Dry fruits are nature's treasure trove of nutrients packed into a small, delicious package. Whether you're looking for a healthy snack, a cooking ingredient, or a natural energy booster, it is believed that dry fruits can enhance your diet while supporting overall wellness. The types of dry fruits you choose, whether almonds, raisins, cashews or figs, can contribute to maintaining a balanced and healthy diet. 

Types of dry fruits & their benefits

Dry fruits come with their own set of health advantages. Let us explore some of the most popular dry fruit options available: 

1. Almonds

• Nutrients: Rich in Vitamin E, magnesium, healthy fats, and antioxidants.
• Benefits:
  • Boosts brain health, enhancing memory and focus.
  • Improves skin health by fighting off damage from free radicals.
  • Supports heart health by moderating bad cholesterol levels.
  • Aids in weight management by curbing hunger cravings.

2. Cashews

• Nutrients: Loaded with minerals like zinc, magnesium, and healthy fats.
• Benefits:
  • Promotes healthy bones and teeth.
  • Improves skin radiance and elasticity.
  • Enhances energy levels and supports metabolism.

3. Walnuts

• Nutrients: Packed with omega-3 fatty acids, copper, and manganese.
• Benefits:
  • Enhances brain function and mental clarity.
  • Reduces inflammation and supports cardiovascular health.
  • Improves sleep quality with its melatonin content.

4. Dates

• Nutrients: High in natural sugars, fibre, and iron.
• Benefits:
  • Provides quick energy boosts, making them perfect to consume before workouts.
  • Supports healthy digestion and relieves constipation.
  • Helps combat anaemia by improving haemoglobin levels.

5. Pistachios

• Nutrients: Rich in protein, fibre, and Vitamin B6.
• Benefits:
  • Helps in weight management by contributing to greater satiety, that is, making you feel full for a longer time.
  • Promotes healthy eyes by improving vision.
  • Supports a strong immune system.

6. Raisins

• Nutrients: A great source of iron, potassium, and antioxidants.
• Benefits:
  • Improves digestion and prevents acidity.
  • Promotes bone health.
  • Enhances stamina and energy.

7. Apricots

• Nutrients: High in Vitamin A, potassium, and dietary fibre.
• Benefits:
  • Improves vision and prevents age-related eye issues.
  • Aids in maintaining gut health by preventing constipation.
  • Supports healthy skin with its hydrating properties.

8. Figs

• Nutrients: Loaded with calcium, iron, and antioxidants.
• Benefits:
  • Supports bone health by increasing calcium absorption.
  • Regulates blood pressure due to its potassium content.
  • Aids in weight management by providing a natural sweet alternative.

9. Prunes

• Nutrients: Rich in dietary fibre, Vitamin K, and potassium.
• Benefits:
  • Relieves constipation and promotes gut health.
  • Strengthens bones by improving calcium retention.
  • Boosts energy levels and reduces fatigue.

10. Hazelnuts

• Nutrients: Full of Vitamin E, healthy fats, and magnesium.
• Benefits:
  • Protects against oxidative stress and ageing.
  • Supports brain health and cognitive function.
  • Aids in maintaining healthy cholesterol levels.

FAQs

1. How much dry fruit should I eat daily?

A handful (about 30 grams) of mixed dry fruits daily is ideal. However, if you have specific health conditions or calorie restrictions, consult a dietitian for tailored advice.

2. Can dry fruits help with weight loss?

Yes, various types of dry fruits like walnuts, almonds and pistachios offer high amounts of fibre and protein, helping you feel full longer and control hunger pangs.

3. Are dry fruits safe for kids?

Absolutely! Dry fruits are rich in energy and essential nutrients that support a child’s growth and development. Ensure they consume age-appropriate portions.

4. What’s the best way to consume dry fruits?

Experts say dry fruits can be consumed raw, roasted, or soaked. Soaking almonds, for instance, enhances nutrient absorption and makes them easier to digest.

5. Which dry fruits are best for improving skin health?

Almonds, walnuts, and cashews are excellent for skin health. They are rich in antioxidants and beneficial fats that may help slow down the effects of ageing and promote a natural glow.

6. Can people with diabetes eat dry fruits?

Yes, but in moderation. Diabetics can enjoy almonds, walnuts, and pistachios as they have a low glycemic index. Avoid or limit high-sugar options like dates, prunes, and raisins.

7. Which dry fruits are best for boosting immunity?

Walnuts, almonds, and pistachios are rich in nutrients that strengthen the immune system. Dates and apricots are great for energy and overall vitality.

8. Are roasted dry fruits as healthy as raw ones?

Roasting can slightly reduce nutrient content, especially if roasted with added salt or oil. Opt for dry-roasted or raw options for maximum benefits.

9. Do dry fruits improve brain health?

Yes, some dry fruits like walnuts and almonds are known to be beneficial for brain function and cognitive health.

10. Can dry fruits prevent ageing?

Many dry fruits, like almonds, walnuts, and hazelnuts, are loaded with antioxidants and Vitamin E, which may help offset oxidative stress and slow ageing.

Conclusion

Dry fruits are nutrient-rich snacks with many health benefits. Whether you enjoy them on their own or mix them together, They are the ultimate health snack whether you enjoy them on their own or mix them together. 

It is important to complement a balanced diet with healthy lifestyle choices and preventive healthcare. This includes securing a comprehensive health insurance plan that offers financial protection for medical emergencies, routine check-ups, and overall well-being. The right policy ensures peace of mind, allowing you to focus on maintaining a healthy life. Incorporate them into your diet today and enjoy a healthier, more energetic lifestyle.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Easy access to your medical records can make a lot of difference. One critical step towards this area of wellness is the introduction of the ABHA Card (Ayushman Bharat Health Account). Whether you need to store your health records, such as health insurance details, or access medical services, the ABHA Card is designed to simplify healthcare for everyone.

Read on to explore the ABHA health card benefits and its enrollment process.

ABHA Health card: Overview

The ABHA Health Card is part of India’s (ABDM) Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission, which aims to create a unified digital healthcare system. You can get a unique ABHA ID that acts as a central place for all health-related information. This card can help maintain a digital health record accessible anytime and anywhere, ensuring seamless healthcare services.

What is the meaning of ABHA?

ABHA stands for Ayushman Bharat Health Account. It’s a digital platform enabling individuals to securely create, store, and share their health records. The ABHA ID links you to a wide network of healthcare providers, making your health information accessible in a standardised digital format.

Benefits of ABHA card

Here are some key benefits of using the ABHA card:

1. Centralised Health Records: Store all your health data, from prescriptions to diagnostic reports, in one place.
2. Convenience: Access your medical history instantly without carrying physical documents.
3. Improved Healthcare Access: Effortlessly share your health records with doctors and hospitals for better treatment.
4. Privacy and Security: AHBA health card benefits include encrypted data, ensuring your health information is secure and private.
5. Continuity of Care: Even if you change doctors or move cities, your health data remains accessible.
6. Cost Savings: Reduces duplication of tests and unnecessary medical expenses.
7. Fast-track cashless claims: By linking your insurance policy to your ABHA ID, hospitals can access your policy details instantly, speeding up the approval of cashless claims.

Uses of ABHA Health card

Some of the uses of ABHA ccardsinclude:

• Sharing Information: The ABHA card uses include easy sharing of your health records with healthcare providers.
• Efficient Consultations: Doctors can quickly access your past treatments and prescriptions.
• Access to Ayushman Bharat Schemes: Facilitates benefits under government health schemes.
• Emergency Support: In critical situations, doctors can access your medical history to provide prompt care.

Who should create an ABHA account?

Anyone can create an ABHA account, but it is especially beneficial for:

• Individuals with chronic conditions who are in need of frequent medical consultations.
• Patients who visit multiple healthcare providers.
• Those who want to access government healthcare schemes seamlessly.
• Elderly individuals who need ororganisededical records.

What is the eligibility criteria for ABHA ID creation?

The eligibility criteria are simple:

1. You must be an Indian citizen.
2. A valid mobile number or Aadhaar card is required for registration.
3. There are no age restrictions; anyone, including children, can have an ABHA ID.

How to apply for an ABHA card?

Follow these steps to apply for your ABHA Card:

1. Visit the Official Website: Go to the (ABDM) Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission portal.
2. Click on ‘Create ABHA Account’: Select the option to register for a new ABHA ID.
3. Provide Details: Enter your UID or mobile number to initiate the process.
4. Verify Your Identity: Complete the OTP verification.
5. Fill in Personal Details: Provide your name, date of birth, and gender.
6. Set Up Your ABHA ID: Choose a username and password for your account.

Once the registration is complete, you’ll receive your unique ABHA ID.

Required documents for ABHA registration

The following documents are required for ABHA registration:

• Aadhaar Card: Preferred for quick verification.
• Mobile Number: Linked to your Aadhaar for OTP verification.
• Alternate ID (if Aadhaar is not used): PAN card, driving license, or voter ID.

How to download your ABHA card?

Downloading your ABHA Card is simple:

1. Visit the ABDM portal or app.
2. Log in using your ABHA ID and password.
3. Navigate to the “Download” section.
4. Save the digital copy of your card to your device.

You can also print the card for convenience and explore its various benefits.

FAQs

1. Is the ABHA Card mandatory?

It is not mandatory but highly recommended for easy access to healthcare services.

2. Can I use ABHA without an Aadhaar?

You can register using alternate IDs like PAN or voter ID.

3. Is my health data safe?

The ABHA system uses advanced encryption to ensure data security and privacy.

4. Can I update my details later?

You can log in to your account and update information anytime.

5. Does the ABHA Card provide insurance?

The ABHA Card is not an insurance policy but a digital health record system.

Conclusion

The ABHA Card is a crucial step towards revolutionising healthcare in India. It brings order to the management needed for maintaining health records like health insurance details and patient care to bridge the gap between individuals and healthcare providers.

Whether managing chronic conditions or seeking efficient healthcare services, the ABHA health card benefits include a hassle-free experience. So why wait? Apply for your ABHA Card today and take a step toward smarter, more convenient healthcare!

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Healthcare professionals in India work hard to save lives, often putting the needs of others before their own. While looking after patients is their primary focus, personal career growth should not be overlooked.

The Healthcare Professionals Registry (HPR) is a platform that acts as a central directory where employers and others can check the credentials, certifications, and licenses of doctors, nurses, and healthcare technicians.

Let us take a closer look at what is the HPR and its advantages.

What is the Healthcare Professionals Registry (HPR)?

The Healthcare Professionals Registry (HPR) is an official database that records verified healthcare professionals across various fields. It's part of the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM), which aims to create a unified healthcare ecosystem in India. By registering, healthcare workers gain credibility, access to national healthcare programs, and professional growth.

Who is eligible to register in the Healthcare Professionals Registry?

HPR is open to all qualified healthcare professionals, including:

• Doctors (Allopathic, Ayurvedic, Homeopathic, etc.)
• Nurses
• Dentists
• Pharmacists
• Paramedics
• Allied health workers like physiotherapists, lab technicians, and dieticians.

You can register if you hold a valid degree, diploma, or certificate in a healthcare-related field.

Benefits of the Healthcare Professionals Registry

The benefits of HPR are as follows:

1. Professional Recognition: Verified professionals gain nationwide credibility, boosting trust among patients and employers.
2. Access to Opportunities: The registry connects professionals with job openings, training programs, and collaborations.
3. Streamlined Services: Simplifies documentation and credential verification processes, saving time and effort.
4. Integration into ABDM: Registered professionals become a part of India's digital healthcare ecosystem, allowing seamless interaction with other stakeholders.
5. Support in Emergencies: During crises like pandemics, the government can quickly contact registered professionals for assistance.
6. Career Growth: With updated records, you can showcase your skills and certifications to prospective employers and organisations.

Documents required for the Healthcare Professionals Registry process

Before starting your registration, ensure you have these documents ready:

• Aadhaar card or another government-issued ID
• Qualification certificates (degree/diploma)
• Registration certificates from your professional council (e.g., Medical Council of India)
• Passport-sized photograph
• ABHA card (optional but recommended)

Step-by-step guide to register in the Healthcare Professionals Registry (HPR)

Here is a detailed guide to help you register in the HPR:

1. Visit the Official Website

Go to the official Healthcare Professionals Registry portal under the ABDM.

2. Create an Account
   • Click on "Register" and enter your details.
   • If you already have an ABHA card, link it to your account for seamless registration.
3. Provide Personal Information

Fill in your name, contact details, date of birth, and other personal information.

4. Upload Documents

Submit scanned copies of your qualification and registration certificates. Ensure the files are transparent and meet the required format.

5. Verification Process

The concerned authorities will verify your details.

6. Receive Confirmation

Once verified, you'll receive a confirmation email or SMS. Your HPR ID will be generated, which you can use for future reference.

Is ABHA card needed to register for HPR?

The ABHA card, or Ayushman Bharat Health Account card, isn't mandatory for the HPR application process but is highly recommended. Linking your ABHA card has the following benefits:

• Easier access to the digital healthcare ecosystem.
• Faster verification during registration.
• A consolidated health profile linking your professional and personal health data.

If you don't have an ABHA card yet, you can create one during the HPR registration process.

Need for medical insurance

While registering in the HPR enhances your professional standing, having a health insurance plan is equally important for healthcare workers. Here's why:

• Protection Against Risks: Healthcare workers are often exposed to occupational hazards, including infections and injuries. Insurance provides a safety net.
• Financial Security: Covers medical expenses, ensuring peace of mind during emergencies.
• Comprehensive Coverage: Many plans offer benefits like disability coverage and income protection.

It's advisable to explore health insurance plans tailored for healthcare professionals.

FAQs

1. Is there a fee for registering in the HPR?

No, registration in the ABDM Healthcare Professionals Registry is free of cost.

2. Can I update my information later?

You can log in to your account and update details like qualifications, certifications, and contact information.

3. What happens if my application is rejected?

In case your application is rejected, you’ll receive an email stating the reason. After addressing the issues, you can reapply.

4. Is HPR registration mandatory for practising?

While not mandatory, it is highly beneficial for credibility and access to opportunities.

5. How long does the verification take?

The ABDM Healthcare Professionals Registry verification process typically takes 7-10 working days, depending on the volume of applications.

Conclusion

The ABDM Healthcare Professionals Registry is a game-changer for medical professionals in India. By registering, you gain recognition, unlock opportunities for career growth, and contribute to a digitally empowered healthcare system.

Whether you're a doctor, nurse, or allied healthcare worker, register today. Combine it with the ABHA card for a comprehensive professional profile. Besides HPR, you also need to take certain steps to ensure financial security in case of any emergency. Look for a health insurance plan that covers a range of medical emergencies like doctor visits, medical bills, emergency care, and hospitalisation.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Hair care is deeply personal, varying based on texture, length, and individual goals. While routines differ, nourishment and growth remain key priorities for many. One powerful natural remedy for promoting healthy hair is hibiscus—a flower celebrated not only for its vibrant petals but also for its exceptional hair-nourishing properties.

In this article, we’ll explore the benefits of hibiscus and how to seamlessly incorporate it into your hair care routine for stronger, healthier locks.

Is hibiscus good for hair growth?

Hibiscus is an age-old remedy for hair problems, praised for its ability to nourish hair follicles and promote growth. The petals and leaves of the hibiscus plant are rich in vitamins, antioxidants, and amino acids, all essential for healthy hair.

The primary reason hibiscus is effective for hair growth is stimulating blood circulation to the scalp. This ensures that hair follicles receive adequate nutrients, leading to stronger and healthier hair. Moreover, hibiscus helps combat hair loss by strengthening the roots and preventing premature greying, making it an all-around solution for various hair issues.

How to use hibiscus for hair growth?

There are multiple ways to use hibiscus to boost hair growth.

1. Hibiscus oil

The benefits of hibiscus oil for hair are immense. Infusing hibiscus flowers and leaves into a carrier oil, such as almond or coconut, creates a potent concoction. Massage this oil onto your scalp to improve blood circulation and nourish your hair roots.

2. Hibiscus hair mask

Grind fresh hibiscus leaves and petals into a fine paste and mix it with yoghurt or aloe vera gel. Apply this mask to your scalp and hair, and leave it on for 30 minutes before rinsing. This helps condition the hair and promotes growth.

3. Hibiscus tea rinse

Boil hibiscus petals in water to create a tea rinse. Use it as a final rinse after shampooing to add shine and enhance hair strength.

4. Hibiscus shampoo

Mix hibiscus powder with a mild shampoo or natural cleanser like shikakai, or opt for shampoos with hibiscus as the main ingredient to cleanse your hair without stripping its natural oils.

Benefits of hibiscus for hair growth

Hibiscus has numerous advantages, making it a staple in natural hair care routines.

Here’s a closer look at the benefits of hibiscus for hair:

1. Stimulates hair growth

Hibiscus is packed with amino acids. These are building blocks for keratin, the protein that makes up hair. This accelerates hair growth and strengthens hair strands.

2. Prevents hair fall

Hibiscus strengthens hair follicles, reduces breakage and prevents hair fall. It nourishes the skin of the scalp and improves blood circulation.

3. Combats dandruff

The antimicrobial and astringent properties of hibiscus maintain a healthy scalp, preventing dandruff and itchiness.

4. Delays premature greying

Rich in antioxidants and vitamins, hibiscus helps maintain the natural colour of your hair and delays the onset of grey strands.

5. Conditions hair naturally

Hibiscus is a natural conditioner that makes hair soft, shiny, smooth, and manageable. It also helps reduce frizz.

DIY hibiscus recipes for hair growth at home

Here are some DIY hibiscus recipes that you can try for effective hair growth:

1. Hibiscus and coconut oil hair mask

Ingredients:

• 2 hibiscus flowers
• A handful of hibiscus leaves
• 2 tablespoons of coconut oil

Instructions:

• Blend the flowers and leaves into a fine paste.
• Heat the coconut oil slightly and mix it with the paste.
• Spread the mixture evenly onto your scalp and hair.
• Let it rest for 30-40 minutes before washing with a mild shampoo.

2. Hibiscus and yoghurt hair pack

Ingredients:

• 3 hibiscus flowers
• 2 tablespoons of yoghurt

Instructions:

• Crush the hibiscus flowers to extract a paste.
• Mix it with yoghurt to form a smooth consistency.
• Apply evenly to your hair and scalp.
• Let it sit for 20 minutes and rinse with lukewarm water.

3. Hibiscus tea hair rinse

Ingredients:

• 5 hibiscus petals
• 2 cups of water

Instructions:

• Boil the petals in water for 10 minutes.
• Strain and cool the liquid.
• Use it as a final rinse after shampooing.

FAQs

1. Can hibiscus cause any side effects on the scalp?

Hibiscus is generally safe for all hair types and rarely causes side effects. However, do a patch test before using it, especially if you have a sensitive scalp.

2. For hair growth, how often should hibiscus be used?

For best results, use hibiscus-based treatments 2-3 times a week.

3. Can hibiscus be used with other natural ingredients?

Yes, hibiscus pairs well with aloe vera, coconut oil, yoghurt, and fenugreek for enhanced benefits.

4. Is hibiscus effective for bald patches?

While hibiscus promotes hair regrowth and strengthens follicles, its effectiveness on bald patches depends on the underlying cause of hair loss. Consistent use can improve overall scalp health and encourage hair regrowth.

Conclusion

Hibiscus is a powerhouse of nutrients that can transform your hair care routine. The benefits of hibiscus oil for hair and other hibiscus-based remedies can help you achieve longer, stronger, and healthier locks. Whether you apply it as a hair mask, oil, or tea rinse, hibiscus can be a game-changer for your hair care routine.

For the best results, consistency is key. Combine hibiscus treatments with a balanced diet and a proper hair care regimen to promote stronger, healthier hair. Additionally, prioritising regular health check-ups ensures overall well-being, while a reliable health insurance policy provides financial security for unexpected medical needs.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis or treatment. Please consult a certified medical and/or nutrition professional for any questions. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Dandruff is a prevalent scalp issue affecting many individuals. It causes flakes of dead skin to shed from the scalp. While it may not lead to a serious health risk, it can cause irritation, embarrassment, and discomfort. Identifying the causes and finding effective treatments can help alleviate its symptoms and prevent future flare-ups.

Here is a complete guide to understanding the causes of dandruff, its symptoms, treatment, effective home remedies, and when to seek professional help.

What are the causes of dandruff?

Dandruff can be triggered by several factors, some related to lifestyle and others due to underlying health conditions.

1. Dry Skin: When your scalp becomes dry, it can form flakes that shed easily.
2. Seborrheic Dermatitis: A severe condition where the scalp becomes inflamed and oily. It can also affect other body areas with oil-producing glands, such as the eyebrows, nose, and chest.
3. Malassezia Fungi: A naturally occurring fungus that can sometimes overgrow, leading to various skin conditions like irritation and increased shedding of skin cells, which results in dandruff.
4. Sensitivity to Hair Products: Some people may develop dandruff due to sensitivity or an allergic reaction to ingredients in certain shampoos, conditioners, or hair dyes.
5. Not Shampooing Enough: Infrequent hair washing can lead to a pileup of dead skin and oils on the scalp, which contributes to dandruff formation.
6. Other Factors: Stress, hormonal changes, and medical conditions like Parkinson’s disease or HIV can also cause dandruff.

Dandruff symptoms

The most obvious symptom of dandruff is flakes in the hair or on the shoulders. Other symptoms include:

1. Itchy Scalp: Among the most uncomfortable symptoms of dandruff is scalp itching, which often accompanies the flaking.
2. Scalp Redness: The scalp may become irritated or red, particularly in seborrheic dermatitis.
3. Dry or Oily Scalp: Depending on the cause of dandruff, the scalp can either feel dry or greasy. In seborrheic dermatitis, the scalp tends to be oily, while dry skin leads to a flakier scalp.
4. Visible Flakes: As dead skin is shed from the scalp, it becomes visible as small, white flakes in the hair or on clothing.

Treatment for dandruff

Treatment of dandruff depends on its root cause and severity. You can treat dandruff using:

1. Shampoos with Active Ingredients

Specialised anti-dandruff shampoos are often the first option. Key ingredients to look for:

• Zinc Pyrithione: Reduces the fungus Malassezia and reduces inflammation.
• Ketoconazole: A strong antifungal that targets scalp fungi.
• Selenium Sulfide: Reduces fungal growth and controls shedding.

2. Topical Corticosteroids

In cases of seborrheic dermatitis or extreme inflammation, a doctor may prescribe corticosteroid creams or lotions to reduce redness and itching.

3. Prescription Treatments

If over-the-counter shampoos do not work, a doctor may recommend stronger treatments or oral antifungal medications.

Home remedies to treat dandruff

Natural remedies can minimise the symptoms of dandruff. These include:

1. Tea Tree Oil:

   This oil contains antibacterial and antifungal compounds that can effectively treat dry scalp. Add some drops to a shampoo or mix it with oil and massage it onto your scalp.

2. Apple Cider Vinegar

   Balances pH level and may reduce fungal growth. Mix water and apple cider vinegar, apply it to the scalp, and leave it for about 15 minutes before rinsing.

3. Coconut Oil

   Has moisturising and antimicrobial properties that can soothe the scalp and reduce dandruff.

4. Aloe Vera

   Has cooling properties and may reduce scalp inflammation. Apply and leave it for about 20 minutes, and then rinse.

5. Lemon Juice

   Balances the scalp’s pH and reduces dandruff. Massage well before washing.

How to prevent dandruff?

There are several ways to control dandruff. Some popular methods are as follows:

1. Washing Hair Regularly

Regular hair washing removes oil and dead skin cells that may contribute to dandruff. Use a gentle, sulfate-free shampoo that works for your hair type.

2. Avoid Harsh Hair Products

Some hair products irritate the scalp. If you have sensitive skin, choose mild, fragrance-free products.

3. Manage Stress

Since stress can trigger dandruff or exacerbate existing conditions, manage stress with activities like exercise or meditation to maintain a healthy scalp.

4. Eat a Healthy Diet

A nutritious diet can enhance overall skin health. Omega-3 fatty acids may keep the scalp moisturised and healthy.

5. Avoid Washing Hair with Hot Water

Hot water can strip the naturally occurring oils from your scalp, leading to dryness. Use lukewarm water instead.

When to see the doctor for dandruff?

While dandruff can be managed with over-the-counter shampoos and home remedies, consult a healthcare provider if you experience the following:

• The dandruff is severe or persists despite using anti-dandruff shampoos.
• The scalp is highly inflamed, painful, or bleeding.
• There is noticeable hair loss or thinning.
• Dandruff is accompanied by other symptoms like redness or swelling beyond the scalp.

A healthcare provider can diagnose the root cause of dandruff and recommend an appropriate treatment. Where medical treatment is necessary, health insurance can help with consultation costs and treatments.

FAQs

1. Can dandruff be caused by not washing hair enough?

Yes, infrequent washing can lead to an accumulation of skin debris and oils on the scalp, which can cause dandruff.

2. Is dandruff contagious?

No, dandruff is not contagious. It is a common condition that affects many people.

3. Can dandruff be a sign of a serious health issue?

Sometimes, dandruff can indicate an underlying health condition, such as seborrheic dermatitis or psoriasis. If symptoms are severe, seek medical advice.

Conclusion

Understanding the causes of dandruff, recognising early symptoms, and choosing the right treatment are key to managing the condition effectively. Whether you opt for home remedies or over-the-counter solutions, maintaining a healthy scalp is possible with the right approach. However, if dandruff persists or worsens, consulting a doctor is important for appropriate diagnosis and treatment.

Prioritising regular check-ups not only helps with scalp health but also ensures overall well-being. A comprehensive health insurance policy can provide access to timely medical care, covering consultations, treatments, and any unexpected health concerns.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis or treatment. Please consult a certified medical and/or nutrition professional for any questions. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Almond butter and peanut butter are two common types of sandwich spread.

Both share a similar creamy texture and pack essential nutrients, but one may align better with your health goals. Understanding their nutritional differences is key for anyone striving for a balanced diet. This article breaks down the benefits of almond butter vs peanut butter to help you choose the healthier option.

What is almond butter?

Almond butter is a creamy and chunky spread made from ground almonds. The almonds are roasted and then processed into a smooth paste, which retains much of the nut’s nutritional value.

Almond butter is often made with just almonds and oil. Some brands might include a pinch of salt or sweeteners, but the ingredient list remains relatively simple.

Almond butter is also a viable choice for those looking for an alternative to peanut butter, especially for individuals with peanut allergies.

What is peanut butter?

Peanut butter is processed from ground and roasted peanuts, often enriched with added ingredients like salt, sugar, and oils to enhance its flavour. Many people love its richer, more savoury taste compared to almond butter.

Due to its versatility, it is a staple in many diets, ranging from being spread on bread to being used in smoothies, snacks, and desserts. Peanut butter tends to have a slightly higher protein content, making it an optimal choice for those looking to meet higher protein needs.

What are the health benefits of almond butter?

Almond butter is a powerhouse when it comes to essential nutrients. It offers benefits such as:

1. Healthy Fats

Almond butter contains monounsaturated fats, which are beneficial for heart health. These fats lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases, which could ultimately lead to fewer medical expenses and lower insurance premiums.

2. Protein Rich

Almond butter contains protein, making it great for muscle repair and growth.

3. Rich in Fibre

Almond butter is great for dietary fibre, supporting digestive health and weight management.

4. Packed with Vitamins and Minerals

Almond butter contains vitamin E, magnesium, and potassium, which are good for immune function, muscle health, and overall well-being. These factors can lower the chances of illness.

What are the health benefits of peanut butter?

While both almond butter vs peanut butter have health benefits, peanut butter has some distinct advantages that enhance overall health, potentially impacting your health decisions in the long run. These include:

1. Protein Power

Peanut butter offers a high protein content, which is ideal for those looking to build muscle or recover post-workout. Protein repairs tissues and is essential for overall growth.

2. Heart-Healthy Fats

Peanut butter is rich in healthy fats, specifically monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. These fats improve heart health and lower cholesterol.

3. Rich in Essential Nutrients

Peanut butter is rich in niacin, folate, magnesium, and potassium, which maintain energy levels, support muscle function, and boost immunity.

4. Weight Management

Peanut butter has high protein and fat content that keep you full longer. This can prevent overeating and contribute to healthy weight management.

Almond butter vs peanut butter: Which one to choose?

Several factors should influence your decision when deciding between almond butter vs peanut butter.

1. Heart Health

The higher content of monounsaturated fats in almond butter makes it an excellent choice to manage cholesterol and lower the possibility of heart issues.

2. Protein Needs

Peanut butter contains more protein than almond butter, making it ideal for athletes, muscle builders, or anyone looking to recover from strenuous physical activity.

3. Dietary Preferences

For those with nut allergies or preferences for plant-based foods, almond butter is the safe choice. However, if you are looking for a spread with a richer, more savoury flavour, peanut butter may suit your taste.

4. Impact on Health Insurance:

A nutritious diet that includes either of these nut butter can lead to improved health outcomes, potentially lowering your need for extensive medical care. Which means, it can lower your healthcare costs in the long run.

FAQs

1. Are almond butter and peanut butter good for weight loss?

Yes, both can support weight management due to their fibre, healthy fats, and protein. However, almond butter may have a slight edge for those looking to maintain a lower-calorie diet, as it contains fewer calories per serving.

2. Which one is healthier, almond butter or peanut butter?

Both are nutritious, although almond butter has high content of vitamin E, magnesium, and healthy fats. Peanut butter, however, provides more protein, making it ideal for those with higher protein needs.

3. Can consuming these nut butter affect my health insurance?

While nut butters don’t directly affect health insurance, maintaining a balanced diet and good health can result in fewer medical claims, potentially impacting insurance premiums.

4. Is it safe to eat almond butter vs peanut butter every day?

Yes, both can be part of a daily diet. However, due to their high-calorie content, moderation is key. It’s best to incorporate them into a balanced diet to avoid exceeding calorie requirements.

Conclusion

Choosing between almond butter vs peanut butter comes down to your nutritional goals and personal preferences. Both offer significant health benefits.

If you prioritise heart health or want a lower-calorie option, almond butter may be better. Peanut butter is ideal for those looking for more protein or prefer a richer taste.

And when we talk about health, it’s not just about what we eat—investing in reliable health insurance is equally important. An appropriate insurance ensures coverage against illness and accidents while covering various other services like doctor visits, prescription bills and even emergency treatments. 

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis or treatment. Please consult a certified medical and/or nutrition professional for any questions. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

India is known for its distinct culinary traditions, and dal, or lentils, is one of the staples that unites all regions. Dals are not only a source of protein but also a key part of every Indian meal.

With so many different types of dal available, it can be overwhelming to know which ones to stock in your kitchen.

This article explores the types of Indian dal, their nutritional benefits, and why they should be a part of your daily diet.

Nutritional value of dal

Dals are highly nutritious and an essential part of a balanced diet. They are rich in protein, making them an excellent option for vegetarians and vegans.

Here are some of the key nutrients found in different types of dal:

• Protein: Helps in muscle repair and growth.
• Dietary Fiber: Boosts digestion and aids in weight management.
• Iron: Essential for producing red blood cells and preventing anaemia.
• Potassium: Helps regulate blood pressure.
• Folic Acid: Crucial for pregnant women and fetal development.
• Low Glycemic Index: Moderates blood sugar levels, making dal suitable for diabetics.

10 Different types of dal

India offers various dals to choose from. Here are the staple types of Indian dal you must have in your kitchen:

1. Toor/Arhar Dal (Pigeon Pea Lentils)

A staple in many Indian homes, especially in South Indian cuisine, toor dal is used in dishes like sambhar. It has a mild flavour and cooks quickly, making it ideal for everyday meals.

2. Moong Dal (Green Gram)

Available in split and whole form, it is light on the stomach and highly nutritious. It is perfect for soups, khichdi, and even desserts like moong dal halwa.

3. Masoor Dal (Red Lentils)

Masoor dal has an earthy flavour and cooks quickly. This makes it a versatile option for curries and stews.

4. Chana Dal (Bengal Gram)

A hearty lentil with a nutty taste, it is also a great source of fibre. It is often used in curries, snacks, and desserts.

5. Urad Dal (Black Gram)

Urad dal comes in two forms: split and whole. It’s a key ingredient in South Indian dishes like idli, dosa, and vada. Whole urad dal is also used in Punjabi delicacies like dal makhani.

6. Rajma (Kidney Beans)

Though technically a legume, rajma is often grouped with dals in Indian households. It’s cooked in rich tomato-based gravies and served with rice.

7. Lobia (Black-eyed Peas)

Lobia is known for its creamy texture and mild flavour, and is commonly used in North Indian curries.

8. Masoor Whole (Brown Lentils)

Whole masoor is similar to red lentils but has a more robust flavour. It is perfect for hearty stews and dals.

9. Matki dal (moth beans)

A protein-rich dal that is great for building muscles and providing energy.

10. Gahat dal (horse gram)

A winter special dal from the mountains of Uttarakhand. It has the highest protein content and is rich in iron, calcium, and other nutrients.

How to make a dal?

Preparing dal is both simple and versatile. Here’s an easy recipe to get you started:

Ingredients:

• 1 cup dal (any type of your choice)
• 3 cups water
• 1 medium onion (chopped)
• 1 medium tomato (chopped)
• 1 teaspoon turmeric powder
• 1 teaspoon cumin seeds
• 2-3 garlic cloves (minced)
• 1-2 green chillies (optional)
• 1 tablespoon oil or ghee
• Salt to taste
• Fresh coriander leaves for garnish

Method:

1. Wash the dal and soak it for 15-30 minutes.
2. Boil the dal in a pot or pressure cooker with water, turmeric and salt.
3. Heat oil or ghee in a pan. Add cumin seeds and let them splutter.
4. Add garlic, onions, and green chillies. Sauté until the onions are golden brown.
5. Stir in sliced tomatoes and cook until they soften.
6. Pour the cooked dal into the pan. Simmer for 5-10 minutes, adjusting the consistency with water if needed.
7. Garnish with fresh coriander leaves, then serve hot with rice or roti.

This recipe is highly customisable. For a unique twist, you can add spices like garam masala, curry leaves, or tamarind.

When it comes to women’s health, one condition that is often not discussed enough is endometrial cancer. Endometrial cancer, a type of uterine cancer has become a health concern and hence awareness regarding it is crucial. In this article, we will understand what is endometrial cancer, what are endometrial cancer causes, its stages and the risk factors associated with it. We will also understand the type of endometrial cancer and look at its treatment options and how it can be prevented.

What is endometrial cancer?

Endometrial cancer, a form of uterine cancer, originates in the endometrium – the inner lining of the uterus. As per the data provided by the National Cancer Institute, (NCI), it is believed that 3 out of every 100 women are at risk of being diagnosed with uterine cancer once in their lifetime. While talking about the survival rate, 80 percent of women survive for 5 years or even more after receiving the treatment. Thus, early detection and diagnosis increase the chances of recovery from endometrial cancer.

Symptoms of endometrial cancer

Abnormal vaginal bleeding stands out as the predominant symptom linked to endometrial cancer. Further symptoms include:

• Changes in menstrual cycle flow and length
• Bleeding or spotting occurring between menstrual periods
• Vaginal bleeding after menopause

Some other symptoms include:

• Pain during intercourse
• Unexplained weight loss
• Discomfort experienced in the pelvic and lower abdominal regions
• Blood-tinged or watery discharge from the vagina

If one experiences any of the above listed symptoms then do consult a doctor. At times these may not be a sign of serious issues but to be on the safer side a consultation is ideal.

Menopause or other non-cancerous issues can cause bleeding in the vagina. Though in some cases it is associated with endometrial cancer and other gynecological cancer.

It is your doctor only who can identify the cause and put you on the right treatment.

Causes of endometrial cancer

The exact endometrial cancer causes are still unknown. Experts attribute it to the changes occurring in the hormone levels of estrogen and progesterone as they affect the endometrium. The increased levels of estrogen cause the endometrial cells to multiply and divide.

Genetic mutations occurring in the endometrial cells can cause them to rapidly grow and transform into tumours.

There are numerous studies being conducted to understand what causes normal endometrial cells to convert into cancer cells.

Risk factors associated with endometrial cancer

Age is associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer. According to reports, people under the age group of 45 to 75 are more prone to be affected by endometrial cancer.

A number of other factors are also connected with the increased risk of endometrial cancer. These include changes seen in the level of sex hormones of the woman, certain medical conditions, family history of cancer, obesity, and more. Let’s discuss some of these factors further:

1. Hormone levels

Female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone are mainly responsible for the health of the endometrium. Drastic increases in the production of these hormones can increase the risk of being diagnosed with endometrial cancer.

2. Patient medical history

A woman’s medical history is also known to have an effect on the sex hormone leading to higher chances of developing endometrial cancer, including:

• Longer years of menstruation and early menarche or late menopause increase endometrial cancer risk.
• Lack of pregnancies heightens risk, especially with infertility-related issues.
• Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) elevates risk due to hormonal imbalances
• Granulosa cell tumors in ovaries releasing estrogen raise endometrial cancer risk

3. Medication:

Medications like estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) or tamoxifen can impact hormone balance. Tamoxifen, used for breast cancer, may increase endometrial cancer risk.

4. Birth control

Birth control pills lower endometrial cancer risk, with longer use offering greater protection. Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are linked to reduced endometrial cancer risk.

5. Endometrial hyperplasia

Endometrial hyperplasia is a disorder where the lining of the uterus becomes thick but it cannot be termed cancerous. At times it goes away on its own, and in other cases it can be treated with HRT or surgery. Endometrial hyperplasia, when not treated, can turn into endometrial cancer. Abnormal vaginal bleeding is known to be the most common symptom of endometrial hyperplasia.

6. Obesity

People who are obese and have extra weight are more at risk of suffering from type 2 diabetes which is a risk factor for endometrial cancer. Higher the chances of obesity in people having type 2 diabetes, the more they are prone to endometrial cancer.

7. History of cancer

Your chances of developing endometrial cancer are much higher if other members of the family have had it. Moreover, a family history of Lynch syndrome also increases the chances of developing cancer. Having suffered from breast cancer or ovarian cancer raises your risk of endometrial cancer. Also, radiation therapy on the pelvis increases your chances of having endometrial cancer.

One should be cautious about these risk factors also. In some cases, people who have been identified as suffering from certain factors may never develop endometrial cancer and on the other hand, people who never showed any risk factors may develop endometrial cancer.

What are the stages of endometrial cancer?

With time, endometrial cancer can extend to other parts of the body from the uterus.

There are four stages into which cancer has been identified depending on its growth in the body:

• Stage 1: Presence of cancer in the uterus only.
• Stage 2: Cancer has spread in the uterus and cervix.
• Stage 3: Cancer is spreading beyond the uterus, but has not affected the rectum or bladder. Though its presence can be seen in the fallopian tubes, ovaries, vagina, and near the lymph nodes.
• Stage 4: The spread of the cancer can be noted beyond the pelvic region. It might have affected the bladder, rectum, and/or distant tissues or organs.

If someone is detected suffering from endometrial cancer, the treatment options are identified depending upon the stage the cancer is in. Early detection of the cancer makes the treatment more effective.

How is endometrial cancer diagnosed?

If you notice possible symptoms of endometrial cancer, it's crucial to schedule an appointment with your primary care doctor or gynecologist immediately.

During the appointment, your medical history and symptoms will be discussed. A pelvic exam will be conducted to identify any abnormalities in your uterus and reproductive organs. To further investigate, a transvaginal ultrasound exam might be recommended.

This type of imaging test employs sound waves to create internal pictures. For the test, a healthcare professional will insert an ultrasound probe into your vagina, which will transmit images onto a screen.

In case any irregularities be detected, your doctor may recommend additional tests to obtain tissue samples:

Endometrial Biopsy: A thin tube is inserted through your cervix into the uterus to suction a small piece of endometrial tissue.

Hysteroscopy: Using a flexible tube equipped with a camera, the doctor visually inspects the endometrium and extracts biopsy samples.

Dilation and Curettage (D&C): If biopsy results are inconclusive, this procedure involves dilating the cervix and scraping tissue from the endometrium.

Samples collected during these tests are sent to a lab for analysis. If endometrial cancer is confirmed, further tests will be ordered to determine the extent of its spread. Blood tests, X-rays, and other imaging methods might be utilized for this purpose.

Different types of endometrial cancer

Endometrial cancer develops from mucus-producing glands known as adenocarcinomas. Less common forms of endometrial cancer include:

• Uterine carcinosarcoma (CS)
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Small cell carcinoma
• Transitional carcinoma
• Serous carcinoma

There are two types of endometrial cancer:

• Type 1- These are slow-growing and do not easily extend to other organs or tissues.
• Type 2 – These spread quickly and extend outside of the uterus.

Type 1 cancers are common in comparison to type 2 cancers and are easy to treat.

How is endometrial cancer treated?

Treatment options for endometrial depend upon factors like cancer type, stage, and your overall health. There are different treatment options and each approach comes with potential benefits and risks, which your doctor will discuss with you.

Surgery: The main surgical treatment is a hysterectomy, where the uterus is removed. Sometimes ovaries and fallopian tubes are also taken out (bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy). Lymph nodes near the uterus might be removed to check for spread, known as lymphadenectomy. Additional surgeries could be advised if the cancer has spread further.

Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy employs high-energy beams to kill cancer cells. External beam radiation targets the uterus from outside, while internal radiation (brachytherapy) places radioactive materials inside the vagina or uterus. Your doctor can recommend either one or both of these. These can follow surgery to eliminate remaining cancer cells.

Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Depending on the type, it could be taken orally or intravenously. It's recommended if cancer has spread or returned after treatment.

Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy: Targeted therapy uses drugs designed to attack specific changes in cancer cells. Immunotherapy enhances the immune system's ability to recognize and combat cancer cells. These newer approaches are often used with chemotherapy or each other.

Hormone Therapy: Hormone therapy involves using hormones or hormone-blocking drugs to alter hormone levels. This slows cancer cell growth. It might be suggested for stage III or IV cancer, or for cancer that has returned.

Your doctor's treatment recommendation is guided by your unique circumstances. They'll consider cancer specifics, your overall health, and your preferences to design the most suitable plan.

Can endometrial cancer be prevented?

While this condition cannot be prevented, a number of factors can help lower the risk of endometrial cancer:

• Maintaining a healthy weight: This can lessen the chances of developing endometrial cancer. It also lowers the chances of return of the cancer if you develop it.
• Workout regularly: Few minutes of workout have been linked to lowering chances of cancer development.
• Treatment in case of abnormal vaginal bleeding: It is important to treat vaginal bleeding. Even if it is caused by endometrial hyperplasia, it is wise to consult a doctor and discuss the available treatment options.
• Discussing benefits and disadvantages of hormone therapy: In case your doctor decides to go for HRT then do discuss the benefits and drawbacks associated with the therapy.  
• Discuss the benefits of contraceptives: it has been found that contraceptive pills and IUDs have been associated with lowering the risk of endometrial cancer. Check with your doctor about the potential benefits and drawbacks associated with the treatment.
• Monitoring family history for cancer: It is recommended to discuss with your doctor if anyone in the family has previously been affected by them, especially ovarian or colon cancer.  Genetic testing might help.

Conclusion

Endometrial cancer is a serious health condition. Hopefully, this blog helped you understand what is endometrial cancer, endometrial cancer causes and risk factors. You should have also understood types of endometrial cancer. However, such diseases always lead to financial consequences. Hence, it is important to consider investing in health insurance for cancer. A health insurance for cancer can provide the necessary financial support in case one is diagnosed with endometrial cancer. By detecting cancer early and making the appropriate choices, you can effectively combat this disease.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

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Bladder cancer, although still unknown in India, has emerged as a significant health concern. As the name suggests, it occurs when cells in the bladder become cancerous, and if left untreated, can have severe complications. The good news is that there is plenty of information available to help understand this form of cancer and its treatment options. Whether you or someone you know has been recently diagnosed with bladder cancer, or if you simply want to learn more about this disease, it's important to have a basic understanding of what it means. In this article, we will understand what is bladder cancer, what are the symptoms of bladder cancer, and its causes. We will also understand the types of bladder cancer, the risks associated with it, as well as the process of diagnosing bladder cancer and its treatment. We will also look at its treatment, outlook towards it, and how to prevent it.

What is bladder cancer?

Bladder cancer develops when there is growth and multiplication of abnormal cells in the bladder. These abnormal cells in the bladder have the tendency to convert into a tumour and have the ability to spread to other organs in the body.

Other forms of cancer have the potential to extend to the bladder, but the name of the cancer is known by the organ from where it originates. This severe disease is the seventh most common form of cancer worldwide.

Symptoms of bladder cancer

So, what are the symptoms of bladder cancer? A number of varying symptoms can be identified among individuals such as:

• Presence of blood in the urine, making its appearance bright red or rust-colored, and sometimes invisible.
• Pain during urination.
• Frequent urge to urinate.
• Sudden urge for urination.
• Unintentional leakage in the bladder, known as urine incontinence.

Bladder cancer is known to have other symptoms as well, if it has affected other parts of the body, namely:

• Discomfort in the abdomen
• One-sided pain in the lower body
• Fatigue
• Losing weight without any exercise
• Loss of appetite
• Joint pain
• Swelling in feet

Causes of bladder cancer

Cancer mainly arises when mutations in the cell lead to their growth of abnormal and unwanted growth, resulting in the rapid multiplication of these cells. If left untreated, this can lead to the spread of these cells to other tissues and muscles. These mutations can be caused by certain factors like exposure to toxic chemicals.

Certain other conditions also come into play that increase our chances of developing bladder cancer. This includes smoking, family history of cancer,radiation therapy and more.

Risk factors associated with bladder cancer

There are a number of factors associated with the growth of bladder cancer cells, which may include:

• Smoking cigarettes (Research points out that people who smoke cigarettes on a regular basis are three times more likely to develop bladder cancer in comparison to a person who is a non-smoker)
• Being exposed to chemicals that can cause cancer such as dyes, paint products, rubber, and metal among the few
• Family history of the disease
• Suffer from schistosomiasis a parasite that is known to cause bladder infection
• Drinking contaminated water
• Certain supplements and medicine consumption
• Prior exposure to chemotherapy medications cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) or ifosfamide (lfex)
• Radiation treatment used to treat pelvic area cancer
• Suffering from bladder infections frequently
• Use of urinary catheters for a long time
• Drinking fluids inadequately
• Defects in the bladder

While cancer can affect just about anyone, there are certain other factors that can influence your risk of developing cancer:

• If you are a male by birth
• You fall into the age group of 55 or above
• You have a white complexion

Types of bladder cancer

Bladder cancer is classified based on the specific cells involved that turn abnormal. This classification encompasses:

Transitional Cell Carcinoma

It is also known as urothelial carcinoma. It is a prevalent form of bladder cancer. It initiates within transitional cells located in the bladder's inner layer. These adaptable cells can change shape without impairment when the bladder tissue stretches.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

This bladder cancer develops after prolonged bladder infection or irritation. This type emerges from thin, flat squamous cells within the bladder. These cells undergo changes due to extended irritation.

Adenocarcinoma

It is formed from glandular cells following persistent bladder inflammation. Adenocarcinoma involves cells that compose mucus-secreting glands in the body.

Small Cell Carcinoma

It originates in neuroendocrine cells. These cells release hormones into the bloodstream under the guidance of the nervous system's signals.

How is bladder cancer diagnosed?

Diagnosing bladder cancer involves various steps if you have symptoms or lab findings or urinalysis results suggest it. After reviewing the patient’s medical history, the doctor might also conduct a physical exam, which might include checking for lumps in the vagina or rectum. Then your doctor can order tests for a conclusive diagnosis. These tests may include:

• Cystoscopy: A slender tube with a camera is inserted via your urethra to see inside the bladder.
• Biopsy: A small bladder tissue sample is taken for cancer testing.
• CT Scan or IVP: These scans offer detailed bladder views.
• Urine Tumor Marker Test: Identifies certain bladder cancer types.

Further tests might be needed to stage the cancer and detect its presence in other body areas. These include CT scans, MRI scans, chest X-rays, and bone scans.

To communicate the extent of the spread of cancer, doctors use the staging system:

• Stage 0: It means that the cancer is limited to the bladder lining.
• Stage 1: It means that the cancer has spread beyond the lining but not to the muscle layer.
• Stage 2: It means that the cancer has extended to the bladder muscle.
• Stage 3: It means that the cancer has progressed to surrounding tissues.
• Stage 4: It means that the cancer has reached neighboring regions

Stages can also be detailed further to provide a clearer picture of the cancer's spread.

How is bladder cancer treated?

Bladder cancer treatment depends upon the stage of the cancer and other factors like your overall health. Your doctor will collaborate with you to devise the most suitable plan.

For stage 0 and 1 bladder cancer, treatment options include:

• Surgery: To eliminate the tumor.
• Chemotherapy: Employing drugs to target cancer cells.
• Immunotherapy: Medications that stimulate your immune system to attack cancer cells.

Stage 2 and 3 bladder cancer treatments may involve:

• Partial Bladder Removal: Extracting a portion of the bladder.
• Radical Cystectomy: Removing the entire bladder, followed by creating a new path for urine exit.
• Chemotherapy: Medication-based cancer treatment.
• Radiation Therapy: Precisely directed radiation to target cancer cells.
• Immunotherapy: Stimulating your immune system against cancer.

Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy serve various purposes, such as shrinking tumors pre-surgery, addressing cancer without surgery, managing residual cancer cells post-surgery, and preventing cancer recurrence.

Stage 4 bladder cancer treatments encompass:

• Radical Cystectomy: Removing bladder and nearby lymph nodes, followed by a new urine exit pathway.
• Chemotherapy: Medications for cancer treatment.
• Radiation Therapy: Directed radiation.
• Immunotherapy: Enhancing immune response.
• Clinical Trial Drugs: Investigational treatments.

The patient’s overall health determines whether treatments focus on cancer cell removal or alleviating symptoms. Patients can also choose to participate in clinical trials to explore new treatment avenues.

Outlook towards bladder cancer

The outlook depends upon various factors, including the stage and type of cancer, age factor, overall health of an individual, and prevailing medical condition and response to the cancer treatment.

As per the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the five-year survival rates of bladder cancer are 71% for cancer that has not gone beyond the bladder. For cancer that has reached near the lymph nodes the survival rate is 39%.  It is 8% for metastatic bladder cancer that has extended to the other parts of the body.  For carcinoma in situ that has not spread beyond the bladder lining the survival rate is around 97%.

Healthcare professionals use the 5-year survival rate to show how a disease is expected to turn out. It shows us the percentage of people who were diagnosed with bladder cancer and are still alive after 5 years of disease diagnosis. It is based on averages and may not predict a patient’s life expectancy.

Prevention against bladder cancer

It is not yet exactly known what causes bladder cancer, be it urinary bladder cancer or gallbladder cancer. But, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk of bladder cancer. Chief among these is quitting smoking or avoiding it altogether if you currently smoke. Secondhand smoke should also be evaded to limit exposure. Furthermore, safeguarding yourself from carcinogenic chemicals is essential. In case you work with such substances make sure you use appropriate safety equipment when working with such substances. Another beneficial measure is to maintain good hydration by drinking plenty of water.

Conclusion

Now that you understand this bladder cancer better, it's important to be aware of how you are vulnerable or connected to someone who has bladder cancer. This could involve knowing more about family history, getting the right health insurance, being mindful of any persistent changes in your body, and lastly remaining aware about other lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise. Ultimately, it's up to each individual to take responsibility when recognizing the severity of bladder cancer; however, if diagnosed correctly and at an early stage, recovery should not be a far-fetched dream. With these tips in mind, you can join the fight against bladder cancer and support those who have been affected by it.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

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Introduction 

Fallopian tube cancer or tubal cancer is a rare form of cancer in women associated with BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 gene mutations. It develops in the fallopian tubes that connect the ovaries and the uterus. Ignoring the early symptoms can eventually cause the removal of the uterus and the fallopian tubes and ovaries. Our focus should be on understanding how fallopian cancer begins and recent advancements in its diagnosis and treatment, especially in the early stages.

What is Fallopian Tube Cancer? 

The fallopian tubes are part of the female reproductive system on each side of the pelvis. Fallopian tube cancer usually begins in the tube or oviduct gland cells that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. These eggs are released each month and pass out as menstrual blood if not fertilised by sperm. Studies have reported that fallopian cancer cases are rare, with only 1,500-2,000 cases reported globally to date.

Symptoms of Fallopian Tube Cancer 

Fallopian tube cancer symptoms are difficult to detect early and easy to dismiss as nothing serious. It is always worthwhile to consult a gynaecologist in case of irregular menstruation, any abnormalities related to the reproductive system, or if you have a history of cancer risk in the family. The symptoms of fallopian tube cancer usually are:

• Vaginal bleeding not associated with menstruation
• Irregular periods
• Watery or white vaginal discharge that contains blood
• Back pain
• Bleeding from the vagina after menopause
• Swelling in the lower abdomen
• Pain in the lower belly
• Constipation
• Experiencing pain during intercourse
• Fatigue
• Frequent urination

Causes of Fallopian Tube Cancer 

The causes behind fallopian tube cancer are still not clear, but the cancer typically starts somewhere else in the body before spreading to the fallopian tubes as metastatic cancer. Experts say fallopian tube cancer may account for up to 70% of all epithelial ovarian cancers. The exact reason is yet to be ascertained, but women who have never given birth or breastfed a child post-delivery may have a higher chance of developing it. The risk factors behind fallopian tube cancer are: 

• Women aged between 50 and 60 years are at a higher risk 
• Post-menopause conditions can also lead to this disease; if not treated properly it triggers the cells of the female reproductive system to mutate
• Early menstruation (before age 12) or late menopause
• Inherited gene mutations (such as BRCA)
• A family history of ovarian or breast cancer 
• Infertility or having no pregnancies
• Obesity during early adulthood

How is Fallopian Tube Cancer Diagnosed? 

It can be difficult to diagnose fallopian tube cancer as the symptoms are not discernible in the initial stages. Even so, the doctor will first enquire about any suspected symptoms based on medical history and conduct a thorough physical examination. Subsequently, the gynecologic oncologist may recommend any of the following procedures:

1. Biopsy: In this procedure, tissue in the affected area is surgically removed and sent to a pathologist to determine the presence of cancerous cells. This method can stop such cells from spreading to nearby organs. 
2. CA 125 blood test: This test measures the level of CA 125 protein that sometimes indicates the presence of ovarian cancer in the blood.
3. Pelvic examination: The doctor inserts a speculum into the vagina to inspect the cervix, uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes for any lump. The doctor may ask for a Pap test, whereby a thin tool is used to scrape some cells from the cervix, and the sample is sent to a pathology lab to check for cancer cells.
4. Ultrasound: In this method, high-energy sound waves are used to create echoes that form a picture of the pelvic area tissues.
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging: This powerful technique uses magnets and radio waves to take pictures of the fallopian tubes.
6. Computed Tomography (CT) scan: This technique uses a powerful X-ray that takes detailed pictures of the interior body parts.

How is Fallopian Tube Cancer Treated? 

The treatment for fallopian tube cancer is similar to ovarian cancer treatment, through two main methods—surgery and chemotherapy. 

Oncologist surgeons try to remove the fallopian tubes and the uterus, cervix, ovaries, and other affected areas. Chemotherapy is suggested if surgery cannot remove all of the cancer —HIPEC (hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy). This procedure involves placing heated chemotherapy in the fallopian tube area that removes the tumour and reduces the recurrence chance. The chemotherapy drugs commonly used to kill cancer cells are carboplatin and paclitaxel. Targeted therapy treatment is mainly used to identify and attack specific cancer cells using two types of targeted therapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors. Researchers and scientists are still looking for ways to cure fallopian tube cancer completely, and several clinical trials are underway.

With cancer comes the burden of hefty treatment costs that eventually exhaust people’s lifetime savings, let alone the tension and anxiety of what is to become of a loved one. Hence, a health insurance plan that ensures adequate health coverage and helps to settle cancer treatment costs is highly recommended for everyone. For one, you can explore the ICICI Lombard health insurance policy and learn about the amazing benefits it provides to the insured.

Pregnancy After Fallopian Tube Cancer 

Women affected with fallopian tube cancer may fail at childbearing, but proper diagnosis and adequate treatment can address this issue. However, pregnancy becomes difficult if the patient is in the fourth stage of cancer, as the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and uterus are affected by cancer cells.

The treatment procedure comprises: 

• Surgery to remove ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus can negate pregnancy chances forever.
• Chemotherapy can also damage the fallopian tube by inducing early menopause. 
• However, pregnancy is possible if both ovaries are removed and the embryo and eggs are frozen before surgery. Consulting a doctor is highly recommended before conceiving to avoid any sort of risk during pregnancy.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

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• Uterine Cancer: Diagnostic Tests and Procedures

Introduction 

What is thymus cancer? This is a common question exasperated patients ask their doctors. Let us find out what thymus cancer is and gain knowledge about this rare cancer type. The thymus is a small organ in the upper chest above the heart and behind the sternum (breastbone). Thymus cancer occurs when cells mutate, become malignant, and grow out of control. This cancer type is common among middle-aged adults and individuals 70 years or older.

What is Thymus Cancer? 

The thymus is a small gland that plays a vital function in maintaining the body’s immune system. The thymus produces white blood cells called lymphocytes that protect us from viral and bacterial infections. The two main types of thymus cancer are thymoma carcinoma and thymic carcinoma. Thymoma cancer is more common, grows slowly, and can spread to other body parts. Thymic carcinoma develops more quickly and also spreads to other body parts. 

Symptoms of Thymus Cancer 

Most thymus cancer patients do not show symptoms until the tumour grows large enough to start pressing on nearby organs or blood vessels in the chest. The symptoms can include persistent cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, drooping eyelids, loss of appetite, double vision, dizziness, low red blood cell count, and unexplained weight loss. Many people develop an autoimmune disorder called myasthenia gravis (weakening of skeletal muscles) with the onset of this thymus tumour. 

How is Thymus Cancer Diagnosed? 

A thymus tumour can be detected with imaging tests such as chest X-ray, CT scan, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scan, Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan, and blood test. The doctor will enquire the patient about their health history, symptoms, risk factors, and family history regarding the disease. Once the tumour is surgically removed, the surgeon sends it to the pathologist who examines the tumour for cancerous growth. Doctors sometimes inject a special dye called contrast medium on the patient before the scan for clearer details of the image. 

The TNM staging system is used to assess the various stages of thymus cancer, from stage 1 to stage 4, based on the size of the tumour (T), spread to lymph nodes (N), and the indication of metastasis (M), or its spread to other parts of the body. Stage 1 is non-invasive, while stage 4 indicates the cancer’s spread to distant organs such as the liver or kidneys. Diagnosis is most critical as it helps healthcare professionals determine the ways to treat the cancer.

How is Thymus Cancer Treated? 

Treatment is primarily aimed at reducing the size of the tumour. Patients diagnosed with thymoma and thymic carcinoma undergo different types of treatments, including the following treatment methods depending on the type of thymus cancer detected. 

Doctors recommend treatment procedures according to the size and spread of the tumour in the body, which include: 

1. Surgery: Under this procedure, the tissue affected by the growth of cancer cells is surgically removed to prevent further spread to nearby organs.
2. Radiotherapy: This therapy is one of the most popular and effective medical treatments to treat thymus cancer patients. Radio oncologists use radioactive chemicals or X-rays to kill the DNA structure of cancerous cells under this therapy.
3. Chemotherapy: In this treatment procedure, the doctor adopts a chemical treatment administered through an intravenous drip that helps in blocking cell growth, and cancerous cells lose their ability to reproduce in the thymus area.
4. Targeted Therapy: This type of treatment is mainly used to identify and attack specific cancer cells in the body. Targeted therapy includes tyrosine kinase inhibitors and mammalian target rapamycin inhibitors.
5. Immunotherapy: In immunotherapy, doctors try to improve a patient's immune response by prescribing drugs such as Pembrolizumab, Cetuximab, and Nivolumab to fight cancer cells. Immunotherapy can be done if thymic carcinoma has not responded to chemotherapy.
6. Clinical trial: A clinical trial is a study that is done to test the safety and effectiveness of new or different cancer treatments. 

Coping With Thymus Cancer

Coping with a rare type of cancer as thymus cancer can be extremely challenging, causing worry, depression, and stress among the patient and their near and dear ones. The patient’s family should remain in constant touch with the concerned healthcare team if the patient faces any problems during the treatment procedure. Family members and friends often play an important role in taking care of a person suffering from a thymic tumour. They must function as caregivers, providing physical, practical, and emotional support to the patient as undergoing cancer treatment can be hard on the mind and body. 

Reducing financial stress at such times is among the most crucial aspects of the treatment stage for both patients and their families. It is in moments like these that solid health coverage becomes priceless. For instance, the ICICI Lombard health insurance policy can readily help such individuals offset cancer treatment costs.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

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From speaking to singing and from breathing to swallowing-the throat plays an incredibly important role in how we engage with the world around us. Everyone, regardless of their age, gender or lifestyle, relies on the health of their throat for a range of activities. Taking good care of your throat should be near the top of everyone’s list when considering their overall wellness. Understanding the signs and symptoms of a more serious condition like throat cancer can help ensure that any issue you may have with such a delicate area gets addressed quickly and appropriately. With this in mind, it’s essential that you understand just what impacts your throat’s health and take actionable steps towards looking after it on a daily basis.

What is Throat Cancer?

Throat cancer, in everyday language, refers to cancer that begins in your throat. However, doctors and medical experts prefer to use more precise terms because the throat area can be affected by various types of cancers. When you have medical appointments, your healthcare provider will explain the exact type of cancer you're dealing with using the correct medical terms.

For instance, cancer that starts in the thyroid gland at the front of your neck is called thyroid cancer. Cancer that begins in the tube that typically carries food to your stomach is known as esophageal cancer. Similarly, cancer that originates in the windpipe, also called the trachea, is called tracheal cancer.

Types of Throat Cancer  

The following are some of the most commonly known types of neck cancer.

• Oropharyngeal cancer: This type typically impacts the area situated just behind your mouth. Nasopharyngeal cancer: This typically emerges in the area behind your nose.
• Laryngeal cancer: This cancer refers to tumours forming within your vocal cords. The origin of the cancer can be from different parts of your voice box.
• Glottic cancer: If you encounter glottic cancer, it affects your vocal cords located in the middle of your larynx. Notably, more than half of all laryngeal cancer cases begin in this region.
• Subglottic cancer: This cancer starts beneath your vocal cords, in the lower portion of your voice box. Supraglottic cancer originates in the upper part of your larynx and might typically include the epiglottis; it is the cartilage that prevents food from entering your windpipe.

Symptoms of Throat Cancer

Listed below are some of the most commonly known throat cancer symptoms:

• Keep an eye out for recurring nosebleeds.
• The tumour's presence can affect your voice, making it quieter, huskier, or resembling a perpetual cold.
• Throat cancer can make eating and swallowing painful and difficult, leading to weight loss, a common symptom in various cancer types.
• You might encounter pain or a burning sensation when chewing or swallowing, as the tumour interferes with these actions.

Causes of Throat Cancer

The following are some of the popular risk factors that can potentially become one of the throat cancer reasons.

• If you are a man, you have a 4 to 5 times greater likelihood of developing throat cancer compared to women.
• If you have been exposed to human papillomavirus (HPV) through sexual activity with an infected partner, you are at risk of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer.
• While those over 55 years of age face a higher risk, it's crucial to note that even younger individuals can also be affected by these types of cancer.
• If you use tobacco products like cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco, or snuff, you need to be aware that these increase your risk of cancer. An astonishing 85% of cancer cases are linked to tobacco use. In addition to direct smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke and smoking marijuana can further raise this risk.
• If you have difficulty swallowing and are iron deficient, be aware that you are at a higher risk of throat cancer due to this condition.
• If you happen to frequently consume alcohol in excessive amounts, you are significantly increasing your chances of developing cancer. Combining alcohol with tobacco usage intensifies this risk more.
• If your occupation exposes you to harmful substances like asbestos, wood dust, paint fumes, or specific chemicals, your risk of developing cancer significantly increases.

Can Throat Cancer Be Prevented?

While you can't completely prevent throat cancer, you have the power to significantly reduce your risk by avoiding risk factors such as:

• Pay close attention to your diet. Opt for a healthy diet that typically includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, minimally processed meats, sugary drinks, and highly processed foods.
• Practise safe sexual habits, like limiting oral sex and the number of sexual partners, to minimise your chances of HPV exposure.
• Stop or limit your consumption of alcohol. Avoid smoking as well.

How is Throat Cancer Diagnosed?

The specific tests chosen depend on factors like the suspected cancer type, your neck cancer symptoms, age, general health, and previous medical results.

Your diagnostic process starts with a physical examination and lab tests. The doctor will inspect your neck, lips, gums, cheeks, nose, mouth, throat, and tongue for any anomalies such as a throat cancer lump.

A biopsy, involving microscopic examination of tissue samples, would provide a conclusive throat cancer diagnosis. The type of biopsy varies based on the cancer's location. Through the use of a laryngoscope, your larynx and hypopharynx will be directly examined. This procedure may also involve a biopsy.

When it comes to assessing the spread of cancer, imaging tests become a crucial part of the diagnosis. For example, computed tomography (CT) scans utilise X-rays from various angles, crafting a detailed 3D image that reveals irregularities or tumours.

What are the Different Stages of Throat Cancer?

The following are the different stages of throat and neck cancer.

The stages of early throat cancer involves the presence of abnormal cells within your throat lining that have the potential to develop into cancer.

As you advance to stage 1, the tumour measures no more than two centimetres, and the malignancy hasn't infiltrated your lymph nodes.

Progressing to stage 2, your tumour expands beyond two centimetres but remains under four centimetres in size. The cancer hasn't extended into your lymph nodes.

As you transition to stage 3, the throat cancer is more advanced. This stage involves either a tumour surpassing four centimetres in size, or the involvement of a lymph node on the same side of your neck as the tumour.

Finally, stage 4 denotes the utmost advancement of throat cancer for you. The tumour's size is variable, but will have spread to various regions, including neighbouring tissues like your neck, trachea, thyroid, oesophagus, jaw, and mouth. In the most severe cases, the cancer might have travelled to remote body parts, such as your lungs.

How is Throat Cancer Treated?

• Your throat cancer treatment options are typically customised for you by several factors, including your throat or neck cancer stage, the location of cancer, the type of cells involved, the presence of HPV infection, your overall health, and your personal preferences. The following are some of the most common throat cancer treatments:
• Chemotherapy employs drugs to eliminate cancer cells. It's often combined with radiation to enhance effectiveness. Radiation therapy employs high-energy beams like X-rays and protons to target and eliminate cancer cells. For small cancers or those not affecting lymph nodes, radiation alone may suffice.
• Targeted drug therapy targets specific defects in cancer cells to inhibit their growth.
• Surgical interventions will vary based on the cancer's location and stage. Minor cancers on the throat's surface or vocal cords may be treated with endoscopic procedures. This involves inserting a hollow endoscope, along with specialised tools or a laser, to remove the cancer. Larger tumours might require complete voice box removal, with techniques available for speech restoration. Smaller cancers may require you to opt for partial throat removal (laryngectomy) with reconstruction to restore swallowing.
• Immunotherapy utilises your immune system to combat cancer by counteracting cancer cell proteins that suppress the immune response. This method is typically reserved for advanced cases that don't respond to standard treatments.
• Post-treatment rehabilitation addresses complications, involving specialists to restore swallowing, eating, and speaking abilities.

Living with Throat Cancer

In your journey with throat and neck cancer, staying vigilant during post-treatment monitoring becomes very important.

• Regular blood tests evaluate your thyroid function, while dental check-ups focus on managing radiation-related concerns. If needed, speech, hearing, and swallowing rehabilitation help address any post-treatment challenges you might encounter.
• As you move forward, it is important to remember to stay on top of your health insurance to ensure continued coverage. Keeping a record of your medical history proves very valuable in communicating effectively with new doctors and specialists you may encounter on your recovery journey.
• It's crucial to promptly communicate any new problems or concerns to your doctors. By doing so, you aid in the early detection of any potential issues, contributing to your overall well-being.
• If your sense of smell is impacted, olfactory rehabilitation can help restore it. The impact of treatment on your intimacy is also a consideration that your healthcare team can assist you with.

Conclusion

Throat cancer comes in various forms and stages, each requiring personalised approaches. Detecting it early is key, which is why regular medical check-ups and staying vigilant about your health are essential. Working closely with healthcare experts and promptly addressing any health concerns are vital steps in managing cancer effectively. Always invest in good health insurance to get adequate coverage for your treatment.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

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Dyspnea is the medical term for “shortness of breath” when you can’t get air into your lungs. Whether caused by an underlying medical condition, illness, or physical exertion, dyspnea can be truly frightening to experience. In this article, we’ll explore everything there is to know about dyspnea.

What is Dyspnea?

So, what is dyspnea? Dyspnea, or shortness of breath, is often described as an intense tightening in the chest. A person finds it difficult to breathe and feels suffocated. The main causes for dyspnea can be strenuous exercises, extreme temperatures and obesity. There are two types of dyspnea—acute and chronic.

Acute dyspnea is a condition that comes quickly and doesn’t last very long. Allergies, anxiety, exercise and the common cold or the flu can bring this on. Chronic dyspnea lasts longer, i.e., several weeks or longer, or keeps returning. This can occur due to serious health conditions like asthma, heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). If you have dyspnea, you should see your doctor as soon as possible.

Symptoms of Dyspnea

Shortness of breath can feel different for every person, and its symptoms depend on what’s causing it. Some common signs and dyspnea symptoms include:

• Chest tightness
• Laboured breathing
• Shortness of breath
• The feeling of forceful breathing
• Rapid breathing tachypnea
• Increased heart rate
• Feeling of suffocation
• Noisy breathing or wheezing
• Heart palpitations
• Coughing

Causes of Dyspnea

Many health conditions like heart or lung diseases can cause dyspnea. Your heart and lungs are the main part of the respiratory system, responsible for providing your body with oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. So, if either of these isn’t working right, you can end up with excess or too little carbon dioxide in your blood, and in such a condition, you breathe harder to get more oxygen in or get carbon dioxide out. Engaging in intense workouts or visiting places at high altitudes are common causes of dyspnea. Resistance in airflow due to blockages or inflammation in your lungs can also lead to this condition.

Other health conditions that are the main shortness of breath causes involve:

Lung and airway conditions:

• Asthma
• Allergies
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Respiratory illnesses like bronchitis, flu, COVID-19
• Pneumonia
• Inflammation around your lungs
• Pleural effusion
• Pulmonary edema inside the lung
• Scarring or fibrosis inside the lungs
• Lung cancer
• High blood pressure in your lungs causes pulmonary hypertension
• Tuberculosis
• Partial or complete collapsed lung
• Blood clotting or pulmonary embolism

Heart and blood conditions:

• Anaemia
• Heart failure
• Cardiomyopathy
• Abnormal heart rhythm
• Endocarditis
• Pericarditis
• Myocarditis

Other conditions:

• Anxiety
• Broken ribs causing difficulty in breathing
• Some medicines like statins or beta-blockers that are used to treat high blood pressure
• Body mass index above 30
• Lack of exercise
• Sleep apnea (that can cause paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)

Diagnosis of Dyspnea

To diagnose dyspnea, your healthcare provider will ask for a medical history and perform a physical exam, including listening to your lungs and heart with a stethoscope and noting your blood pressure. You need to explain the episode of the attack with specific details like how long it lasted, how severe it was, and if you get them frequently.

The doctor may order other additional testing, including:

• Chest X-ray: In this technique, pictures of the inside of your chest are taken to know if there’s an issue with your lungs.
• Computed Tomography (CT) scan: This technique involves the use of powerful X-rays that make detailed pictures inside of our body scan.
• Blood Tests: These are done to assess the effectiveness of treatment by taking white and red blood cell counts to look for anaemia or other illnesses.
• Lung function tests. Tests are run to check lung strength and blood oxygen levels to see how well you are breathing.
• Cardiopulmonary exercise testing. This technique involves using a treadmill or stationary bike to check the amount of oxygen you take in and the carbon dioxide you release while exercising to see respiratory activities.
• Echocardiogram: Doctors may use an echocardiogram to assess heart function to assess how blood flows through the heart and heart valves. It creates a picture of the heart using sound waves to find abnormalities, if any.

Treatment of Dyspnea

A person with dyspnea is treated based on what is causing it. For example, if the cause of dyspnea is anaemia, the doctor may prescribe iron supplements. Other forms of dyspnea treatment include:

Diet and exercise

If obesity and difficulty managing your fitness levels are causing dyspnea, a balanced diet and frequent exercise can help reduce the symptoms. It has been reported that moderate weight loss without exercise can also help people deal with obesity, which will help reduce symptoms of dyspnea.

Pulmonary rehabilitation

A pulmonary lung condition like COPD requires the care of a pulmonologist, a doctor who specialises in the health of your lungs and respiratory system. They will treat the patient with medications and breathing exercises to improve lung functioning and muscle strength and increase exercise endurance and conditioning. These dyspnea patients may need supplemental oxygen in a portable tank to help keep them from feeling out of breath.

Cardiac rehabilitation

Dyspnea is usually one of several symptoms of heart failure, whose treatment involves cardiac rehabilitation. This treatment consists of using an artificial pump to assist heart function and help manage heart failure and other heart-related conditions.

How Can Dyspnea Be Prevented?

Preventing dyspnea means avoiding or managing its possible causes to control shortness of breath. This can be done using the following methods:

• Treating underlying conditions

Underlying health disorders such as lung disease, heart disease and obesity, among others, can treat dyspnea. It’s important to follow the proper treatment plan suggested by the doctor.

• Avoiding air pollution

Air pollution and airborne diseases can also cause respiratory problems and may lead to breathing problems. It is important to use safety measures like wearing masks in places with poor air quality to prevent such diseases.

• Maintaining a moderate weight.

Maintaining a healthy weight and BMI can help a person avoid dyspnea. If you are obese, it is important to seek help from a dietician and nutritionist to maintain a healthy weight.

• Avoiding over-exertion

Intense and strenuous workouts can cause short-term dyspnea. So, minimising such activities can prevent this condition.

• Avoiding asthma triggers
• Quitting smoking
• Avoiding inhaling harmful chemicals and fumes that can irritate your lungs
• Practising relaxation exercises

When Should You Call the Doctor?

Contact a healthcare provider if you have experienced severe shortness of breath, chest pain, or light-headedness. Such symptoms can be a sign of a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. After assessing the symptoms and causes of the dyspnea, your doctor will provide treatment to help you breathe better. You may also experience dyspnea if you have symptoms of COPD and pneumonia. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs with symptoms of chills, fever and coughing that produces phlegm. The phlegm can cause more difficulty in breathing alongside dyspnea, and you may have to rush to the hospital to treat it.

Conclusion

Dyspnea, meaning shortness of breath, is characterised by sudden or severe shortness of breath, alongside symptoms like nausea, chest pain or blue skin, and heart palpitations. If you’re experiencing shortness of breath regularly due to an underlying condition like lung and heart disease, speak to your healthcare provider about managing your symptoms. Don’t let dyspnea hold you back from living your best life. Stay informed and proactive in taking good care of your health. And as always, breathe deeply and live fully! Having health insurance can provide access to timely medical care and resources to help manage conditions like dyspnea effectively.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

The liver truly is a remarkable organ. As our body’s detoxifier, it filters out all sorts of toxins every day, helping us stay healthy. Unfortunately, the liver is not invincible, and fatty liver disease (FLD) can be a real threat to our well-being. This disease occurs when there is a buildup of fat in the liver. With its ability to quietly develop over many years without causing obvious symptoms, FLD has gained the reputation as a “silent epidemic”. Furthermore, many people are unaware of this severe condition and its various forms. Today, we will answer the question, “What is fatty liver disease,” and delve into its causes, symptoms, treatment options, and more.

What is Fatty Liver Disease?

The liver is the largest organ within the body, which helps us digest food, store energy, and remove toxins from the body. However, a condition called fatty liver disease can put this organ in danger. This disease occurs when too much fat accumulates in the liver, which, if left untreated, can cause serious health problems such as cirrhosis (scarring) and liver failure. It is mainly caused due to heavy alcohol consumption or due to certain medical conditions such as diabetes. FLD is of two main types: nonalcoholic and alcoholic, but it also occurs in other forms.

Although the condition can be asymptomatic in its early stages, diagnosing and managing it early on is essential. With proper diet changes, exercise, and medication, fatty liver disease can be prevented and managed effectively.

Symptoms of Fatty Liver Disease

Fatty liver disease, also called steatosis liver disease (SLD), doesn’t always show symptoms and is usually a silent disease with few or no symptoms. It usually progresses through four main stages. These are:

• Simple Fatty Liver: Excess fat builds up in the liver but is generally harmless unless it progresses further.
• Steatohepatitis: Along with excess fat, inflammation occurs in the liver.
• Fibrosis: Inflammation leads to scarring, but the liver can still function relatively well.
• Cirrhosis: Widespread scarring impairs the liver’s function, making this stage the most severe and irreversible.

People notice fatty liver symptoms once it has progressed to cirrhosis, which is when they may experience:

• Swollen belly
• Enlarged blood vessels
• Enlarged spleen
• Yellowing of skin and eyes (jaundice)
• Dark-coloured urine
• Pale stools
• Swelling in the abdomen (ascites)
• Edema
• Bleeding in the oesophagus, stomach, or rectum
• Nausea
• Loss of appetite
• Unexplained weight loss
• Malaise
• Larger-than-normal breasts in men
• Red palms
• Nausea
• Tiredness or fatigue
• Mental confusion

If you experience any of these symptoms, meet your doctor as soon as possible. This is because cirrhosis causes permanent liver damage, which can impact your quality of life. You can stop fatty liver from progressing and causing complications by following a doctor’s recommended treatment plan.

Causes of Fatty Liver Disease

So, what causes fatty liver disease? Chronic alcohol use is one of the main culprits behind FLD. Consuming too much alcohol can alter certain metabolic processes in the liver and cause Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (AFLD), a type of FLD. When these metabolic products combine with fatty acids, they form fat that can accumulate in the liver.

Other conditions that cause FLD include:

• Metabolic syndromes like insulin resistance, high cholesterol and high triglycerides
• Type 2 diabetes
• Obesity
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
• Obstructive sleep apnea
• Hypothyroidism (low levels of thyroid hormones)
• Hypopituitarism (low levels of pituitary gland hormones)
• Hypogonadism (low levels of sex hormones)

Other potential causes of fatty liver disease:

• Pregnancy (very rarely)
• Side effects from some types of medications, including amiodarone, diltiazem, tamoxifen, or steroids, build up fat in your liver.
• Infections such as hepatitis C
• Certain rare genetic conditions

Risk Factors Associated with Fatty Liver Disease

The main risk factor for developing Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (AFLD) is heavy alcohol consumption. Heavy drinking is defined in terms of grams of alcohol consumed or the number of drinks consumed weekly. To clarify, a standard drink contains about 14g of alcohol. Thus, heavy drinking is defined as:

• 15 or more drinks per week for men, or 40–80 grams (g) of alcohol per day
• 8 or more drinks per week for women or 20–40 g of alcohol per day

Other risk factors include:

• Being overweight
• Being malnourished
• Have chronic viral hepatitis C
• Insulin resistance due to type-2 diabetes
• High amounts of triglycerides or Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol or reduced levels of good High-Density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
• Rapid weight loss
• Exposure to harmful toxic fumes of chemicals

Some less common reasons factors to develop nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) include:

• Medical conditions affecting fat storage
• Hepatitis C infection
• Taking certain medicines like glucocorticoids, methotrexate, synthetic estrogen, and others
• People who have undergone surgery to remove their gallbladder are more likely to develop NAFLD

It is not necessary that having a single risk factor can cause fatty liver disease, but it does increase your chances of developing it. If you have one or more risk factors for FLD, speak to your doctor about prevention strategies.

Types of Fatty Liver Disease

FLD is classified based on the causes and the conditions associated with the fatty liver. These include:

• Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one type of fatty liver disease that is not associated with alcohol use. There are two kinds:

• Simple fatty liver: This happens when you have too much fat in your liver but little or no inflammation that can still cause liver damage or complications.
• Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): This occurs when your liver exhibits inflammation, fat deposition, and liver cell damage that may further cause fibrosis or scarring. In later stages, it may lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer.

• Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD)

Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), also called alcoholic steatohepatitis, occurs due to heavy consumption of alcohol. In general, the liver breaks down most of the alcohol you consume. It generates harmful substances during this process that can harm the liver cells, promote inflammation, and weaken the body’s natural defences. The more alcohol you drink, the more damage it causes to your liver.

• Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)

MASLD is known to be a non-alcohol-related fatty liver disease (NASLD). The risk factors for this disease include:

• Obesity
• Type 2 diabetes
• High blood pressure
• Lipid abnormalities

• Metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (MASH)

Metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a serious form of MASLD in which fat buildup causes inflammation, tissue damage, and scarring in the liver.

• MASLD and increased alcohol intake (termed MetALD)

One more type of FLD is MetALD, in which both metabolic risk factors and alcohol consumption can build up fat in your liver. The amount of risk for liver damage varies from person to person.

• Cryptogenic SLD

Sometimes, healthcare providers cannot identify the cause of steatosis liver disease and call it cryptogenic SLD.

Diagnosis of Fatty Liver Disease

The diagnosis of fatty liver starts with a health history and physical examination because most people don’t have symptoms. The doctor uses different methods to diagnose the condition, which include:

Health history and physical exam

The doctor will first ask about your alcohol use, which will help them figure out the extent of the disease. Your doctor may check for signs of liver issues, such as an enlarged liver or jaundice. They may assess your height and weight to calculate body mass index (BMI), which will help determine the chances of developing a fatty liver.

Blood tests

The following blood tests are conducted for fatty liver disease:

• Liver function tests to detect and monitor liver damage, if any.
• Fibrosis assessment tests to estimate the level of liver scarring.
• Lipid profile test that measures lipid content in the blood, such as cholesterol and triglycerides.
• Other blood tests for hepatitis C and Wilson disease (a rare genetic condition).
• Haemoglobin A1C, determines how stable your blood sugar is.

Imaging tests

The doctor may ask for an ultrasound, computerised tomography (CT) scans, or even magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reports to check how much fat is present in the liver. But these tests can only tell if there is fatty liver and cannot discriminate between simple fatty liver and NASH.

Some tests can detect fibrosis by assessing the stiffness of the liver. When liver cells usually die, they’re replaced by scar tissue, which is stiff. The stiffer the liver is, the more scarring it has.

• Transient elastography is done to measure liver stiffness using a special ultrasound machine named pulse-echo ultrasound acquisitions to measure liver stiffness.
• Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) combines ultrasound and MRI to visually map stiffness caused by inflammation and fibrosis in chronic liver diseases.

Liver biopsy

A doctor may need to conduct a liver biopsy if you’re at risk for NASH or if the doctor suspects liver cirrhosis. Here, a doctor extracts a sample of liver tissue and sends it to a lab for examination to look for liver inflammation or damage in the lining of the liver.

Treatment of Fatty Liver Disease  

There’s no specific fatty liver treatment or medication. Instead, doctors guide you to focus on helping you manage risk factors that contribute to the condition of fatty liver, including lifestyle modification and certain medications.

Your healthcare provider may recommend that you:

• Avoid consumption of alcohol: The most crucial part of alcohol-related fatty liver disease treatment is to stop drinking alcohol entirely. You may need a therapist or participate in an alcohol recovery programme to break this habit. Some medicines can help to reduce your craving for alcohol. The doctor will advise you to steer clear of alcohol even if your FLD isn’t related to alcohol use.
• Lose weight: Exercising and changing your eating and drinking patterns under a nutritionist’s supervision can help you lose weight. Certain medications, such as GLP1RA, can also help you lose weight. Doctors may also suggest bariatric surgery to lose weight in a few cases.
• Take medications to manage metabolic conditions: Certain medicines can help you with the metabolic process to manage diabetes, cholesterol, and triglycerides (fat in the blood).
• Get vaccinated for hepatitis A and B: Viral infections like hepatitis A and hepatitis B make your body more vulnerable to disease, including liver disease.

Lifestyle Changes Recommended for Fatty Liver Disease

The first-line treatment for fatty liver disease includes treatment that focuses on lifestyle changes like weight loss, dietary control, and increased physical activity. These modifications are similar to the recommendations for metabolic syndrome. They may also be applied for NAFLD, which controls blood glucose, blood pressure, triglycerides, and HDL levels.

The doctor may recommend specific lifestyle changes depending on your condition and lifestyle habits, which include:

• Weight loss
• Reduction or abstention from alcohol consumption
• Taking a nutrient-rich diet with fewer calories, low saturated fat, and trans fats
• Doing 30 minutes of exercise on most of the days
• Taking vitamin E supplements might help improve alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels and reduce liver inflammation.

However, it is always recommended to consult a doctor before you try any new supplement, as they might place stress on your liver or may interact with any ongoing medications.

Diet for Individuals with Fatty Liver Disease

If you have fatty liver disease, the doctor will advise you to make certain changes to treat your condition and lower its complications, including:

• Balance your diet: A balanced diet can help lower the risk of forming fatty liver disease. So, selecting foods from all food groups, like fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, low-fat dairy and healthy fats and oils, is recommended.
• Cut calories: You must always aim to reduce your consumption of foods that are high in calories to maintain a healthy weight.
• Focus on fibre: Increasing the uptake of fibre-rich food in the diet, like millet, fresh fruits and vegetables, legumes, and whole grains, can help improve the function of your liver.
• Limit certain foods: People living with fatty liver disease should cut down on certain foods like:
  • Sodium (salt)
  • Refined carbohydrates present in sweeteners, white rice and bread, or other refined grain products
  • Saturated fats present in red meat, full-fat dairy, and fried foods
• Limit alcohol: Talk with a doctor about whether you can have alcohol or not because people with serious liver conditions like AFLD should completely abstain from drinking alcohol entirely.
• Drink water: Staying hydrated by drinking lots of water can help keep your liver hydrated, which can help improve its health.

How can Fatty Liver Disease be Prevented?

Some general tips to prevent FLD tips include:

• Limiting or avoiding the use of alcohol even if your SLD isn’t related to alcohol use.
• Managing your weight by eating a balanced diet, i.e., one that is rich in nutrients and low in saturated fat, trans fat, and refined carbs.
• Taking steps to manage and monitor your blood sugar, triglyceride levels, and cholesterol levels as a rise in blood sugar is linked to fatty liver disease.
• Increasing uptake of fibre-rich food in the diet to help improve the function of your liver
• Doing 30 minutes of exercise on most of the days.

Conclusion

To sum up, fatty liver disease is a warning sign that can help you take steps to avoid a fatal liver condition like cirrhosis or liver cancer. The first form of treatment for fatty liver disease is to make lifestyle modifications to improve your liver health. For people dealing with Alcoholic Fatty Liver disease (AFLD), it is important to abstain from alcohol use entirely to prevent further damage to the liver. Lifestyle modifications and proper management of other medical conditions are crucial for people affected by other forms of FLD. Changes in an early stage can help you protect your liver, improve your health and prevent severe complications of this disease. Having health insurance ensures access to regular check-ups and necessary treatments, giving you peace of mind while managing your liver health effectively.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

You’ve probably noticed that some diseases are tricky to spot when they first show up. But others come right out and make themselves known. One such condition is jaundice, characterised by the yellowing of the skin and eyes. While it’s common in babies and usually harmless, adults with jaundice could be dealing with an underlying health issue. That’s why knowing what is jaundice and what to look out for is important. So, let’s dive in and explore everything there is to know about jaundice.

What is Jaundice?

Jaundice is the yellow discolouration of the eyes, skin and mucous films. It happens when the body has an overproduction of bilirubin, a yellow substance produced during the breakdown of red blood cells. Under normal conditions, bilirubin passes through the liver and is eliminated in the stools. But it can’t be properly removed if there’s an excessive amount of bilirubin produced or there is severe damage to the liver or bile ducts. And that’s what gives the skin and eyes a yellowish tinge. Monitoring bilirubin levels is crucial for identifying and addressing potential health concerns.

Causes of Jaundice

Usually, the development of jaundice means there is an underlying problem in the body that either makes too much bilirubin or stops the liver from getting rid of it. These include:

• Reactions to certain drugs
• Infections like viral hepatitis
• Parasitic infections of the liver
• Cirrhosis (scarring of liver tissue)
• Heavy alcohol consumption
• Gallbladder or pancreatic cancer
• Gallstones
• Gallbladder problems that lead to bile pipe blockages, blood issues,
• Pancreatic disease, and
• Inherited liver disorders like Gilbert disorder or Dubin-Johnson condition. These affect the breakdown of bilirubin in the body

Symptoms of Jaundice

When jaundice occurs, the whites of the eyes are the primary tissues that turn yellow. This happens when bilirubin levels are moderately high. The skin turns yellow when bilirubin levels are elevated even further. Other side effects related to jaundice will depend on the reason behind it. However, the common symptoms seen in most cases include:

• Dark urine
• Pale stools
• Excessive tiredness (fatigue)

Apart from this, people may also experience the following symptoms:

• Abdominal pain
• Weight loss
• Vomiting
• Itchiness
• High temperature (fever)

Types of Jaundice

The different types of jaundice include:

• Haemolytic jaundice: This results from excessive red blood cell breakdown
• Hepatocellular jaundice: This stems from liver damage or infection
• Obstructive jaundice: This is caused by bile duct obstruction, which hinders the removal of bilirubin from the liver

Diagnosis of Jaundice

Getting a jaundice diagnosis involves a few steps. First, the doctor will ask about the patient’s medical history and perform a physical exam, all of which assess the abdomen, liver, and skin. The doctor might also order some laboratory tests to help figure out what is causing the jaundice. These include:

• Bilirubin test
• Full blood count to measure the level of red and white blood cells and platelets
• Blood tests to detect liver infections like hepatitis A, B, and C

If the doctor suspects a liver blockage is causing the jaundice, they might conduct imaging tests like MRIs, CT scans, or ultrasounds. In some cases, they may perform an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), which combines endoscopy and X-ray imaging.

In certain situations, a liver biopsy might also be needed. This involves taking a small sample of liver tissue with a needle and examining it under a microscope. This can help check for inflammation, cirrhosis, cancer, or fatty liver.

Treatment of Jaundice

Jaundice treatment mainly focuses on addressing the underlying condition rather than directly treating the jaundice itself.

If you’re dealing with acute viral hepatitis, you can be assured that the jaundice will naturally go away as your liver heals. In cases where a blocked bile duct is to blame, your doctor might recommend surgery to open it up. And if you’re experiencing itching, your doctor can prescribe cholestyramine, a medication taken orally to combat bile acid-induced itching. If severe liver damage is the cause of jaundice, a liver transplant might be the way out.

Newborns and Jaundice

Jaundice affects around 60% of full-term infants and 80% of premature babies. It typically emerges within the first days of life because they have too many red blood cells. These cells break down a lot and need to be replaced. However, newborns have underdeveloped livers, so they struggle to get rid of the bilirubin in their blood, leading to jaundice. Apart from this, a few other factors are associated with jaundice in babies, including:

• An underactive thyroid gland
• Blood group incompatibility between the pregnant person and the baby
• Rhesus disease, where the pregnant person’s antibodies attack the baby’s blood cells
• Urinary tract infection
• Blockage in the bile ducts and gallbladder

Breastfeeding or chest feeding can also increase the likelihood of jaundice in newborns, but don’t worry, there’s no need to stop feeding the baby this way. In these cases, the jaundice symptoms usually go away within a few weeks.

While usually harmless, monitoring bilirubin levels is crucial, as excessive levels may require treatment to avert potential complications. Treatment often involves phototherapy, exposing the baby to specialised lights that aid bilirubin breakdown. In severe cases, interventions like blood exchange transfusions may be necessary.

Complications Associated with Jaundice

The treatment of jaundice may lead to certain complications or side effects like constipation, stomach pain, bloating, or diarrhoea. In babies, issues may involve fever, vomiting, lethargy, difficulty waking, distinctive crying, and, in severe cases, possible brain damage causing hearing loss, mobility problems, and dental issues. The underlying issues that cause jaundice can also result in their own complications.

How Can Jaundice Be Prevented?

Here are a few simple tweaks to your everyday routine that can help prevent jaundice:

• Eat healthy, balanced meals
• Stay active and get those endorphins flowing
• Go easy on the alcohol—moderation is key
• Steer clear of harmful chemicals and toxins, whether they’re in the air or on your skin
• Be mindful when it comes to medication management
• Ensuring immunisation against hepatitis A and B viruses can help prevent liver infections that can lead to jaundice
• Safe practices: Practising safe sex, avoiding sharing needles, and using sterile equipment can reduce the risk of contracting hepatitis viruses

Conclusion

Jaundice is a condition that affects many people, but it doesn’t have to be a cause for concern. You can better navigate this condition by understanding the various causes of jaundice and knowing when to seek medical attention. Remember, jaundice causes and experiences may differ, and it’s always best to consult a healthcare professional for personalised advice. Stay informed, take proactive measures, and remember that your health should always remain a top priority. Having health insurance can provide essential financial support for timely diagnosis and treatment.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Malaria is a disease that is of global health concern. Despite making progress in fighting this mosquito-borne illness, we still witness millions of cases every year. It can affect anyone, regardless of age, gender, or socioeconomic status. With globalisation and increased travel, even those in developed nations with strong healthcare systems are at risk of exposure. In this article, we’ll explore everything you need to know about malaria—what causes it, how it spreads, different kinds of malaria parasites, common symptoms, diagnosis, and especially how it can be prevented or treated.

What Is Malaria?

Malaria is caused by a parasite named Plasmodium. This parasite is transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitoes. Once inside the body, the parasite multiplies in the liver and then attacks red blood cells. This can cause severe symptoms, mainly fever and chills. For some people, malaria can be deadly. Luckily, the disease is preventable and, more importantly, treatable. If you plan a trip to a high-risk area, ensure you have protective clothing, bed nets, and mosquito repellant.

Symptoms Of Malaria

The main symptoms of malaria include the following:

• High fever is one of the most common symptoms people tend to disregard. The fever may come in intervals, causing the body temperature to rise sharply and then drop, accompanied by chills.
• Infected people experience severe chills that can range from moderate to severe.
• Profuse sweating is seen in most individuals as the body struggles to maintain its temperature due to fever spikes.
• Headaches are common during malaria infections, ranging from mild discomfort to debilitating pain and persist throughout the illness.
• A person may experience abdominal pain, which can range from mild discomfort to a little too much. The patient might feel weird churning sensations in their stomach.
• Muscle pain is very common due to this parasitic disease. As the body gets weaker, the muscles and joints start aching.
• Patients experience nausea for a long time, which kills their appetite.
• Vomiting is also one of the severe symptoms of malaria. This also leads to loss of water from the body.
• Diarrhoea is another symptom that also promotes the loss of water in the body. It also hinders the absorption of nutrients in the body.
• Anaemia can occur due to malaria as blood platelet levels drop.
• Deep breathing and respiratory distress: A person might need to take deep breaths profusely and have respiratory issues like feeling claustrophobic or deprived of air.
• Clinical jaundice and vital organ dysfunction can also occur.
• A patient might lose consciousness due to malaria.
• Coma is a severe symptom indicating infection is taking over the body.
• Severe infection can lead to bloody stools, adding to the patient’s discomfort.

Causes of Malaria

Several species of Plasmodium can cause malaria in humans, including:

• Plasmodium falciparum
• Plasmodium vivax
• Plasmodium ovale
• Plasmodium malaria
• Plasmodium knowlesi

When a mosquito, specifically a female Anopheles mosquito, feeds on an infected individual’s blood, it ingests the parasites and blood. Within the mosquito, the parasites undergo development, eventually reaching the stage where they can infect another person when the mosquito feeds on another human.

When the infected mosquito bites a healthy individual, the parasite travels through the bloodstream and reaches the liver to reproduce. After that, they return to the bloodstream and infect the healthy red blood cells. This is when symptoms like chills and fever begin showing up. The symptoms get worse as the number of parasites multiply. Several human and environmental factors are responsible for the spread of malaria, such as climate change, stagnant water bodies where mosquitoes breed, and poor health infrastructure.

Where is the Condition Common?

Malaria is common in tropical and subtropical countries. These regions are warm and humid, making them suitable for breeding mosquitoes. Common areas recognised by WHO where malaria outbreaks are seen every year are:

• Africa: Sub-Saharan Africa bears the highest burden of malaria cases and deaths globally. Countries like Nigeria, Congo, Uganda, Mozambique, and Burkina Faso have high transmission rates due to climate, lack of resources, and socioeconomic challenges.

• South and Southeast Asia: Countries like India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and some parts of Southeast Asia have significant malaria transmission, although progress has been made in reducing the incidence in some areas.

• Latin America: Malaria is present in some countries of Central and South America, with higher incidence rates in regions such as the Amazon basin, affecting countries like Brazil, Peru, Colombia, and Venezuela.

Malaria is common in these areas due to the climate as well as poor health infrastructure in these countries. This emphasises the need for more awareness. Efforts by governments, international organisations, and health agencies have led to significant strides in reducing malaria cases, but it remains a major health concern in these areas.

Diagnosis of Malaria

Malaria testing determines whether the parasite is present in the patient’s blood. Some methods used as diagnostic techniques are:

• Microscopic examination: A medical professional will use a microscope to look for plasmodium parasites in a blood smear.

• Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs): RDTs are quick and easy-to-use tests that detect specific malaria antigens in a blood sample. The test usually provides immediate results within 15 to 20 minutes. This method is used during emergencies and when there is an increased number of patients.

• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): PCR tests are highly sensitive and accurate molecular techniques. It is used to detect the genetic material of the malaria parasite. PCR can accurately identify the distinctive species of Plasmodium.

Treatment of Malaria

Malaria treatment depends on various factors. These factors include the severity of symptoms, parasite species, age, and health status of the person.

Commonly used medications for treating malaria include:

• Antimalarial drugs

Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTs): ACTs, such as artemether-lumefantrine, artesunate-amodiaquine, and others, are effective against Plasmodium falciparum, which is the most deadly malaria parasite. The therapy works by reducing the number of parasites in the blood.

• Chloroquine and other medications

This medication is used for regions where the malaria parasite is still sensitive to chloroquine. However, due to increasing resistance, it may not be effective in some areas. Medications like mefloquine or atovaquone-proguanil may be prescribed depending on the specific type of parasite and drug resistance patterns.

• Treatment of Severe Malaria

In severe cases of malaria, particularly caused by Plasmodium falciparum, hospitalisation and intravenous (IV) medications like quinine or artesunate are required. This is vital in preventing complications in the body and reducing the risk of death.

• Preventive therapy

Chemoprophylaxis is prescribed in some instances where the patient is at risk of contracting malaria.

How Can Malaria Be Prevented?

Prevention of malaria requires a multifaceted approach to minimise the risk of mosquito bites and parasite transmission. Some of the key preventive measures are as follows:

• Vector control
• Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets (ITNs): Sleeping under ITNs can significantly reduce mosquito bites, especially during nighttime when the Anopheles mosquitoes, carriers of malaria, are active.
• Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS): Spraying insecticides inside dwellings helps kill mosquitoes and reduce their numbers, decreasing the risk of malaria transmission.
• Other methods include using mosquito repellents like incense sticks, fabric roll-ons, and creams.

• Antimalarial medication

If you are travelling to a malaria-prone area, it is advised to take Chemoprophylaxis to reduce the risk of infection. It is taken before, during and after the trip. Consultation with a healthcare professional is essential to determine the most suitable medication based on the travel destination and individual health considerations.

• Environmental measures

Eliminating or reducing mosquito breeding sites by draining stagnant water, covering water containers, and proper waste management helps limit mosquito reproduction. Building houses with screened windows and doors can reduce indoor exposure to mosquitoes. Prompt water is where mosquitoes breed and can be collected outside the home. Stay aware of the surroundings and check for stagnant water regularly.

• Community Engagement and Education

Increasing awareness among people through various means of mass communication can significantly help prevent malaria. Involving communities in malaria control programs can enhance the adoption of preventive measures and improve overall health outcomes.

Conclusion

To sum it up, malaria is a preventable, deadly disease. We must educate ourselves and others about this illness to prevent its spread. From understanding its transmission and symptoms to knowing how to protect yourself from mosquito bites, we can all play a role in eradicating malaria. Let’s not wait for an outbreak to take action; let’s start now by making small changes in our daily lives, advocating for change, and ensuring we have health insurance for added protection.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Ovarian cancer is a form of cancer that is not often talked about. It is a type of cancer that grows in the ovaries, which are the main part of the female reproductive system. Women who are diagnosed with this form of cancer often do not exhibit any symptoms in the early stages of the disease, which can make it difficult to catch. Unfortunately, this also means that the cancer has typically spread to other parts of the body by the time it is detected, making it more difficult to treat successfully. While the thought can be scary, it is important to understand the various ovarian cancer symptoms, in order to catch it as early as possible. In this article, we'll explore everything you need to know about ovarian cancer- from risk factors and symptoms to ovarian cancer stages diagnosis, treatments, and more. We hope our insights leave you feeling educated and empowered in your battle against ovarian cancer!

What is ovarian cancer?

Women have two ovaries which are an important part of the female reproductive system. Ovaries are located on each side of the uterus and produce eggs and hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone. Ovarian cancer can start in one or both ovaries, when abnormal cells grow and multiply out of control and even in the abdominal lining, called the peritoneum. Like other cancers, ovarian cancer can invade and grow spreading to other tissues and organs leading to a condition known as metastasis. Epithelial ovarian cancer is reported to be the most common type of ovarian cancer, in which cancer cells start growing on the surface of the ovary.

Symptoms of ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer-related symptoms are hard to find in its earliest stages, and is often detected in the advanced stage of cancer.  So it is always recommended to consult a gynaecologist in cases of irregular menstruation or any abnormalities related to the female reproductive system. The ovarian cancer symptoms include:

• Vaginal bleeding (not occuring because of menstruation)
• Irregular menstrual periods
• Watery or white vaginal discharge that contains blood
• Urge to urinate frequently
• Discomfort in the pelvic area
• Fullness after eating less amount of food
• Bleeding from the vagina after menopause
• Gastrointestinal problems like bloating
• Swelling in the lower abdomen
• Pain in the lower belly
• Constipation
• Painful intercourse
• Fatigue

Risk factors associated with ovarian cancer

According to studies, there is no particular way to prevent ovarian cancer, but we might be able to reduce the chances of developing this disease by understanding a few risk factors, such as: 

• Women with advancing age between 50 to 79 years are at a higher risk of getting this cancer
• Inherited gene mutations (such as BRCA): The genes that are responsible for ovarian cancer are breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) and breast cancer gene 2 (BRCA2), which increase the risk for breast or ovarian cancer. You can consult with your doctor about getting gene testing, especially if the risk runs in your family.
• Certain post-menopausal conditions can trigger the cells of the female reproductive system to mutate, leading to ovarian cancer.
• Birth control:Most studies have found that women using oral contraceptives or taking long-acting progesterone shots every 3 months for birth control have a slightly higher risk of ovarian cancer than women who have never used them.
• Being overweight or obese has been directly linked to having a higher risk of developing many cancers, including ovarian cancer.
• Postmenopausal hormone therapy,in which oestrogen combined with progesterone has been used to help relieve symptoms of menopause, have been found to increase the risk of developing cancer.
• Having a family history of endometrial cancer or colorectal cancer can also raise the risk of developing ovarian cancer.

Stages of ovarian cancer

After diagnosing ovarian cancer, healthcare professionals assess its stage and grade to develop an effective treatment plan. There are four ovarian cancer stages, determined by the extent of the disease's spread.

• Stage I: In this ovarian cancer stage, cancer is present in both ovaries and fallopian tubes and in the space around the ovary (called the peritoneal cavity).
• Stage II: In this stage, the cancer is not only in the ovaries but has spread to the uterus and also to other nearby structures in the pelvis.
• Stage III: In this stage, the tumour is 2 centimetres or more in size, and has spread beyond the pelvic area, lymph nodes and it could impact other organs, like the liver and spleen.
• Stage IV: Stage IV cancer is the most severe stage in which the cancer has spread to the inside of organs such as the liver or spleen, and also to the lymph nodes of the groin or into the chest.

Types of ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancers are divided based on the cell in which they form. Three main common types of ovarian cancer have been reported so far namely:

• Epithelial cells which occur in the lining of the ovary
• Germ cells that forms eggs which help in reproduction
• Stromal cells that form the structure of ovaries and help in hormone release

How is ovarian cancer diagnosed?

A doctor diagnoses ovarian cancer based on the existing signs and symptoms and may ask for a medical history, and a thorough physical examination. Here are a few steps that a doctor make take in the process of diagnosis:

1. The doctor will first ask about family and medical history, since a family history of cancer or the presence of any existing medical conditions raises the risk of ovarian cancer.
2. CA 125 blood test: This test measures the level of Cancer Antigen 125 (CA 125) protein in the blood. High levels of this antigen may indicate the presence of ovarian cancer.
3. Pelvic exam: The doctor will examine the cervixand assess the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes for any sort of lump. The doctor may take a small sample of cells from the which is then sent to a pathology lab.
4. Ultrasound: In this method, high-energy sound waves are used to create echoes that form a distinct picture of the pelvic area tissues.
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging: This is a powerful technique that uses magnets and radio waves to create clear images of the ovaries.
6. Computed Tomography (CT) scan: This technique involves the use of a powerful X-ray that makes detailed images of our body.

How is ovarian cancer treated? 

The standard approach for ovarian cancer treatment typically includes a combination of surgery and chemotherapy. During surgery, doctors remove the cancerous tissue through an operation. Chemotherapy, on the other hand, involves the use of special medications to either shrink or eliminate the cancer. These medications can be taken orally or administered intravenously, and in some cases, a combination of both methods may be used.

Another treatment option for ovarian cancer is targeted therapies, which specifically target cancer cells in order to inhibit their growth or spread. These targeted therapy drugs can be taken orally or given through intravenous infusion. To determine the most suitable targeted ovarian cancer treatment specifically for you, your doctor may recommend genetic testing.

Can ovarian cancer be prevented?

While cancer cannot be prevented, there are certain things you can do to reduce your chances of developing this disease, especially if you are at a high risk of getting it. These include:

• Using birth control pills for five or more years.
• Undergoing tubal ligation, removal of ovaries or fallopian tubes, or a hysterectomy.
• Having children and considering breastfeeding for a year or more.
• Genetic testing could also help to look for a change in the genes responsible for ovarian cancer.
• Maintain a healthy weight, as studies show being overweight may increase the risk of getting cancer

Remember to consult your doctor to discuss personalised strategies for reducing your risk. While these methods can be effective, it's important to weigh the risks and benefits associated with each option. For example, while birth control pills can lower ovarian cancer risk, they may increase the chances of breast cancer. Take proactive steps, but understand that there is no guarantee against cancer.

Conclusion 

While educating yourself is certainly an invaluable way to protect yourself from ovarian cancer, it's equally important to take further proactive steps like getting health insurance. Having health insurance can give you access to services that may help spot ovarian cancer in its early stages. Additionally, many health insurance plans cover expensive treatments and medications that will be helpful if you do develop ovarian cancer further down the road. We hope this article has shed light on what you need to know about ovarian cancer, but the main takeaway here is simple: knowledge is power! Equip yourself with strategies of protection in order to keep yourself safe against this severe disease.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

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• Causes of Uterine Cancer: Unraveling the Complex Origins of a Silent Threat
• Uterine Cancer Treatment: A Comprehensive Guide
• Uterine Cancer: Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
• Uterine Fibroids Treatment: Options and Considerations
• Understanding Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment

Chickenpox might seem like a harmless childhood rite of passage, but the viral disease warrants closer attention. Increasing reports of its occurrence have been reported among adults in recent times. While the itchy blisters and mild fever tend to resolve on their own, chickenpox poses certain risks—particularly for babies, pregnant women, and those with weakened immune systems. This blog will explore the chickenpox virus in depth, including how it spreads, common symptoms, and treatment options.

What is Chickenpox?

Chickenpox is a contagious disease brought on by the Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV). It can cause an extremely itchy, blister-like rash, among other chickenpox symptoms. The rash first appears on the chest, back, and face and then spreads over the entire body. It is transmitted from person to person through direct contact and usually lasts for five to seven days.

Symptoms of Chickenpox

The chickenpox rash appears 10 to 21 days after exposure to the varicella-zoster virus. It often lasts about 5 to 10 days. Other chickenpox symptoms that may appear 1 to 2 days before the onset of the rash include:

• Fever
• Appetite loss
• Headaches
• Tiredness

Once the chickenpox rash appears, it undergoes three phases:

• Raised bumps called papules break out over a few days.
• Small fluid-filled blisters called vesicles form in about one day and then break and leak.
• Chickenpox causes crusts and scabs, which cover the broken vesicles and take some more time to heal. For the next few days, new bumps will keep showing up. You may even have bumps, blisters, and scabs simultaneously. This virus can be spread to other people for up to 48 hours before the appearance of the rash. And the virus stays contagious until all the broken blisters have finally crusted over.

The disease is relatively mild in healthy kids. But sometimes, the rash can cover the entire body, which can cause great discomfort. Blisters may even form in the throat and eyes. They may also form within the inside of the urethra, anus, and vagina.

Chickenpox symptoms in adults who did not get the disease as kids may be similar to those seen in children, but they could be more serious.

Causes of Chickenpox

A virus called varicella-zoster causes chickenpox. This highly contagious virus belongs to the family of herpesviruses, which also includes herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, Epstein-Barr virus, and others. Chickenpox spreads through direct contact with the rash. It can also spread when an infected individual coughs or sneezes and breathes in the air droplets.

How Does Chickenpox Spread?

Individuals who have never had chickenpox, have never received the vaccination, or have a weakened immune system are at the greatest risk of acquiring the infection. Chickenpox is easily transmitted by touching an infected person's blisters, saliva, or mucus. The virus can also spread through the air by coughing and sneezing. It can be spread indirectly by touching an infected person's freshly contaminated items, like clothing. A person with shingles can also cause chickenpox in a person who has never had chickenpox through direct contact. It's important to remember that dry and crusted blisters are no longer contagious.

Diagnosis of chickenpox

Diagnosing chickenpox involves a clinical evaluation based on the characteristic symptoms. The distinctive itchy rash with fluid-filled blisters, fever, and fatigue is a crucial indicator of chickenpox. A doctor or nurse will directly know whether a child or adult has chickenpox by recognising a person's telltale rash and asking a few questions about their symptoms.

If a person is not vaccinated and is unsure of contracting chickenpox as a child, laboratory tests can determine the virus's presence in the body. Adults who have had chickenpox as children will not get the disease again because they develop immunity to the virus. Testing also helps doctors distinguish the symptoms of chickenpox from other conditions with similar symptoms, such as shingles, which is brought on by the same virus that causes chickenpox.

Treatment of Chickenpox

Chickenpox has no cure, but it usually resolves within a week or two without treatment. A doctor may prescribe medication for severe conditions and can advise you on reducing symptoms of itchiness and discomfort.

The following are some chickenpox treatments that may alleviate symptoms:

• Pain-relieving drugs: Acetaminophen may help reduce a high fever and pain when a person has chickenpox. This has to be taken as per the instructions provided by the doctor. Avoid using aspirin-containing products to treat chickenpox, as this can lead to complications.
• Avoiding dehydration: Drink plenty of fluids, preferably water, to prevent dehydration as it can complicate chickenpox.
• Limit certain foods. Avoid salty or spicy foods. If chewing is painful, soup is a good option, but avoid making it too hot.
• Reduce itching: Although difficult, it is essential to minimise scratching to reduce scarring. Topical ointments or cool bath tablets can be helpful.

The following may also help prevent scratching:

• Place soft gloves or even socks over a child's hands when they go to sleep so they do not scratch themselves during the night
• Wear loose clothing

A doctor may prescribe an antiviral medication for pregnant women who get an early diagnosis, for newborn babies, and for those with a compromised immune system.

How Can Chickenpox Be Prevented?

Prevention of chickenpox involves a combination of vaccination, good hygiene practices, and isolation measures. Here are essential preventive measures:

• Vaccination: Ensure that children receive the recommended two doses of the chickenpox vaccine as part of routine immunisation schedules. Adults susceptible to chickenpox or without the disease should also consider vaccination.
• Isolation: Keep individuals with chickenpox isolated from others, especially those who are not immune, until all blisters have crusted over. Avoid as much physical contact as possible with infected people to prevent the spread of the virus.
• Hygiene Practices: Encourage regular washing of hands with soap and clean water, especially if you've had direct contact with an infected person or their belongings. Teach respiratory hygiene, such as covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing to stop the virus from being transmitted.
• Avoiding High-Risk Situations: Individuals with weakened immune systems or pregnant women who are not immune should avoid contact with those infected with chickenpox.

Complications Associated with Chickenpox

Among unvaccinated people who develop chickenpox, a few may have more severe symptoms. Adults are more prone to developing complications than children, but even in adults, it is a rare occurrence.

Contact a doctor if any of the following symptoms show up:

• Infection: If the skin surrounding the spots and blisters becomes red and tender or sore. This may be an indication of a bacterial infection.
• Breathing problems: If a person has breathing difficulties, they may develop pneumonia, which must be addressed immediately.
• Encephalitis: A person can develop inflammation of the brain. Symptoms include confusion, sleepiness, behaviour, or personality changes.
• Reye's syndrome: In rare cases, recovering children and teenagers may develop swelling of the liver and brain.
• Bleeding: A person can experience haemorrhage, which is characterised by blood loss from a ruptured blood vessel.
• Sepsis: An improper response to chickenpox infection within the body may cause sepsis, which is a medical emergency that can lead to organ failure and even death. This is very rare.

Pregnant women have a slightly higher chance of developing pneumonia due to chickenpox. There is also a risk of the mother passing the infection on to her foetus. There is a higher risk of the foetus developing congenital varicella syndrome if the infection occurs during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. This can cause severe scarring in the foetus, as well as eyesight issues, brain drainage, and shortened arms or legs.

Conclusion

Understanding the various symptoms, treatment options, and preventive measures for chickenpox is crucial for maintaining public health. Vaccination remains the most effective tool in curbing the spread of this infectious disease. Promoting good hygiene practices and awareness can also contribute to a safer and healthier community. Moreover, comprehensive health insurance coverage is vital in ensuring access to timely medical care, covering potential complications, and easing the financial burden associated with healthcare expenses.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Tuberculosis occurs worldwide and remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in many countries, including India. There were an estimated 10.4 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths caused by TB globally in 2015. Of these, there were an estimated 2.8 million new cases in India, and 0.48 million people died in India due to TB in 2015.

It is a cause for concern as India stands first in terms of absolute number of cases. Let us dive deeper into the tuberculosis meaning and its other aspects.

What is tuberculosis?

Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily targets the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. It spreads through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

Only some people infected with tuberculosis bacteria become sick immediately. Some may develop latent TB infection, where the bacteria are present but do not cause illness. In such cases, tuberculosis causes no symptoms, and the person is not contagious.

Types of tuberculosis

There are several stages and forms of the disease:

• Primary TB: This is the first stage of a tuberculosis infection. Your immune system may be able to fight off the germs. But sometimes, it doesn’t destroy all of them, and they keep multiplying. You may not have any TB symptoms at this stage, or you might have a few flu-like symptoms.
• Latent TB Infection: Latent TB infection occurs when the TB bacteria are present in the body but are not actively causing illness. Individuals with latent TB do not experience symptoms and are not contagious.
• Active TB Disease: Active TB disease occurs when the bacteria become active and cause illness. Common symptoms include a persistent cough, chest pain, fatigue, weight loss, and fever.
• Active TB outside the lungs: A tuberculosis infection that spreads from your lungs to other parts of the body is known as extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Your symptoms will depend on which part of your body the infection affects.

Symptoms of tuberculosis

Active tuberculosis symptoms in the lungs include:

• A cough that lasts more than three weeks
• Chest pain
• Coughing up blood
• Feeling tired all the time
• Night sweats
• Chills
• Fever
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
  
  

When TB is outside the lungs, you may have these same symptoms, along with pain near the infected area.

Causes of tuberculosis

The bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes TB. It spreads when an infected person talks, coughs, or sneezes, releasing tiny droplets containing the bacteria into the air. People nearby can inhale these droplets and become infected.

Risk factors for tuberculosis

You're more likely to get tuberculosis if:

• A friend, co-worker, or family member has active TB.
• You live in or have travelled to an area where TB is common, like Russia, Africa, Eastern Europe, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean.
• You're part of a group in which TB is more likely to spread, or you work or live with someone who is diagnosed with TB. This includes unhoused people, people with HIV, those in jail or prison, and those who inject drugs.
• You work or live in a hospital or nursing home.
• You're a healthcare worker for patients at high risk of TB.
• You're a smoker.

You're at higher risk of developing active TB if you have:

• HIV or AIDS
• Diabetes
• Severe kidney disease
• Head or neck cancer
• Low body weight and poor nutrition

Or use:

• Cancer treatments such as chemotherapy
• Medications for organ transplants
• Certain drugs to treat rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and psoriasis

Babies and young children are at higher risk of developing active TB because their immune systems aren't fully formed. Children under 5, teens and young adults aged 15-25, and adults aged 65 and older are most likely to get active tuberculosis.

Diagnosis of tuberculosis

Prompt and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective TB management. If someone shows symptoms or has been in contact with a TB-infected person, seeking medical attention for proper testing is crucial.

Tuberculin Skin Test (TST): This standard method involves a tuberculosis test by injecting a small amount of TB protein under the skin. After 48 to 72 hours, a healthcare provider checks for a raised bump at the injection site. This helps determine if the person has been infected with TB.

There are two common tests for tuberculosis:

• Tuberculosis skin testing

This is also known as the Mantoux tuberculin skin test. A technician injects a small amount of fluid into the skin of your lower arm. After 2-3 days, the person checks for swelling in your arm. You might have to undergo this test more than once.

• Tuberculosis blood testing

These tests, also called interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs), measure the response when TB proteins are mixed with a small amount of your blood.

Treatment of tuberculosis

• Most cases are cured with antibiotics. But it takes a long time. You have to take medications for at least 6 to 9 months. Your tuberculosis treatment will depend on your infection. If you have latent TB, your doctor will give you medication to kill the bacteria so the infection doesn't become active.

• Your doctor may prescribe Isoniazid, Rifampin, or Rifapentin, either alone or combined. You'll have to take the drugs for three months or more. If you see any signs of active TB, call your doctor right away.

• A combination of medicines also treats active TB. The most common are Ethambutol, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Rifampin. You may have to take them for 6 to 12 months.

• If you have drug-resistant TB, your doctor might give you one or more different medicines. You may have to take them for up to 30 months, and they can cause more side effects.

However, some strains of TB are resistant to antibiotics. Bacteria become drug-resistant because of changes in their genetic makeup. That can happen randomly. But when antibiotics are overprescribed or misused, this speeds up the process.

Side-effects of tuberculosis

Like any medication, TB drugs can have side effects. Common Isoniazid side effects include:

• Numbness and tingling in your hands and feet
• Upset stomach, nausea, and vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Weakness

Ethambutol side effects include:

• Chills
• Painful or swollen joints
• Belly pain, nausea, and vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Headache
• Confusion
• Eye issues such as pain and vision problems

Some side effects of Pyrazinamide include:

• Lack of energy
• Nausea and vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Muscle or joint pain

Common Rifampin side effects include:

• Skin rash
• Upset stomach, nausea, and vomiting
• Brown urine
• Yellowish skin or eyes (jaundice)
• Diarrhoea
• Loss of appetite

Complications of tuberculosis

Tuberculosis infection can cause complications, such as:

• Joint damage
• Lung damage
• Infection or damage of your bones, spinal cord, brain, or lymph nodes
• Liver or kidney problems
• Inflammation of the tissues around your heart

How can tuberculosis be prevented?

If you're travelling to a place where TB is common, avoid spending a lot of time in crowded places with sick people. If you have a latent infection, take all your medication so it doesn't become active and contagious.

In case you have active TB, you'll need to take care to protect others from infection during your first few weeks of treatment.

• Limit contact with other people

If you live with others, sleep in a separate room and isolate yourself as much as possible.

• Prevention

Cover your mouth when you laugh, sneeze, or cough. Wear a surgical mask when you're around other people.

• Keep your space ventilated

Open windows, and use a fan. Germs spread more easily in poorly ventilated places.

Conclusion

Understanding tuberculosis, its types, symptoms, and causes is crucial for early detection and effective management. Public awareness, vaccination, and improved living conditions play vital roles in preventing the spread of TB within communities. Additionally, having access to health insurance ensures that individuals can afford timely medical care.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Typhoid or enteric fever is mainly caused by the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi bacteria and also, to a lesser extent, by Salmonella Paratyphi A. Humans are the only reservoir for these organisms. The primary sources of infection are the stool and urine of infected persons, with the essential carriers being contaminated water, food, and flies. The causative agent for this gastrointestinal infection is either waterborne or foodborne. The onset and severity of the disease mainly depend on the organism’s virulence and the infective dose.

Economically developing nations face the disease as a significant public health problem, particularly low-income countries of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, where most of the population strives for safe water and have access to limited sanitation and hygiene infrastructure. A large-scale community study conducted in India in an urban slum setting has described the incidence of the disease as high as 2/1000 population/year under five years of age and 5.1/1000 population/year under ten years of age. A similar study from north India has reported that most cases occurred in children aged 5-12 years, wherein 24.8 per cent of cases were in children up to 6 years of age.

What is Typhoid?

Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection that can spread throughout the body, affecting many organs. Without prompt treatment, it can cause severe complications and even be fatal. Typhoid is caused by a bacterium called Salmonella typhi, which is related to the bacteria that cause salmonella food poisoning. It spreads between individuals through direct contact with the faeces of a person with an infection. No animals carry this disease, so transmission is always from human to human. S. typhi enters through the mouth and spends 1-3 weeks in the intestine. Then, it goes through the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream. From the bloodstream, it spreads into other tissues and organs. The host’s immune system can do little to fight back because S. typhi can live within the host’s cells, safe from the immune system.

Symptoms of Typhoid

Typhoid symptoms typically begin 1-3 weeks after contact with the bacteria. The two main symptoms of typhoid are fever and rash. Typhoid fever is exceptionally high, gradually increasing over several days and reaching up to 104ºF. The rash, which does not affect every infected person, consists of rose-coloured spots, particularly on the neck and abdomen. 

Other symptoms that typhoid causes include:

• Diarrhoea
• Loss of Appetite
• Bloating
• Nausea
• Weakness
• Abdominal Pain
• Constipation
• Headache

Causes of Typhoid

Now, let’s look at what causes typhoid.

Typhoid is caused by the bacteria S. typhi. It spreads through food, drinks, and water contaminated with infected faecal matter. Washing fruit and vegetables with water that is contaminated can also spread it. Some people have typhoid without experiencing any symptoms. Others continue to harbour the bacteria after the symptoms have disappeared. Sometimes, the disease can reappear. Those who test positive for typhoid may not be allowed to work with children or older adults until medical tests are negative.

Who is Usually at Risk?

Typhoid fever is the most prevalent in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. People living, working, or travelling to places where typhoid is prevalent are at risk of contracting the bacteria. Typhoid outbreaks can happen in areas where sanitation and hygiene are insufficient. In the food industry, local outbreaks tend to occur where someone carrying the virus transmits it via food. People who work in restaurants or other food-related businesses may be more at risk. Most infected individuals feel better about a week after starting treatment with antibiotics. But if left untreated, typhoid fever complications can cause death in some cases.

Diagnosis of Typhoid

Diagnosing typhoid fever involves clinical assessment, laboratory tests, and the patient’s medical history. The common and most reliable diagnostic methods include blood cultures, wherein a sample of the patient’s blood, faeces, or urine is tested for the presence of the Salmonella typhi bacterium. The bacteria may not always be detected the first time so that you may need a series of tests. Such laboratory tests may include a complete blood count (CBC) for abnormalities. A Widal test helps detect specific antibodies against Salmonella typhi. These tests help confirm the bacteria’s presence and rule out the possibility of other illnesses with similar symptoms.

Treatment of Typhoid

The treatment of typhoid mainly involves consuming antibiotics to flush out the Salmonella typhi bacteria from the body. Common antibiotics prescribed include Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, and Azithromycin. The choice of antibiotics may depend on the severity of the illness, local antibiotic resistance patterns, and individual body suitability. 

Always complete the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by your doctor. Failure to do so can lead to the presence of hostile bacteria in the body, leading to antibiotic resistance. 

Supportive care is also essential, including remaining hydrated through oral rehydration solutions. In severe cases, the doctor may recommend administering intravenous fluids. Maintaining proper nutrition supports the body’s healing process.

Recent medical advancements have successfully treated typhoid fever within three days, which used to take 10-14 days earlier. This is from administering third-generation Cephalosporins, such as Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, and Cefoperazone. 

How can Typhoid be Prevented?

Countries with less access to clean water and washing facilities typically record higher typhoid cases. Preventing typhoid fever involves a combination of vaccination, good hygiene practices, and avoiding contaminated food and water.

Sometimes, a doctor may treat a person pre-emptively with antibiotics if they know the person will be in an area where the condition is endemic. Typically, they will prescribe Ceftriaxone or Cefixime along with Azithromycin.

Other preventive measures include the following —

• Vaccination: Before travelling to a high-risk area, a person should receive a vaccine against typhoid fever. The typhoid vaccine is available as an oral medication or a one-off injection.
• Capsule: This is a live, attenuated vaccine for adults and children over the age of 6 years. It consists of four tablets that a person should take every alternate day, the last of which is at least one week before travel. 
• Shot: This is an inactivated vaccine needed two weeks before travel for adults and children over the age of 2 years. A previously vaccinated person should get a booster shot two weeks before travelling.

The typhoid vaccine is only 50-80% effective, so a person should still exercise caution when eating, drinking, and coming into contact with people. Anyone living with HIV should not take the live, oral dose. The vaccine may also have adverse effects. 

After the oral vaccine, a person may experience:

• GI (Gastrointestinal) issues
• Nausea
• Headache
• Some people may faint after being vaccinated

However, severe side effects are rare with vaccines.

The following are some general rules to follow in locations where typhoid is prevalent, as these will help minimise the likelihood of typhoid infection:

• Drink bottled water, preferably carbonated.
• If there is no access to bottled water, boil available water for at least 1 minute before consumption.
• Be wary of eating anything that someone else has handled.
• Avoid eating at street food stands, and only eat food that is still hot.
• Do not have ice in drinks.
• Avoid raw fruit and vegetables; peel the fruit yourself, and do not eat the peel.
• Travellers to typhoid-affected areas should be particularly cautious. Besides vaccination, follow safe food and water practices, choose reputable food establishments, and be mindful of personal hygiene.

Complications Associated with Typhoid

A person with severe typhoid fever may experience severe vomiting, diarrhoea, and abdominal bloating. Such a condition requires immediate hospitalisation.

A person can also experience the following complications:

• Internal bleeding in the digestive system and ulcers
• Bowel perforation leads to peritonitis. This occurs in about 8-39% of people
• Sepsis
• Lung complications, such as abscess, empyema, or bronchopleural fistula
• Typhoid encephalopathy, which has a 55% mortality rate
• Meningitis
• Neurologic symptoms such as psychosis and muscle rigidity
• Myocarditis or Pericarditis

Conclusion

We recommend understanding and implementing preventive measures against typhoid fever as crucial to safeguarding individual and community health. Vaccination, proper hygiene practices, and access to clean water significantly reduce the risk of infection and the severity of the disease. One vital aspect often overlooked in health protection is the importance of health insurance. In the event of unexpected illnesses such as typhoid, health insurance provides a financial safety net, ensuring that individuals can access timely medical care.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.