oils on the scalp, which can cause dandruff.

2. Is dandruff contagious?

No, dandruff is not contagious. It is a common condition that affects many people.

3. Can dandruff be a sign of a serious health issue?

Sometimes, dandruff can indicate an underlying health condition, such as seborrheic dermatitis or psoriasis. If symptoms are severe, seek medical advice.

Conclusion

Understanding the causes of dandruff, recognising early symptoms, and choosing the right treatment are key to managing the condition effectively. Whether you opt for home remedies or over-the-counter solutions, maintaining a healthy scalp is possible with the right approach. However, if dandruff persists or worsens, consulting a doctor is important for appropriate diagnosis and treatment.

Prioritising regular check-ups not only helps with scalp health but also ensures overall well-being. A comprehensive health insurance policy can provide access to timely medical care, covering consultations, treatments, and any unexpected health concerns.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis or treatment. Please consult a certified medical and/or nutrition professional for any questions. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.