Whether it's bending your elbow to lift a cup of tea in the morning or swivelling your hips to the beat of your favourite song, our joints are responsible for allowing us to move in all the ways we need to go about our daily lives. Unfortunately, not everyone is lucky enough to have perfectly functioning joints. One common condition affecting many people is osteoarthritis — a degenerative joint disease that generally affects older individuals. In this article, we'll help you understand what is osteoarthritis, its symptoms, treatment methods, and more.

What is Osteoarthritis?

So, what is osteoarthritis?

Osteoarthritis is a really common disease that usually comes with age. It happens over a long time when the cartilage in the joints that cushions the ends of the bones starts wearing away. That’s why people with osteoarthritis experience inflammation, pain, swelling, and other symptoms. This disease can make your joints stiff and easy to damage. Over time, even the cartilage disappears completely. In simple words, your joints can’t handle shocks as well as they used to.

Types of Osteoarthritis

There are two types of osteoarthritis you should know about.

The first one is called primary osteoarthritis, and it generally affects different places in your body, like the spine, fingers, thumbs, toes, hips, and knees.

The second type is called secondary osteoarthritis, which happens when you already have a joint abnormality. This can be caused by sports injuries or forms of inflammatory arthritis like psoriatic, gout, and rheumatoid.

Symptoms of Osteoarthritis

Here are some signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis to look out for —

• Hurting joints: You may feel pain when moving or after doing any activity.
• Morning stiffness: Joints might feel stiff when you wake up or after being still for a while.
• Tender to the touch: Applying light pressure to or near the joint might cause tenderness.
• Limited flexibility: You might have difficulty moving the joint fully.
• Grating feeling: You could experience a grating sensation or hear popping/crackling sounds.
• Bone spurs: Hard lumps, like extra bits of bone, can form around the affected joint.
• Swelling: Soft tissue inflammation around the joint might cause swelling.

Causes of Osteoarthritis

You’re probably wondering, “What causes osteoarthritis?” As stated earlier, osteoarthritis occurs when the cushiony cartilage in the joints starts breaking down. In general, cartilage keeps movement smooth and painless. But when it wears away, your bones are left to rub against each other directly, which is painful. There are a few different reasons why people get osteoarthritis, but the most common ones are —

• Being overweight: If you want to avoid this type of arthritis, it's important to maintain a healthy weight.
• Genetics: Sometimes, people inherit a gene defect that makes their cartilage break down faster, leading to osteoarthritis.
• Injuries: Injuries from playing sports or taking a tumble can contribute to osteoarthritis. The specific type of arthritis might depend on where the injury occurred. For example, a bad lower back injury could lead to spine osteoarthritis.
• Other health conditions: If you have rheumatoid arthritis, you're more likely to develop osteoarthritis. Certain conditions like excessive hormone growth or too much iron in the body can also increase the risk of osteoarthritis.
• Joint stress: Overworking your joints can also lead to osteoarthritis. For instance, this can happen when your job requires repetitive bending of the knees.

Stages of Osteoarthritis

Let's break down the stages of osteoarthritis for a better understanding.

• Stage 1: This is a minor stage where joints have experienced slight wear and tear. There might be little or no pain in the affected area.
• Stage 2: This is a milder condition where bone spurs become more noticeable, and the affected area feels stiff. Patients might need a brace for support.
• Stage 3: At this point, the cartilage around the joints starts to erode. Patients may experience inflammation and discomfort while performing normal activities.
• Stage 4: In this severe stage, the cartilage is completely damaged, leading to painful and inflamed joints. The overgrowth of bone spurs can also cause unbearable pain.

Risks Associated with Osteoarthritis

While osteoarthritis can affect almost anyone, there are a few things that can increase your chances of getting it:

• Women are more at risk of developing the disease than men.
• After menopause, the likelihood of getting osteoarthritis increases for women.
• You’re more susceptible to this condition if your job involves heavy lifting or climbing.
• Having other health conditions like diabetes can also increase your risk for osteoarthritis.
• You may inherit a tendency to develop this condition.

Diagnosis of Osteoarthritis

When you see a doctor, he/she will check your joint to see if it's tender, swollen, red, and flexible using physical tests. The doctor will also ask about your pain level and how it changes with activity and rest. But that's not all. Your doctor may recommend other diagnostic processes, such as —

• Imaging tests: These tests let the doctor get a closer look at your joint. Your doctor may suggest —
• X-rays: Although cartilage isn't visible on X-ray images, narrowing of the space between bones can indicate cartilage loss. X-rays can also show the presence of bone spurs.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): This procedure utilises radio waves and a magnetic field to provide extremely detailed images of bones and cartilage. While not always necessary for diagnosing osteoarthritis, MRI can provide additional information in complex cases.

• Lab tests: Sometimes, blood or joint fluid analysis can help confirm the diagnosis. Your doctor may perform these tests —
• Blood tests: While there’s no specific blood test to diagnose osteoarthritis, certain tests can help rule out other reasons behind joint pain, like rheumatoid arthritis.
• Joint fluid analysis: The doctor may utilise a needle to take a fluid sample from the affected joint, which can then be tested for signs of inflammation.

Treatment of Osteoarthritis

You’re likely to wonder, “What is the best treatment for osteoarthritis?” Unfortunately, there’s no one-size-fits-all solution. Treatment for OA involves managing multiple symptoms to bring patients much-needed relief. Here are the top treatment options to consider —

• Medicine: There are medications out there to help ease your pain, including

• Acetaminophen: It's been proven to provide relief for mild to moderate pain, but be careful not to exceed the recommended dose to avoid liver damage.
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Over-the-counter options like Ibuprofen and Naproxen Sodium are effective at recommended doses.
• Duloxetine: Although commonly used as an antidepressant, it is also used to treat chronic pain.

• Therapy: Here are some effective therapies to consider —

• Physical therapy: Strengthen your muscles, improve flexibility, and reduce pain with targeted exercises. Plus, simple activities like swimming or walking can work wonders.
• Occupational therapy: This offers smart solutions for everyday tasks. Find ways to ease the strain on your achy joints, from toothbrushes with comfy grips to shower benches.

You’re probably wondering, apart from medication and therapy, what is the best treatment for osteoarthritis in the knees or other joints? Here are a few things you can do to help manage this condition:

• Get a good night’s sleep to reduce inflammation and swelling in your joints
• Maintain a healthy weight, as it has a host of other benefits
• Apply heat and cold compresses to your joints

Frequently Asked Questions

1.     Are there therapy options that help with osteoarthritis?

Yes, you can try therapies like acupuncture or massage therapy. Just remember to chat with your doctor first. He/she might suggest a physiotherapist or occupational therapist for expert guidance.

2.     Is surgery required to cure osteoarthritis?

If conservative treatments aren't doing the trick, your doctor might suggest some procedures like —

• Bone realignment: If one side of your knee has been damaged more than the other due to osteoarthritis, bone realignment surgery helps shift the weight away from the part of your knee that's worn out.
• Joint replacement surgery: Your surgeon replaces worn-out joint surfaces with plastic and metal parts.

Conclusion

For anyone pondering the question, “What is osteoarthritis of the knee and other joints?” we hope this article has helped. It is a common condition affecting the joints, mainly in older people. While there is no cure for this disease, there are many ways to manage it. Staying active, maintaining a healthy weight, and seeking proper medical treatment can help you deal with osteoarthritis. If you or someone you know experiences any of the above-mentioned symptoms, don't hesitate to seek professional help. Having health insurance can provide access to necessary treatments and therapies, making it easier to manage conditions like osteoarthritis effectively.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

If a person is diagnosed with kidney cancer or worried about it, he/she is likely to have a lot of questions. So learning about what is kidney cancer would be a great starting point. 

Cancer is an ailment that occurs when cells mutate and grow out of control in our body. To help you with a better understanding of what happens when we have cancer, let’s look at how our body works normally. Our body comprises building blocks of elements called cells. If a person is diagnosed with cancer, his/her body makes cells that grow abnormally to form a lump/mass of tissue called a tumour. This tumour grows and later spreads to other tissues and organs of the body.

What is kidney cancer?

In kidney cancer, the renal cells become cancerous (i.e., malignant) and grow uncontrollably, causing tumours to spread to other tissues and organs. This leads to a condition known as metastasis. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs in the abdomen on either side of the spine above the waist. Every person has two kidneys which are reddish-brown, about the size of our fist. The kidney’s primary function is filtering blood, removing impurities like extra minerals, salts, etc., and producing hormones that help control blood pressure and tell the body to produce more red blood cells. Kidney cancer appears first in the lining of tiny tubules present in the kidney; such type of cancer gets known as Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC). These cancer cells proliferate in our bodies when something triggers a change in them and goes out of control.

Let’s understand the impact of kidney cancer cells in our body to avoid further worsening of this organ and feel more in control of our life and health through early diagnosis and treatment.

Symptoms of kidney cancer

If you’re wondering “what are the symptoms of kidney cancer,” the answer is kidney cancer often has no symptoms in the early stages. The symptoms usually appear in advanced cancer stages when viewed by an imaging test, such as ultrasound, MRI or magnetic resonance imaging, or computed tomography (CT). The signs and symptoms are:

• Haematuria (blood in your pee)
• A lump in the kidney
• Swelling in our ankle or leg
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss without diet for no reason
• Shortness of breath
• A pain in your sides
• Bone pain
• High blood pressure
• Anaemia (low red blood cell count)
• Fever that is not due to infection and does not go away

How would one know if they have kidney cancer?

There are no specific routine laboratory tests for kidney cancer diagnosis. The doctor will physically check your abdomen for lumps or tissue mass. The doctor can see our medical history, family history and types of treatment one had undergone in the past. Building upon these findings, the doctor will request us to go for one or more tests and may send us to a urologist if he/she suspects there is something wrong with our kidneys. Here are some tests healthcare providers may ask you to take – 

• Complete blood count to check how well your kidneys are working and detect the presence of any blood-related disease
• Bone scan to see if the ailment is present in your bones and chest X-ray to look for the spread of cancer cells in the lungs
• CT scan or PET scan for complete body examination
• Complete metabolic panel (CMP)
• Magnetic resonance imaging uses strong magnetic and radio waves to detect soft tissues in the body
• Urine analysis to check for blood or any infection in the urine sample
• Kidney function test
• Kidney Tissue Biopsy to look for any sort of malignancy
• Abdomen ultrasound to check if the tumour is solid or fluid-filled by creating pictures of the kidney using sound waves
• Renal arteriogram to evaluate blood supply in the tumour mass

Stages of kidney cancer

Now that you know what are the symptoms of kidney cancer, let’s look at the stages of the ailment.

Studying the fundamental insights of different stages of kidney cancer and its symptoms can help diagnose the early stages of this disease. There are four stages of kidney cancer, and the higher the stage, the more advanced the cancer will be.

• Stage I: If the tumour size is 7cm, is only present in the kidney, and has not spread to the lymph nodes or other tissues
• Stage II: If the tumour size is larger than 7 cm and this tumour or tissue mass is present only in the kidney and has not spread to the lymph nodes
• Stage III: If the tumour has spread to major blood vessels in the body like the renal vein, inferior vena cava, fatty tissue and lymph nodes around the kidney but not the ipsilateral adrenal gland and Gerota’s fascia
• Stage IV: If the tumour has spread further than the fatty layer of tissue around the kidney and nearby lymph nodes and spreads to other organs, like the bowel, pancreas, or lungs and beyond Gerota's fascia and ipsilateral adrenal gland

How is kidney cancer treated?

The treatment pathway for kidney cancer aims to have a diagnosis and to know the stage of kidney cancer. Different treatment options are available that help us with clear and concise information about these procedures, depending on the size and location of the tumour. Our age and general health also influence our options for treatment. Everyone’s kidney cancer treatment journey will differ based on the spread of the infection. The doctor may refer us to a specialist for treatment advice, including a urologist, a medical or radiation oncologist, or a surgeon. It is important to take a second opinion from your doctor before starting the treatment of kidney cancer. Discuss the proper treatment plan and its outcome before starting the therapy.

There are several standard treatment options for kidney cancer. The most common method and first-line treatment is surgery in which the entire tumour gets removed, and the doctor may suggest further treatment to eliminate any remaining cancer cells present in the neighbouring cells.

The main type of surgery for kidney cancer depends on how advanced the cancer is. Options for surgery are:

• Radical nephrectomy in which the kidney, adrenal gland, surrounding tissue and lymph nodes get removed; it is the most common type of surgery for kidney cancer done through a small incision with the help of a laparoscope.
• Simple nephrectomy in which the surgery gets done to remove only the kidney gets removed.
• Partial nephrectomy in which the kidney, along with some tissue around it, gets removed. This procedure is also used to remove smaller size tumours.

If surgery is not an option, the doctor may suggest the following methods to help destroy the kidney tumour.

• Cryotherapy involves extreme cold to kill the tumour.
• In radiofrequency ablation, a high-energy radio wave kills the tumour.
• Arterial embolisation involves inserting material, like a special gelatin sponge, through a catheter into an artery that clogs/blocks the blood flow to the tumour or primary renal blood vessel.

Other techniques used are listed below.

• Biologic therapy for kidney cancer: This therapy utilises our immune system to fight kidney cancer by restoring our body's natural defence mechanism and using immunotherapies like interferon alpha or interleukin-2.
• Targeted Therapy: This treatment utilises drugs and other substances to target cancer cells by using targeted therapy with anti-angiogenic agents that block blood vessels and shrink them to enter the tumour. It gets used after surgical procedures.
• Radiation Therapy: This type of treatment involves using high-energy X-rays (i.e., external radiation) to kill cancer cells in patients who do not undergo surgery.
• Chemotherapy: This mode of therapy uses drugs to eliminate cancer cells or prevent them from multiplying, but it is not effective for kidney cancer except for a particular type of spindle cells.

Can kidney cancer be prevented?

Learning about our kidneys is a way to regain control of our life and health. Doctors are researching the exact cause of symptoms of kidney cancer. But we can reduce the risk of this ailment by considering certain factors linked to kidney cancer, such as: 

• Cigarette smoking is a significant cause of concern as a large percentage of cases occur due to this reason.
• Maintaining a healthy weight by exercising and following a diet high in fruits and vegetables may also reduce our chance of getting this ailment.
• We can reduce our risk of kidney disease by managing our blood pressure.
• Avoiding exposure to harmful chemicals (such as trichloroethylene) at work may reduce our risk for renal cell cancer.
• Drinking alcohol is also one of the major factors for kidney disease, as several cases occur due to this reason.
• Kidney cancer is the most treatable ailment when detected in its early stages, so going for an early prognosis is wise.

Conclusion 

Like any illness, cancer can occur without warning. Whether one is recently diagnosed, undergoing or completed treatment for kidney cancer, or is a carer, investing in a health insurance policy could provide us with a safety net. Look for policies that cover critical illness or invest in it as an add-on cover. ICICI Lombard provides us with individual and family health insurance policies with upgraded new add-ons. When our demands and lifestyle are constantly changing, why should our health insurance policy remain the same? Review your needs and upgrade your health insurance policy to meet modern treatment needs.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Related Articles:

• Ways To Keeping Your Kidneys Healthy
• Unlocking Kidney Health: Fruits That Naturally Lower Creatinine Levels
• Understanding Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment
• Modifying Your Lifestyle to Prevent Kidney Stones
• Everyday Habits Damaging Your Kidneys

Our minds are complex, capable of incredible feats but susceptible to dysfunction and disease. Neurological disorders arise when something goes awry in the brain or nervous system, affecting how our bodies and minds work together. One such disorder is apraxia. It is a motor speech disorder that makes planning and executing physical movements of the muscles needed for speech difficult. In this article, we will explore what apraxia is, the signs and symptoms to look out for, potential causes, diagnosis, and treatment options.

What is Apraxia?

So, what is apraxia? It is often described as the disconnection between the brain and the muscles needed for speech. It is a neurological disorder wherein individuals are unable to carry out requested tasks or movements despite comprehending the command, having the willingness to execute the task, and possessing fully functional muscles required for the action. This impairment can occur even if the task has been previously learned.

Types of Apraxia

Listed below are the different types of apraxia:

• Apraxia of speech

Creates difficulties in mouth and tongue movements to articulate words despite the individual's desire to speak.

• Oral apraxia

Impacts the coordination of the jaw, lips, tongue, and palate. It can also hinder the ability to eat and drink.

• Ideational apraxia

Hinders the brain's ability to create a cohesive plan for motor tasks that involve many steps, such as brushing teeth.

• Ideomotor apraxia

Hampers the ability to execute instructions or imitate the movements of others involving the head, arms, or legs.

• Buccofacial apraxia

Affects the voluntary movements of the facial muscles, making it challenging to perform actions such as licking the lips or winking.

• Oculomotor apraxia

Hinders your ability to control the movement of your eyes in the desired direction.

• Constructional apraxia

Affects the ability to draw or replicate basic shapes and construct simple objects.

Difference between Apraxia of Speech and Aphasia

Apraxia and aphasia are often mistakenly mixed up. Yes, they can occur together, but their effects on communication are different. Aphasia hampers your ability to understand and use words effectively – it can make speaking, reading, and writing a challenge. Apraxia, on the other hand, is not about understanding language. It’s about struggling to initiate and complete the movements required for speech despite having no muscle weakness. Aphasia can manifest in different forms, commonly being Broca’s aphasia, which impedes speech, while Wernicke’s aphasia challenges comprehension and expression.

Symptoms of Apraxia

Some common symptoms of apraxia include the following:

• Impaired facial movements, such as coughing or winking
• Challenges in performing precise movements with your finger, arm, or leg
• Difficulty using tools for specific tasks
• Impaired eye movement
• Struggles in carrying out tasks like brushing your teeth or tying your shoes
• Taking small steps or having difficulty with coordination
• Issues with copying simple drawings

As discussed before, apraxia of speech affects the way you speak and commonly affects children. Early signs may include:

• Limited babbling (unrecognisable sounds made by babies) during infancy
• Lack of variation in the sounds they produce
• Omitting sounds within words, particularly at the beginning
• Inconsistency in pronouncing certain sounds or words
• Regression in speech abilities despite prior learning
• Reliance on nonverbal forms of communication, such as nodding or pointing

Causes of Apraxia

Apraxia is a condition that typically stems from brain damage, and the individuals suddenly lose abilities they once possessed. Common apraxia causes include:

• Brain tumours
• Neurodegenerative illnesses
• Dementia
• Strokes
• Severe brain injuries
• Hydrocephalus

Apraxia isn’t limited to acquired cases – it can also manifest from birth, with symptoms emerging as the child grows. The cause of this is unknown.

Researchers are currently trying to find out what brain issues cause apraxia of speech. Researchers are trying to find the genes that might be behind this kind of apraxia while also attempting to figure out which specific parts of the brain are connected to this condition.

Diagnosis of Apraxia

Doctors use the following tests to diagnose apraxia:

• During bedside tests, patients are asked to imitate commonly learned tasks like saluting or walking. Testing strength and range of motion helps determine if motor weakness or musculoskeletal issues are causing symptoms.
• Neuropsychologic testing and assessment by therapists can identify subtle apraxia. This standardised testing evaluates various aspects of brain function and provides insight into intelligence, attention, memory, and more. Caregivers should also be asked about the patient's ability to perform daily activities and use household tools properly.
• Brain imaging, like CT or MRI scans, is necessary to diagnose and characterise central lesions like infarcts or masses.

Diagnosing childhood apraxia of speech isn't as simple as just taking a test. But here's what most specialists look for: they'll check if your child can say the same word multiple times or recite a list of words that get more challenging. For example, "joy, joyful, joyfully."

The speech-language pathologist will also interact with your child to see what sounds, syllables, and words they can make and understand. The pathologist will even look inside the child's mouth, tongue and face to see if any structural issues are at play.

You won't be able to get a solid diagnosis until your child turns two. Before that, most kids aren't able to handle the tasks necessary to determine if they have apraxia.

Treatment of Apraxia

Occupational and speech therapists are key players in helping you and your caregivers tackle the challenges of apraxia head-on. During apraxia treatment, therapists will focus on:

• Practicing sounds to improve mouth movements
• Slowing down speech for better communication
• Teaching techniques to enhance your ability to express yourself
• Addressing any signs of depression

Family and friends can also make a big difference in communication by:

• Keeping directions simple
• Using clear and crisp phrases
• Speaking in a regular tone of voice (Remember, they don’t have a hearing issue)
• Trying to understand and offer communication aids if needed

Try these tips to make daily life easier for someone with apraxia:

• Create a relaxed and soothing environment
• Patiently allow them to complete a task without pressure
• Explore alternative ways of doing things, like wearing shoes using a hook and loop closure instead of laces.

Moreover, sign language can also be helpful for children struggling to understand. Therapists often suggest that these kids try to say the words they’re signing, which helps them practice making mouth movements. And it’s not just for kids – even people with more severe cases of acquired apraxia can benefit from sign language or computers.

Conclusion

Apraxia is a complex condition that affects people differently and requires a personalised approach to treatment and management. Parents, guardians, and caregivers must be aware of the symptoms and types of apraxia to provide treatment and support. It is crucial to remember that every individual with apraxia is unique, and there is no one-size-fits-all solution. It takes patience, understanding, and consistent support to help someone with apraxia thrive. Having health insurance can ease access to specialized therapies and resources, ensuring comprehensive care for individuals with apraxia.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and long-lasting autoimmune disease that severely affects the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). MS is marked by decreased nerve function with initial inflammation of the protective myelin nerve. Medical intervention is required to treat this condition to reduce and slow down disease progression. In this article, we’ll explore everything you need to know about multiple sclerosis.

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

So, what is multiple sclerosis? Multiple sclerosis causes the immune system to target and attack the cells in the myelin sheath (protective layer wrapped around nerve cells), interrupting signals from the brain to other body parts. Various risk factors like age, race, obesity, smoking, and a family history of MS are responsible for causing this disease. There’s no cure for multiple sclerosis, but treatment options are available to help you with speedy recovery from attacks, modifying the course of the disease progression and managing symptoms.

Types and Stages of Multiple Sclerosis

There are four types of multiple sclerosis:

1. Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS)

This Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS) is the single first episode of neurologic symptoms that lasts about 24 hours. The symptoms of CIS include:

• Vision problems, a condition known as optic neuritis
• Vertigo
• Loss of sensation in the face
• Weakness in the arms and legs
• Difficulty with coordination, balance, and walking
• Difficulty in speaking and swallowing
• Bladder problems

The state of CIS has shifted to relapse-remitting MS if another episode of CIS occurs.

1. Relapse-remitting MS (RRMS)

This is the most common type of multiple sclerosis that occurs in almost 85% of people with multiple sclerosis. This type of MS involves episodes of new or increasing neurologic symptoms and may show relapse or exacerbations followed by periods of recovery or remission. In remission cases, either all symptoms disappear, or some symptoms may continue and become permanent.

1. Primary progressive MS (PPMS)

Neurologic symptoms worsen progressively without early relapses or disability accumulates due to the appearance of symptoms or remissions. Some people may experience active PPMS with occasional relapse or evidence of new MRI activity.

1. Secondary progressive MS (SPMS)

In the case of secondary progressive MS, people will experience an initially relapsing-remitting disease course, with symptom flare-ups where the disease will start to progress steadily, followed by recovery periods.

Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis

The main multiple sclerosis symptoms are:

• Muscle weakness: 

People with MS may develop weak muscles due to a lack of stimulation of nerves. Muscle weakness can be managed by stretching, exercising, water therapy, yoga, or physical therapy and medications such as gabapentin or baclofen. People with MS should stay active, as inactivity can contribute to stiffness, weakness, pain, fatigue, and other symptoms.

• Numbness and tingling: 

A pins and needles-type sensation in the face, body, arms, and legs is among the earliest multiple sclerosis symptoms. An affected person can use assistive devices and perform weight exercises to help with these symptoms.

• Lhermitte’s sign:

Sometimes, a person may experience electric shocks when they move their neck, a condition called Lhermitte’s sign.

• Bladder problems:

Patients may have problems emptying their bladder or need to urinate frequently due to loss of bladder control. Medical treatments like relieving constipation with the use of laxatives or stool softeners or taking a high-fibre diet can help treat bladder-related problems.

• Bowel problems: 

A person with MS has problems with bowel movement, and constipation can worsen this condition.

• Fatigue: 

Fatigue can decrease a person’s physical and cognitive ability to function properly. It is important to join physical activity programmes of mild to moderate intensity to reduce fatigue. Some drugs, including amantadine, methylphenidate, and modafinil, can help to reduce fatigue. Patients can join stress management programmes, relaxation training, and MS support groups to keep nerve stimulation active.

• Dizziness and vertigo: Some people may experience problems with balance and coordination, a condition known as ataxia. This condition occurs when there is damage to the areas of the brain that control Some medications like dalfampridine are used to treat a patient who faces difficulty in walking.
• Sexual dysfunction: Sexual dysfunction can occur when there is damage to nerves running through the spinal cord, and both males and females may lose interest in sexual activity. Along with nerve damage, other problems like fatigue, cramped or spastic muscles, and psychological factors can also cause sexual dysfunction.
• Spasticity and muscle spasms: This is an early symptom of MS that happens when there is damage to the nerve fibres in the patient’s spinal cord and brain, causing muscle spasms
• Vision problems: Some patients may experience double or blurred vision because of multiple sclerosis due to inflammation in the optic nerve.

In the advanced stages of MS, people may experience differences in perception and thinking, as well as sensitivity to heat that worsens with the progression of the disease, and the person may experience emotional, physical and mental stress.

Causes of Multiple Sclerosis

The exact reason behind MS is unknown. Researchers say that since it is an immune-mediated disease, the body’s defence system attacks its healthy tissues and damages the fatty substance that coats and safeguards nerve fibres in the brain and spinal cord, known as the myelin sheath. Scientists say that a combination of genetics and environmental factors appears to be responsible. The risk factors are:

• Age 

Studies say that MS can occur at any age, but more cases are mainly reported around 20 and 40 years of age.

• Sex 

More cases of MS are reported in women, that is 2 to 3 times as likely as men.

• Family history 

Cases of MS are linked with family history, sometimes seen if any of the parents or siblings have had MS in the past.

• Certain infections

Studies have reported cases of MS linked with a variety of viruses, including Epstein-Barr, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis.

• Race

White people are more likely to get this disease, including Northern European descent; Asian, African, or Native American people have the lowest risk.

• Climate 

Cases of MS are far more common in countries with temperate climates, like Canada, the northern United States, New Zealand, southeastern Australia and Europe, where the temperature is either extremely cold or too hot.

• Vitamin D

People with low levels of vitamin D and less exposure to sunlight are at greater risk of developing MD disease.

• Genes

A gene on chromosome 6p21 is believed to be associated with multiple sclerosis. People with this gene are at higher risk of developing MS.

• Obesity

The condition of MS mostly develops in women with increased weight, especially true for female childhood and adolescent obesity as compared to low-weight people with a lesser risk of developing MS.

• Certain autoimmune diseases 

People living with other autoimmune disorders such as thyroid disease, pernicious anaemia, psoriasis, or type-1 diabetes are at higher risk of developing MS.

• Smoking 

Smoking increases the chances of most autoimmune diseases. The symptoms related to MS are more likely than nonsmokers to develop MS disease.

Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis

No single test confirms a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis if you have experienced only one attack of MS-like symptoms. Doctors use several strategies to diagnose MS. They may check the patient’s complete medical history and recommend a physical and detailed neurological examination to diagnose the condition.

• Blood Tests: These tests assess the effectiveness of treatment by determining white and red blood cell counts, as well as to help rule out other diseases with symptoms like MS. Blood tests also detect the specific biomarkers associated with MS that may also aid in diagnosing the stage of MS.
• Spinal Tap: In this test, a doctor requires a spinal tap to collect cerebrospinal fluid, which a doctor then analyses to look for abnormalities in antibodies that are associated with MS. They will also check for low sugar levels, elevated white blood cell counts and high protein levels. A spinal tap test can also determine suitable antibiotics for treatment using cerebrospinal fluid. A spinal tap can also help to determine the infections and other stages with neurologic symptoms like MS.
• MRI Test: MRI scans can show characteristic MS lesions on your brain, cervical, and thoracic spinal cord. A doctor will perform an MRI by intravenously injecting a dye or contrast agent to enhance brain images that will indicate the disease in the form of active MS lesions.
• Evoked potential test: This is done to record the electrical signals produced by the nervous system responding to stimulation using electrodes. The electrodes are placed on the skin, and painless electric signals are generated to measure how rapidly and accurately the nervous system responds to stimulation by watching a moving visual pattern on the screen in the form of short electrical impulses that are applied to nerves in your legs or arms. The measured signals tell how quickly the information travels down your nerve pathways. This test is painless and can show how accurately your brain works to receive messages in the form of stimuli from the central nervous system.

Diagnosing MS can be more difficult in cases where there are unusual symptoms of active MS. The doctor may recommend further testing with spinal fluid analysis and additional imaging.

Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

Since there is no cure for muscular sclerosis, certain treatments focus on managing symptoms, reducing relapses, and slowing the disease’s progression. The treatment plan may include:

• Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs): 

Medications like beta-interferon have been approved for long-term treatment of muscular sclerosis. These drugs help reduce the chance of relapse and may decrease inflammation and increase nerve growth by slowing down disease progression and preventing new lesions on the brain and spinal cord.

• Corticosteroids

In severe attacks, a neurologist may recommend a high dose of corticosteroids, which will quickly reduce inflammation and slow damage to the myelin sheath.

• Physical activity and fitness

Muscular sclerosis hinders a patient’s physical activity and fitness. So, it is important to stay physically fit, which will help you maintain your mobility.

• Mental health

Dealing with a diagnosis of muscular sclerosis can be challenging, as it can affect your mood and memory. It’s easy to feel worried, depressed and stressed when dealing with it. Patients should keep in touch with a neuropsychologist about any problems or concerns they may face during treatment.

Prognosis of Multiple Sclerosis

Living with the condition of multiple sclerosis is challenging. The prognosis of multiple sclerosis does not always result in severe paralysis. About two-thirds of people with MS can walk, while some may require assistance with the use of a cane, wheelchair, crutches, or a scooter. It has been studied that the average life expectancy for a person with a condition of multiple sclerosis is generally 5 to 10 years lower than that of the average person.

Thanks to advances in treatment, there has been excellent progress in research areas—especially in the development of new multiple sclerosis treatments to prevent exacerbations of the disease. With appropriate diagnosis and treatment, most people with MS will continue to lead full, active, and productive lives. Discoveries are constantly changing MS treatment options and helping to reduce neurological symptoms of MS that cause disability.

Conclusion

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder that needs to be dealt with carefully. MS develops due to various factors like age, race, obesity, smoking, family history and more. It is advisable to talk to your neuropsychologist about therapies and medications available to reduce relapses and flare-up attacks by slowing down the disease progression. There is also hope that researchers will be able to detect what kind of MS a person will develop and establish the most effective mode of treatment right from the time of diagnosis. Having health insurance ensures access to specialized care and advanced treatments, providing essential support for managing conditions like multiple sclerosis.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

A common stomach ailment, diarrhoea, can be caused by various factors, including infections, bacteria, or specific foods. It is a condition that often results in free and watery solid discharges. Due to its common occurrence, having the correct information about diarrhoea is necessary to ensure quick treatment.

What is Diarrhoea?

A common digestive condition, diarrhoea is characterised by frequent, watery, and loose bowel movements. It happens when the stomach-related framework can't ingest water as expected or when abundant water is discharged into the digestion tracts. Diarrhoea can prompt side effects like stomach agony, drying out, and earnestness to use the bathroom. Treatment includes overseeing side effects, remaining hydrated, and tending to the primary reason.

Diarrhoea can have causes that aren't due to a certain disease. Examples include a liquid diet, food intolerance, stress, anxiety, or the use of laxatives.

Clinically, there are three types of diarrhoea:

• Acute watery diarrhoea that lasts several hours or days and includes cholera
• Acute bloody diarrhoea, also called dysentery
• Persistent diarrhoea that may continue for up to 14 days or longer

What Causes Diarrhoea?

In India, diarrhoea ranks third in terms of causes of childhood death, accounting for 13% of all fatalities in children under the age of five each year. Several conditions and diseases can cause diarrhoea, including:

Medicines

Some medications can cause diarrhoea as a side effect. For example, antibiotics can disrupt the normal balance of bacteria in the digestive tract, leading to diarrhoea. This interruption can prompt diarrhoea or conditions like C. difficile. Different prescriptions, including antiviral medications and magnesium-containing stomach-settling agents, can cause the runs.

Food allergies

These are often the result of consuming specific allergenic foods, like dairy, gluten, shellfish, and certain fruits and vegetables. Gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhoea, cramping, and bloating may occur. Identifying and avoiding these trigger foods is crucial to managing and preventing allergic diarrhoea.

Digestive disorders

Digestive disorders, such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, can cause inflammation and damage in the intestines. This condition leads to symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and rectal bleeding. These conditions are chronic and can be managed with medications and lifestyle changes. In some cases, surgical interventions may be needed.

Surgery

Undergoing surgery to remove part of the intestine or the gallbladder can occasionally cause diarrhoea.

Symptoms of Diarrhoea

The main sign of diarrhoea is a loose or watery stool. Other common symptoms include:

• Infections:

Diarrhoea can result from infections from pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The norovirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis-related diarrhoea in adults. The rotavirus is the leading cause of acute diarrhoea in children.

• Diseases affecting your bowels:

Diarrhoea is a common symptom of bowel conditions such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). These conditions cause irritation and inflammation in the intestines. Stress and anxiety can further worsen symptoms in cases of IBS.

• Foods that upset your digestive system:

Lactose intolerance can result in diarrhoea due to difficulty digesting lactose, the sugar in dairy products. Similarly, trouble digesting fructose, a sugar in honey and fruits, can lead to diarrhoea. With celiac disease, diarrhoea occurs because the body struggles to break down gluten, a protein in wheat.

When to Consult a Doctor?

Proper diagnosis and treatment depend on the underlying cause of diarrhoea, so working with a healthcare provider to determine the best course of action is essential. Check with your doctor if:

• Diarrhoea continues for over two days or becomes severe with dry mouth, excessive thirst, and dark urine, indicating dehydration.
• High fever (above 101°F or 38.3°C) going with the runs and dark stools.
• Severe stomach torment or squeezing. Relentless heavying or failure to hold liquids down.
• Recent travel or openness to debased food or water.
• Weakened immune systems or chronic health conditions.
• You are dehydrated with symptoms like decreased urination, dry mouth and throat, dizziness, or light-headedness.

Diagnosis of Diarrhoea

Medical services experts use different techniques to analyse the reasons for the runs. Proper diagnosis starts with a careful clinical history assessment, including inquiries regarding side effects, late travel, and previous medications.

Diagnostic tests include stool analysis to look for infections, blood tests for inflammatory markers or nutrient deficiencies, and imaging studies like endoscopies or ultrasounds to look at the gastrointestinal tract. Sometimes, doctors may suggest a dietary assessment or elimination diet to identify potential food intolerances.

It is essential to consult a doctor who can give precise findings and customised suggestions for reasons to settle the bowels' looseness.

Treatment of Diarrhoea

For diarrhoea treatment, there are a couple of things you can do. First, it's critical to remain hydrated. Drink a lot of liquids like water and electrolytes. Avoid sugary drinks, alcohol, and caffeine. Avoid foods that may support diarrhoea, such as fatty, spicy, or dairy-rich foods.

Curious about what to eat with diarrhoea?

We suggest you follow the BRAT food system, the acronym for bananas, rice, apples, and toast. You can also consume other bland food items like boiled potatoes, crackers, or hot cereals like oatmeal and porridge during your bout of diarrhoea.

Be careful, and you will feel relatively better soon!

Symptoms That Your Diarrhoea is Healing

• Reduction in frequency of bowel movements: As the body starts to recover from diarrhoea, you may notice a decrease in the number of times you need to visit the washroom.

• Decreased severity of abdominal cramping: If the underlying cause of your diarrhoea is gastrointestinal irritation, infection, or inflammation, you might notice a reduction in the severity of abdominal cramping as your body heals.

• Return to a regular diet: When you can tolerate a regular diet without intensifying symptoms, it's a sign that your digestive system is repairing.

Conclusion

Treating bowel diarrhoea includes checking with your doctor when essential and utilising some common DIY treatments. When covering the costs of medical care for various health conditions, health insurance can be handy. Health care coverage gives monetary support for general well-being. Selecting a health insurance plan that meets individual needs and provides comprehensive coverage is important.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, has been a global public health concern for some time. With increased antimicrobial resistance in gonorrhea, it has become increasingly difficult for healthcare practitioners to treat the condition. According to the World Health Organization, 82 million cases were reported globally in 2020.

The infection can manifest in various parts of the body and can lead to complications if left untreated. Let’s look at gonorrhea meaning, its causes, and prevention methods.

What is Gonorrhea?

So, what is gonorrhea? It is a medical condition that can infect both men and women. It is mainly transmitted through sexual contact, including anal and oral sex. It can affect areas such as the genitals, rectum, and throat.

The infection often doesn’t show any symptoms in women. This emphasises the importance of STI screenings for individuals. If left untreated, gonorrhea can result in complications like infertility and an increased risk of contracting or transmitting sexually transmitted infections like acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS.

Transmission of Gonorrhea

The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which is responsible for causing gonorrhea, is highly contagious. The infection can be spread through various forms of sexual activity. The main modes of transmission include:

• Vaginal Sex: Engaging in unprotected intercourse with an infected partner is a common way the infection spreads.

• Anal Sex: Engaging in anal intercourse with a partner who has gonorrhea can result in the transmission of the infection, which can affect the rectum.

• Oral Sex: If you engage in oral sex with a partner who is infected with gonorrhea, there is a risk of the infection affecting your throat.

• Vertical Transmission: When pregnant women have gonorrhea, there is a possibility of transmitting the infection to their newborn during childbirth. This transmission can lead to eye infections (conjunctivitis) in the newborn.

• Genital to Genital Contact: Close contact between genitals with a partner can facilitate the transmission of gonorrhea.

It’s important to note that gonorrhea can be transmitted even if the infected individual does not show any symptoms. It’s also worth mentioning that having had gonorrhea does not make you immune, and it is possible to get re-infected if exposed to the bacteria again.

Symptoms of Gonorrhea

The symptoms of gonorrhea can vary and may not always be present in women. Typically, when symptoms do occur, they appear within a few days to two weeks after infection. Notably, burning or pain during urination is an initial symptom.

Symptoms of gonorrhea in men may include:

• Discharge that resembles pus
• Swelling and discolouration at the opening of the penis
• Pain or swelling in the testicles
• Itching and soreness in the anus
• Rectal bleeding or discharge
• Discomfort during bowel movements

For women, symptoms can vary from mild to nonexistent. They may include:

• Discharge that’s watery, creamy, or greenish
• Pain or a burning sensation while urinating
• An increased urge to urinate
• Irregular periods or spotting
• Pain during vaginal intercourse
• Sharp pain in the lower abdomen
• Itching and soreness in the anus
• Rectal bleeding or discharge
• Painful bowel movements

It is worth noting that gonorrhea can also affect the mouth and throat and may lead to persistent sore throat, inflammation of the throat, redness, and swelling of lymph nodes in the neck.

In cases of untreated gonorrhea, the infection can spread to the eyes, causing symptoms such as eye pain, irritation, eyelid swelling, inflammation around the eye, and redness. The presence of mucus around the eye might also indicate an infection.

It is crucial to understand that gonorrhea symptoms may resemble those of infections, making it difficult to recognise. Regular screening for detection and immediate medical attention are essential for diagnosis and timely treatment.

Diagnosis of Gonorrhea

Accurate and prompt diagnosis is crucial to initiate treatment and prevent the spread of gonorrhea infection. The diagnostic process includes:

1. Clinical Assessment: Healthcare providers will inquire about symptoms, sexual history, and potential exposure to gonorrhea.

1. Physical Examination: A genital examination will be conducted to check for any signs of infection.

1. Laboratory Testing:

• Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs): These highly sensitive tests detect the genetic material of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Samples can be collected from the urethra, cervix, rectum, or throat.
• Urine Test: In cases where it’s not feasible to collect cervical swabs, a urine sample may be collected for NAAT testing.

1. Testing for STIs: Since gonorrhea often coexists with sexually transmitted infections (STIs), individuals diagnosed with gonorrhea may also be tested for additional STIs, like chlamydia, syphilis, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

1. Screening in Pregnant Women: During prenatal care, pregnant women are often screened for gonorrhea, particularly if they have an increased risk of contracting STIs.

Treatment of Gonorrhea

The treatment involves therapy aimed at eliminating the infection and preventing complications. Below are some guidelines for the treatment of gonorrhea:

• First Line Treatment:

The common initial approach involves using two different antibiotics to enhance effectiveness and reduce the risk of resistance. One common combination is ceftriaxone (administered via injection) and Azithromycin (taken orally).

• Alternative Antibiotics:

In situations where ceftriaxone is not suitable or if the patient has an allergy, alternative antibiotics like cefixime may be considered. Likewise, alternative options for azithromycin can also be taken into account.

• Follow Up Testing:

It is advised to undergo follow-up testing after treatment to ensure its effectiveness and to detect any cases of treatment failure or persistent infection.

• Treatment of Coexisting Infections:

Individuals diagnosed with gonorrhea are often treated for sexually transmitted infections, particularly chlamydia.

• Partner Treatment:

Sexual partners of individuals diagnosed with gonorrhea should also undergo testing and receive treatment to prevent reinfection and further transmission.

• Retesting:

Retesting for gonorrhea is typically advised around three months after treatment for individuals at risk of reinfection.

How can gonorrhea be prevented?

Here are some key measures to prevent gonorrhea:

1. Condom Use: Consistently and correctly use latex or polyurethane condoms. Please note that condoms do not offer absolute protection against transmitted infections (STIs). When using a condom, there is still a risk of transmission if there is contact with uncovered areas.

1. Regular screenings: It is important for individuals, especially those with multiple partners, to undergo regular screenings for STIs.

1. Partner communication: Open and honest communication about STI testing and sexual history with your partner is crucial in preventing the spread of gonorrhea.

1. Pre Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): This is a medication for individuals at risk of HIV infection. It should be noted that PrEP does not protect against gonorrhea but addresses another STI risk.

1. Avoid risky sexual behaviour: It is important to limit the number of partners and avoid engaging in risky behaviours such as unprotected sex with unknown partners to minimise the risk of contracting gonorrhea or other STIs.

1. Pregnancy screening: Routine screenings for gonorrhea during care are essential for pregnant women to prevent transmission to newborns during childbirth.

Conclusion

Understanding gonorrhea is vital for individuals, healthcare professionals, and communities alike. Gonorrhea continues to pose public health challenges due to its presence and ability to cause asymptomatic infections and the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Knowing the signs, diagnosis, and treatment options is crucial to intervene promptly and prevent this disease effectively. Having health insurance ensures access to timely diagnosis and effective treatment, playing a key role in managing and controlling conditions like gonorrhea.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Tonsillitis, or the inflammation of the tonsils, is a common condition that mostly affects children and teenagers. It is usually triggered by bacterial infections involving Group A Streptococcus (GAS) bacteria. Knowing the meaning of tonsillitis, its causes, symptoms, and treatment options can help you seek timely and effective treatment and care.

What is tonsillitis?

So, what is tonsillitis? It refers to the inflammation of the tonsils, which are two small masses of tissue located on either side of the back of the throat. These glands have an oval shape and are part of the immune system.

Their main function is supporting function by acting as a defence against bacteria and viruses that may enter the mouth and nose. When the tonsils get infected due to bacterial agents, they can become swollen, leading to various symptoms.

Symptoms of tonsillitis

Tonsillitis is a condition that affects individuals across age groups but tends to be more prevalent in children and adolescents. Common symptoms may include:

• Sore or scratchy throat
• Difficulty swallowing
• Redness and swelling in the tonsils
• The presence of a yellow coating on the tonsils indicates an infection
• Tenderness in the neck and jaw area
• Fever with chills
• A scratchy or hoarse voice
• Bad breath, stomachache
• Neck pain or stiffness 
• Headaches

For children, signs of tonsillitis may also include drooling due to painful swallowing, refusal to eat, and unusual fussiness.

Causes of tonsillitis

Both bacteria and viruses can cause tonsillitis. Understanding the different causes of tonsillitis is important for correct diagnosis and treatment strategy. 

• Bacterial causes often involve Group A Streptococcus (GAS), Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae. 
• Viral causes can include adenovirus, influenza virus (flu), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which leads to mononucleosis, characterised by a sore throat and swollen lymph nodes.
• Other contributing factors include exposure to irritants/pollutants, allergies, and recurrent infections.

Diagnosis of  tonsillitis

1. Medical history: To diagnose tonsillitis, the healthcare provider will gather the patient’s medical history, focusing on factors like when it started, how long it has lasted, previous tonsillitis episodes, and any potential exposure to illnesses.

1. Physical examination: During the physical examination, the doctor will check for signs of inflammation or pus on the tonsils. They may also assess the extent of infection by palpating lymph nodes in the neck and jaw area.

1. Laboratory tests:
   
   

• Throat culture: This is done when the underlying cause is bacterial. The test involves taking a swab from the back of the throat and sending it to a laboratory for analysis.
• Rapid antigen test: Another option is an antigen test, which provides quick results but may be less sensitive than a throat culture and occasionally yields false negatives.
• Blood tests: In cases where infectious mononucleosis (caused by Epstein-Barr virus) is suspected, blood tests may be performed to detect antibodies.
• Imaging tests: Imaging studies like neck ultrasound or CT scan might be recommended for suspected complications.

Treatment for tonsillitis

The treatment for tonsillitis depends on whether a bacterial or viral infection causes it. Here is a general overview of the approaches to managing tonsillitis:

Viral tonsillitis

• Supportive Care: Most tonsillitis cases usually resolve independently, so the main focus is relieving symptoms and ensuring comfort.
• Rest and Hydration: Getting plenty of rest and staying hydrated are vital to aid recovery.
• Pain Relief: Over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help alleviate pain and reduce fever.
• Throat Soothers: Throat lozenges or sprays can relieve a sore throat.

Bacterial Tonsillitis (Strep Throat)

• Antibiotics: If a bacterial infection, group A Streptococcus, is confirmed through a throat culture or rapid antigen test, antibiotics are prescribed. Usually, penicillin or amoxicillin is recommended. It’s crucial to complete the course of antibiotics, even if symptoms improve, before completing the treatment.
• Pain Relief: Over-the-counter pain relievers may also be suggested to manage pain and reduce fever.

Other considerations

• Tonsillectomy: In cases where tonsillitis keeps recurring, becomes chronic, or doesn’t respond well to treatments, healthcare providers may recommend a tonsillectomy. This surgical procedure involves removing the tonsils. It is commonly considered when dealing with bacterial tonsillitis or complications arise.
• Corticosteroids: Sometimes, when there is an inflammation related to tonsillitis, a healthcare professional might prescribe corticosteroids to reduce the inflammation and alleviate the symptoms. 

Home remedies

Here are things you can try at home for relief:

• Gargling with salt water: This can help soothe a sore throat.
• Using a humidifier: Keeping a humidifier in the room can add moisture to the air, providing comfort for your throat.
• Staying hydrated: Drinking fluids like tea or broth can be soothing.

Remember to follow your healthcare provider’s advice and complete any medications and antibiotics for effective treatment and to avoid complications. If your symptoms persist or worsen, or if you have concerns about complications, it’s recommended that you seek medical attention. Additionally, individuals with tonsillitis should practice hygiene by washing their hands to prevent the spread of the infection to others.

Risk factors associated with tonsillitis

Some factors can increase the risk of developing tonsillitis:

1. Young age
2. Being in proximity to individuals with infections
3. Having a weak immune system
4. Prolonged exposure to irritants or pollutants such as secondhand smoke or air pollution
5. Individuals with allergies 
6. Incomplete recovery from an episode of tonsillitis
7. Poor hygiene and sharing spaces
8. Genetic predisposition

It’s important to understand that while these factors can make it more likely for someone to develop tonsillitis, the condition can still occur in individuals without these risk factors.

How can tonsillitis be prevented?

Although it may not be possible to eliminate the risk of tonsillitis, some measures can help reduce the likelihood of developing the condition:

• Wash your hands frequently with soap and water after coughing, sneezing, or being in public places.
• Use alcohol-based hand sanitisers if soap and water are not available
• Minimise contact with individuals who have symptoms of infections
• Maintain a balanced diet to support immune function
• Engage in exercise to boost your immune system
• Stay hydrated to prevent throat dryness and irritation
• Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, then wash your hands. Reduce exposure to pollutants, including secondhand smoke
• Use air purifiers in areas where the air quality is poor

Conclusion

Understanding tonsillitis is essential for individuals who want to learn more about this condition that can sometimes recur. Remember that preventive measures like practising good hygiene, avoiding contact with sick individuals, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help reduce the risk of developing tonsillitis. 

If symptoms persist, it is advised to seek prompt medical attention.  By staying informed about its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options, individuals can take steps toward managing their health effectively. Having health insurance can provide access to timely medical care and treatment, ensuring better management of conditions like tonsillitis.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Anemia, a prevalent blood disorder affecting millions globally, is characterised by a deficiency of red blood cells or haemoglobin, impairing the body’s ability to transport oxygen effectively. Studies estimate that around 1.62 billion people globally grapple with this condition. Knowledge about the causes, symptoms, and available treatments empowers individuals to promptly recognise and address this condition. By unravelling anemia’s meaning, we equip ourselves with the tools to navigate its challenges, promote well-being, and foster a healthier global community.

What is Anaemia?

So, what is anemia? It is a medical condition characterised by a deficiency in the number of red blood cells or a reduced amount of haemoglobin, the crucial protein responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. This insufficiency hinders the blood’s ability to deliver oxygen to tissues and organs, leading to fatigue, weakness, and pale skin.

The causes of anemia vary, including nutritional deficiencies, chronic diseases, or genetic factors. Understanding anemia is pivotal, as it enables individuals to recognise its symptoms, pursue appropriate diagnostic measures, and embark on tailored treatments to address the underlying causes and restore optimal blood function.

Symptoms of Anemia

Listed below are the various symptoms of anemia:

• Fatigue: Persistent tiredness and a lack of energy.
• Weakness: Generalised physical weakness and diminished strength.
• Pale Skin: A noticeable paleness or a pallor of the skin.
• Shortness of Breath: Difficulty breathing, especially during physical activities.
• Dizziness: Feeling lightheaded or dizzy, particularly when standing up.
• Cold Hands and Feet: Reduced circulation leads to colder extremities.
• Headaches: Frequent headaches or migraines.
• Irregular Heartbeat: Palpitations or an increased heart rate.
• Cognitive Issues: Difficulty concentrating or cognitive impairment.
• Brittle Nails and Hair: Increased fragility and potential changes in nail and hair health.

Causes of Anemia

Anemia can arise from various underlying causes, each contributing to disrupting red blood cells’ normal production or functioning. The primary factors leading to anemia include:

• Inadequate intake of essential nutrients like iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid can impede the body’s ability to produce healthy red blood cells.
• Iron deficiency anemia results from insufficient iron, a crucial component of haemoglobin production.
• Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency can hinder red blood cell formation, impacting their maturation and functionality.
• Chronic conditions, such as chronic kidney disease, inflammatory disorders, and autoimmune diseases, can disrupt red blood cell production and lifespan.
• Inherited conditions like sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and other hemoglobinopathies can lead to abnormal red blood cell structures, affecting their capacity to carry oxygen.
• Conditions affecting the bone marrow, such as aplastic anemia or myelodysplastic syndromes, can compromise the production of red blood cells.
• Acute or chronic bleeding from sources such as gastrointestinal ulcers, heavy menstrual periods, or trauma can deplete the body’s red blood cell reserves.
• Prolonged infections, particularly those causing inflammation, can interfere with the body’s iron metabolism and impair red blood cell production.
• Certain medications, like chemotherapy drugs or those suppressing the immune system, can negatively impact the bone marrow’s ability to produce red blood cells.

Diagnosis of Anemia

Diagnosing anemia involves a thorough medical evaluation to identify its underlying cause and assess the severity of the condition. Key diagnostic tools include blood tests to measure haemoglobin levels, red blood cell count, and other indices.

Additional tests may be conducted to determine the specific type of anemia and its root cause, such as iron studies, vitamin B12 and folic acid levels, and, in some cases, bone marrow examination.

This comprehensive approach enables healthcare professionals to tailor treatment plans based on individual needs.

Treatment of Anemia

Common approaches to anemia treatment include:

• Supplementation: Depending on the specific deficiency, oral supplements such as iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid may address nutritional deficiencies and support red blood cell production.
• Dietary Changes: Incorporating iron-rich foods like red meat, leafy greens, and legumes, as well as foods high in vitamin B12 and folic acid, can enhance overall nutritional intake.
• Blood Transfusions: In severe cases of acute blood loss, transfusions may be necessary to replace lost red blood cells and rapidly restore oxygen-carrying capacity.
• Erythropoietin Injections: For certain types of anemia, especially those related to chronic kidney disease or cancer treatment, erythropoietin injections—a hormone stimulating red blood cell production—may be administered.
• Treating Underlying Conditions: Managing and treating chronic diseases contributing to anemia, such as addressing inflammatory disorders or autoimmune conditions, can mitigate the impact on red blood cell production.
• Medication Adjustment: If anemia is a side effect of certain medications, adjusting or changing medications under healthcare professionals’ guidance may be considered.
• Bone Marrow Stimulants: Doctors may prescribe medications stimulating bone marrow function to boost red blood cell production in specific cases.
• Surgery: In cases where bleeding ulcers or tumours cause anemia, surgical intervention may be necessary to address the underlying problem.
• Regular Monitoring: Continuous monitoring through blood tests allows healthcare providers to assess treatment efficacy, adjust interventions as needed, and ensure ongoing anemia management.

Conclusion

In summary, anemia is a serious condition that should not be taken lightly. From its causes and symptoms to its treatment and prevention, we have covered everything you need to know. If you experience any of the symptoms mentioned in this post, don’t hesitate to consult your doctor for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan. Adopting a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise and stress management, can contribute to overall well-being and aid in managing anemia. Stay informed, stay healthy, and take good care of yourself! Access to healthcare through health insurance can make it easier to manage conditions like anemia with timely consultations and treatments.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

News alerts warn of another influenza (flu) outbreak every year during the monsoon and winter months. While flu season is an expected part of the yearly cycle, the impacts of influenza should not be underestimated. From reducing our well-being as workplace and school absenteeism increases to overburdening healthcare systems already stretched thin, the flu virus certainly doesn’t stop disrupting our lives. However, we gain power over this disease by acquiring knowledge about prevention, symptoms, and treatment. So today, we will provide an overview of everything you need to know about influenza.

What is Influenza?

So, what is influenza? It is an infection caused by the influenza virus. It primarily targets the nose, throat, and lungs, which are important respiratory system parts. The influenza virus is categorised into types A, B, and, less commonly, C, with A and B being the main contributors to seasonal flu outbreaks in humans. Influenza typically causes high body temperature, cough, chills, and fatigue. While most cases resolve on their own, influenza can cause complications if not adequately addressed, especially in vulnerable people, making it very important to understand this illness better.

Symptoms of Influenza

You may find that the common cold and flu have distinct characteristics. However, colds usually have a gradual onset, while the flu has a quicker impact. Though both can be unpleasant, the flu is typically more severe. Common influenza symptoms include high fever, muscle pain, chills, and sweats. Apart from this, an influenza infection may also cause:

• Coughing and a sore throat
• Weakness
• Headaches
• Runny or clogged nose
• Shortness of breath
• Gastrointestinal issues like vomiting and diarrhoea (more common in children)
• Eye discomfort

Causes of Influenza

So, what causes influenza? It is brought on by the influenza viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae family and can undergo rapid genetic changes. The virus can spread via the air when infected individuals cough or sneeze or by touching a virus-contaminated surface and then touching your nose or mouth. Additionally, lifestyle habits such as a poor diet, lack of exercise, and stress can weaken the body’s immune system, making it more vulnerable to disease and infections like the flu. Children usually get impacted more frequently than adults due to negligence of hygiene and being in close contact with other kids. It’s important to wash our hands regularly, particularly before consuming food in public.

Diagnosis of Influenza

A healthcare professional can assess your health with a physical examination. They will carefully assess your condition, checking for common flu symptoms. If necessary, they may order a specialised test to detect influenza viruses.

During widespread flu outbreaks, testing may not be required. In such cases, your healthcare team will rely on your symptoms to make a diagnosis.

In certain situations, your healthcare professional may recommend testing for influenza. There are various tests available to diagnose the flu accurately. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test is gaining popularity in hospitals and labs. It can be done conveniently at your healthcare professional’s office or hospital. This test is particularly sensitive and capable of identifying specific influenza strains.

Interestingly, you can now get tested for both flu and COVID-19. It’s important to note that it’s possible to have both illnesses simultaneously.

Treatment of Influenza

The treatment of influenza primarily focuses on alleviating symptoms and preventing complications. In most cases, individuals with the flu recover with rest, hydration, and over-the-counter (OTC) medications to manage symptoms like fever and pain. However, antiviral medications may be prescribed for severe infections or individuals at higher risk of complications. Common antivirals include oseltamivir and zanamivir. These medications work by inhibiting the replication of the influenza virus, potentially reducing the duration of illness and the risk of complications. For optimal effectiveness, early initiation of antiviral treatment is essential, ideally within the first 48 hours of symptom onset.

In severe cases, doctors may prescribe intravenous antiviral medications like peramivir. While antivirals can be beneficial, they may cause side effects such as nausea and vomiting. As with any medical intervention, treatment decisions should always be made after consultation with healthcare professionals based on individual circumstances and risk factors.

Risk Factors Associated With Influenza 

People who are at an increased risk of getting the flu are those who:

• People who live or work in facilities with a high population density, such as nursing homes, schools, or hospitals, are more susceptible to getting the flu.
• Influenza tends to have a worse impact on young kids, especially those aged 12 months or younger. Adults over the age of 65 also are similarly impacted.
• People with a weak immune system caused by other illnesses like HIV/AIDS or medical treatments for cancers and organ transplants may be more severely affected by influenza.
• Overweight individuals have a higher risk of getting complications from the flu.
• Individuals who are battling illnesses such as asthma, diabetes, heart disease, kidney disease, and liver disease tend to develop more severe forms of the flu.
• People with both influenza and COVID-19 simultaneously may be more susceptible to getting the flu.
• Women who are pregnant, planning to be pregnant, or have recently given birth during flu season are also very susceptible to catching the flu.

How Can Influenza Be Prevented?

You can’t always prevent influenza from affecting you, but you can follow certain precautions:

• The flu vaccine is very effective against the flu. It is advised for everyone above the age of 6 months. Consider vaccination before travel, especially to regions with higher flu activity.
• Practice regular handwashing with soap and clean water, or use hand sanitisers.
• When coughing or sneezing, place a handkerchief or tissue over your nose and mouth.
• Reduce contact with individuals exhibiting flu symptoms.
• Wipe down, clean, and disinfect surfaces and objects that are touched by others frequently.
• Maintain a healthy lifestyle by incorporating a well-balanced diet, regular exercise, and adequate sleep.
• Healthcare professionals should adhere to infection control measures in healthcare settings.
• Pregnant individuals are encouraged to get vaccinated to protect themselves and their newborns.
• Individuals at high risk of complications may be prescribed antiviral medications for prevention in certain situations.
• In crowded or high-risk settings, wearing face masks can reduce the risk of virus transmission.
• Seek medical attention promptly if flu symptoms arise, especially for high-risk individuals.

Conclusion

Understanding influenza’s meaning is essential as it is a widespread respiratory infection with the potential for severe complications. Annual vaccination, good hygiene practices, and prompt medical attention contribute to effective prevention and management. And even if you do get sick with the flu, remember that rest, hydration, and seeking medical attention if necessary are key to recovering quickly. Having access to healthcare through insurance can support timely treatment and preventive care, ensuring peace of mind during flu season.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

One day, you wake up and notice a red, itchy patch on your arm. You scratch it, hoping it will disappear, but it only worsens. Being frustrated, you look closer and see a ring-shaped rash with inflated edges and a definite centre. You wonder what it is and how you got it. When you search online, you discover that you have ringworm, a prevalent skin infection caused by fungus. You feel disgusted and embarrassed. How could this happen to you?

To clarify all your questions about this disease, we have come up with a blog that not only talks about the ringworms’ meaning but also discusses the ailment’s diagnosis, treatment and prevention.

What is a Ringworm?

Ringworm is a skin-affecting fungal disease that causes a ring-shaped rash on different body parts. Considering its name, many misinterpret this disease as caused by a worm. In reality, mould-like parasites residing on the external layer of the skin cause it.

Ringworm can spread through direct or indirect contact with an infected person or animal. It can affect the scalp, beard, body, groin or hands.

In medical terminology, healthcare professionals refer to this disease as dermatophyte infection, dermatophytosis or tinea.

Symptoms of Ringworm

The signs of ringworm may differ depending on the part of the infected body. Still, they generally include a circular rash with a clear or scaly centre, redness, inflammation and skin itching.

• Ringworms of the body (tinea corporis) usually appear as patches with the characteristic ring shape on the torso, arms or legs. The patches may be slightly raised, with blisters or bumps on the edges. The patches may also overlap or form larger areas of infection.

• Ringworm of the scalp (tinea capitis) often starts as isolated scaling or flaking of the scalp that develops into itchy, scaly bald patches. It is more common in children than adults. The hair close to the infected area may break or fall off, leaving a black dot on the scalp. The infection may also spread to the eyebrows, eyelashes or beard.

• Ringworm of the nail (tinea unguium) affects the fingernails or toenails, making them thick, brittle, discoloured or distorted. The nail might also detach from the underlying tissue or break apart. The infection may spread to other nails or the surrounding skin.

• Ringworm of the groin (tinea cruris), also known as jock itch, affects the skin around the genitals, inner thighs or buttocks. It causes a red, itchy rash that may have a burning sensation. The rash may have a scaly border or small bumps. The rash is more common in men than women and may worsen with sweating, friction or tight clothing.

• Tinea pedis, commonly known as athlete’s foot or ringworm of the foot, impacts the skin between the toes or on the sole. It results in scaly, cracked or peeling skin that can appear red, swollen or blistered. Symptoms may include a foul odour or itching. This infection is more prevalent among individuals who wear closed shoes, perspire heavily or share footwear or towels with others.

Diagnosis of Ringworm

There are multiple ways to diagnose this infection. If the condition has not worsened yet, your doctor may diagnose this disease by inspecting the affected skin and asking questions about the symptoms.

If your doctor is unsure of the condition, then in such a scenario, he/she may ask you to undergo a few tests, such as —

• Observation under Black Light: Some fungi glow under black light, which can help identify the infection.

• Microscopic Examination: A small sample of the affected skin is scraped and examined under a microscope for fungal elements.

• Skin Biopsy or Fungal Culture: A skin piece or fluid sample extracted from a blister can be sent to a laboratory for further testing.

Treatment of Ringworm

You can treat ringworms with the help of topical or oral antifungal medications. Prescriptions for these medications are determined based on the infection’s location and severity.

Topical antifungals include creams, lotions, powders or shampoos containing Clotrimazole, Miconazole, Terbinafine or Ketoconazole. Doctors usually recommend topical antifungals to be applied to the affected area twice daily for at least two to four weeks.

Oral antifungals include pills such as Fluconazole, Griseofulvin, Itraconazole or Terbinafine. Doctors usually prescribe them for ringworms affecting the scalp, nails or beard and for severe or widespread infections. Take oral antifungals as a doctor prescribes, typically for six to 12 weeks or until the patches clear.

However, remember that oral antifungals may cause side effects such as headache, nausea, liver concerns or allergic reactions. Therefore, use them with caution and under medical supervision.

One can opt for home remedies like applying coconut oil, apple cider vinegar, turmeric, and essential oils. However, there is no scientific validation that these home remedies are effective; hence, talk to your doctor before opting for such remedies. Also, remember that home remedies are not an alternative to antifungal treatment options prescribed by doctors.

If you are a mom-to-be, consult your doctor and consider topical medicines like Clotrimazole, Ciclopirox, and Oxiconazole. Although these medicines do not harm the foetus, taking them under medical supervision is wise. Typically, doctors do not prescribe medicines like Miconazole and Ketoconazole to pregnant women owing to their potential side effects during pregnancy. Also, discussing effective treatment options with your healthcare provider if you are chestfeeding/breastfeeding is prudent.

Risk Factors of Ringworm

Some factors that can make you more likely to catch ringworm are:

• Residing in a hot and moist environment
• Being in direct contact with a person or animal that has ringworm
• Using personal belongings like clothes, towels or sheets that belong to someone infected with the ailment
• Playing sports that require touching the skin with other players, for example, wrestling
• Putting on clothes that are tight or do not allow air circulation and cause sweating
• Having a low immunity that makes it challenging to resist infections

How Can Ringworm Be Prevented?

To prevent ringworm, follow these steps:

• Keep your skin clean and dry. Wash your hands regularly with soap and water, especially after touching animals or infected areas. Use a clean towel to wipe your skin, and avoid sharing towels, clothing, bedding or other personal items with someone infected with ringworm.

• Choose footwear that lets your feet breathe. Do not go barefoot in places like public showers or locker rooms. Wear fresh socks and underwear every day. Keep your nails short and clean.

• Avoid sharing sports equipment with others, such as gloves, pads or helmets. If you play sports requiring bodily contact, shower right after your game or practice and wash your sports gear and clothes regularly.

• If you notice any signs of ringworm on your pet, visit a vet as soon as possible. Sanitise the items and areas that your pet uses, such as toys, bedding or furniture. Use a vacuum cleaner to get rid of any infected hair or skin flakes on the floor or carpet. Protect yourself with gloves and long sleeves when you touch animals infected with ringworm, and clean your hands afterwards.

• Touching infected soil can transmit ringworm in some cases. Avoid highly contaminated soil, and remember to clean your hands and clothes after being outdoors or gardening.

Conclusion

To identify and treat ringworm effectively, you must understand what it is. Unlike what the name of this disease suggests, it is not a worm infection but a fungal one. You should look for signs of the infection, get diagnosed early and follow the treatment plan, which may involve ointments or pills. You can also prevent ringworm infection by keeping yourself and your surroundings clean and avoiding physical contact with people or animals infected with the ailment. Having health insurance can help cover the cost of consultations and treatments, ensuring timely and effective care for managing infections like ringworm.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Gallstones, which are significant crystalline structures that develop in the gallbladder, are a prevalent and often underestimated health concern. These solid formations, ranging in size from a grain of sand to a golf ball, give off various symptoms and can lead to severe complications. Therefore, it is crucial to have an understanding of their characteristics and implications. Generally, the likelihood of developing gallstones tends to increase with age, with women being more vulnerable than men.

What are Gallstones?

So what are gallstones? Gallstones are particles that form within the gallbladder, which is a small organ located beneath the liver. These particles can comprise cholesterol or bilirubin—a waste product from the liver. Gallstones form from an imbalance in the substances that make up the bile, an essential digestive fluid responsible for breaking down fats. 

Now that you know gallstones’ meaning, let’s look at the types of gallstones.

There are two types of gallstones:

1. Cholesterol Stones: These form when the amount of cholesterol in the bile is excessive.
2. Pigment Stones: These are typically smaller and darker and form when the amount of bilirubin in the bile is more than necessary. 

Symptoms of Gallstones

The symptoms experienced from the presence of gallstones can vary greatly; some individuals may not exhibit any symptoms at all.

However, if the symptoms do manifest, they can be intense and may include:

1. Abdominal Pain: The typical indication of gallstones often surfaces as pain in the right or center of the abdomen. This is called colic pain, which may surge and persist for hours.

2. Pain after Eating: Individuals with gallstones can experience strong discomfort following meals, especially after eating fatty food.

3. Shoulder Pain: The pain may spread towards the back or between the shoulder blades.

4. Nausea and Vomiting: Gallstones can cause nausea and the urge to vomit.

5. Indigestion: Symptoms include bloating and discomfort resembling indigestion.

6. Jaundice: If a gallstone obstructs the bile duct, the result can be jaundice, including yellowing of the skin and eyes.

7. Fever and Chills: In cases where gallstones cause inflammation or infection (cholecystitis), the accompanying symptoms may include fever and chills.

8. Changes in Stool Colour: Gallstones can impact stool colour, making them pale or clay-coloured, given the bile flow.

9. Changes in Urine Colour: Dark urine could be another sign indicating reduced bile flow.

Causes of Gallstones

Gallstones occur when the substances that comprise the bile—a fluid produced by the liver—are imbalanced. While the exact causes of gallstones have not been completely understood, several factors may contribute to their development.

1. Excess Cholesterol in Bile:When the liver produces cholesterol that the bile finds too much to dissolve, it can form crystals and, eventually, gallstones.

2. High Bilirubin Levels: Bilirubin is produced when red blood cells break down. Health conditions such as liver cirrhosis, biliary tract infections, and certain blood disorders can aggravate bilirubin levels, increasing the risk of gallstone formation.

3. Incomplete Gallbladder Emptying:If the gallbladder is not empty enough, it can lead to bile concentration and cause gallstone formation.

4. Gastrointestinal Disorders:Conditions that affect digestive system functioning, such as Crohn’s disease or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), may be associated with a likelihood of developing gallstones.

While these factors explain how gallstones can form, their exact interaction remains complex and varies from person to person.

Diagnosis of Gallstones

The following methods are commonly used for diagnosing gallstones:

1. Medical History and Physical Examination: Your healthcare provider will enquire about your symptoms, their duration, and if any factors could increase your risk. They may also check for tenderness and signs of jaundice.

2. Ultrasound: Sonography or ultrasound imaging is an invasive procedure that can determine gallstones’ size, number, and location in the gallbladder.

3. CT Scan: A computed tomography (CT) scan may be conducted to procure images of the gallbladder and its surrounding structures to identify gallstones and complications.

4. HIDA Scan: A hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan helps detect blockages or abnormalities in the bile ducts.

5. Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography: ERCP is a procedure that combines endoscopy with X-rays to visualise the bile ducts and identify gallstones, if any. 

6. Blood Tests: These tests may be done to check for levels of liver enzymes that could indicate inflammation or blockage caused by gallstones.

7. MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can provide images of the gallbladder and its surrounding structures, assisting in diagnosing gallstones.

8. Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography: PTC is an imaging procedure in which a dye is injected into the bile ducts through the skin. X-rays are then taken to identify any abnormalities, including gallstones.

Treatment of Gallstones

The treatment approach for gallstones depends on many factors, including symptom severity, complications, and overall health condition. 

1. Pain Management: In mild symptoms, pain can be managed with over-the-counter or prescription pain medications during gallstone attacks.

1. Medications: Ursodeoxycholic acid (ursodiol) is a medication that can dissolve certain types of cholesterol-based gallstones. It is often prescribed for individuals who are not candidates for surgery.

1. Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy: This non-invasive procedure uses shock waves to break down gallstones into pieces, facilitating their passage. ESWL is more commonly used for kidney stones and not for treating gallstones.

1. Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography: ERCP can be leveraged to extract gallstones from the bile duct. This procedure is often carried out alongside a sphincterotomy.

1. Surgery (Cholecystectomy): The surgical elimination of the gallbladder, referred to as cholecystectomy, is an effective treatment for gallstones. It is commonly recommended for recurring gallstones and is typically performed using minimally invasive laparoscopic techniques.

1. Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography: When ERCP is not particularly feasible, PTC may drain the bile and eliminate gallstones.

Risk Factors Associated With Gallstones

The factors that can enhance the likelihood of developing gallstones include:

• Being a female
• Being 40 years old or older
• Having Native American or Hispanic of Mexican heritage
• Being overweight or obese
• Leading a sedentary lifestyle
• Undergoing pregnancy
• Consuming a high-fat diet
• Consuming a high-cholesterol diet
• Following a low-fibre diet 
• Having a family history of gallstones 
• Having diabetes 
• Blood disorders such as sickle cell anaemia or leukaemia 
• Undergoing rapid weight loss 
• Using estrogen-containing medications such as oral contraceptives or hormone therapy 
• Having liver disease

How Can Gallstones Be Prevented?

While it may not be possible to prevent all cases of gallstones, specific strategies can help reduce the likelihood of their development:

1. Aim for a steady weight loss instead of rapid weight loss, as rapid weight loss can increase the risk of gallstones.
2. Limit the consumption of foods rich in fat and cholesterol.
3. Drink an adequate amount of water to prevent the formation of gallstones.
4. Avoid crash diets or extreme measures for weight loss, as these can potentially raise the risk of developing gallstones.
5. Increase foods in your diet that are high in fibre, such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
6. Take smaller and more frequent meals rather than large meals. This can aid in regulating the functioning of the gallbladder.
7. Engage in physical activity daily to lower the risk of developing gallstones. Make a goal of moderate-intensity exercise for 150 minutes per week.
8.  If possible, consider contraceptive methods that do not contain oestrogen, as certain medications containing oestrogen can enhance the risk of developing gallstones.
9.  If you have conditions such as diabetes or liver disease, it is important to seek your doctor’s guidance in effectively managing them.

Conclusion

Gallstones are quite common, and if left untreated, they can cause discomfort and complications. Understanding the factors that increase the risk, such as age, gender, and lifestyle choices, empowers people to maintain a healthy weight, have a balanced diet, and stay physically active. Regular medical checkups and promptly addressing any symptoms are crucial in managing gallstones. You can handle the challenges of gallstones by having a comprehensive approach that includes awareness, preventive measures, and timely medical intervention. Always prioritise your overall health and well-being! Having health insurance ensures access to timely diagnosis and treatment, providing financial support for managing gallstones effectively and maintaining your health.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Herpes, also known as the herpes simplex virus (HSV), is a complex infection affecting millions worldwide. This viral invader is skilled at causing blisters and ulcers, presenting the infected with great difficulties. It is primarily transmitted through skin-to-skin contact and has two forms—genital herpes, mainly caused by HSV-2, and oral herpes, characterised by HSV-1.

As we explore herpes’ meaning, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options, it becomes clear that while treatments are available, a complete cure has not been found yet.

Therefore, understanding the intricacies of this condition is vital for management and prevention.

What is Genital Herpes?

Genital herpes is caused by the HSV 2 variant of the virus. It manifests as sores or ulcers in the genital and anal areas, causing significant physical and emotional challenges to those affected.

Genital herpes is surprisingly common, with 572,000 infections reported each year, according to data from the US-based Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This significant number highlights the importance of addressing and understanding the dynamics of this contagious infection.

Transmission of herpes occurs through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex with an infected individual. The virus can remain dormant in the body for long periods without showing symptoms. Having an understanding of the complexities of genital herpes is important in navigating its impact on individuals and society.

What is Oral Herpes?

This herpes variant is highly prevalent worldwide, with a significant portion of the population carrying the HSV 1 virus. According to estimates, over half the people worldwide are infected with HSV 1, making it a common viral presence that often goes unnoticed.

Oral herpes, caused by HSV 1, affects the mouth and face, leading to sores or fever blisters. The transmission typically occurs through contact with saliva or lesions of a person. This can happen through kissing, sharing utensils, or engaging in physical contact. After the outbreak, the herpes virus remains dormant in nerve cells and can periodically reactivate, resulting in recurrent outbreaks.

Symptoms of Herpes

Herpes symptoms can often include sensations such as itching, burning, or tingling before painful blisters or ulcers appear.

Symptoms of Genital Herpes 

• Many individuals experience itching, tingling, or burning sensations in their genital or anal area before the blisters appear.
• Genital herpes is characterised by the appearance of sores or ulcers in the anal areas. These sores can be small, red, and filled with fluid. 
• Some individuals may experience flu symptoms at the beginning of an outbreak, such as fever, headache, muscle aches, and swollen lymph nodes. 
• If the sores are located near the urethra, it may cause discomfort or pain during urination.
• In women, abnormal vaginal discharge may occur, while men may notice discharge from the penis. 
• Engaging in sexual activity during an outbreak can be uncomfortable or painful.

Symptoms of Oral Herpes 

• Oral herpes shares similarities with genital herpes as it often starts with tingling or itching sensations around the mouth. 
• The characteristic symptom is the development of blisters or sores filled with fluid around or inside the mouth and lips. These sores can be painful when eating, drinking, or speaking. 
• Swollen gums and a sore throat may also be experienced in some cases. 
• During the outbreak of oral herpes, flu-like symptoms, including fever, headache, and general discomfort, may arise.

It’s crucial to note that herpes can still be transmitted when there are no symptoms (asymptomatic shedding).

Diagnosis of Herpes

Now that we have read in some detail about what is herpes, let’s look at how it is diagnosed.

1. Physical Examination: Healthcare professionals visually inspect the affected area to identify symptoms such as sores, ulcers, or lesions. The location and appearance of these symptoms provide information for diagnosis.
2. Swab Tests: Healthcare providers may take a swab or scrape a sample from a sore or blister during an outbreak. This sample is then sent to a laboratory for testing to detect the presence of the herpes simplex virus.
3. Polymerase Chain Reaction Test: PCR is a test that amplifies and detects the material of the herpes virus. It is a method to confirm the diagnosis, especially if swab tests yield unclear results.
4. Blood Tests: These tests can identify antibodies the system produces in response to a herpes infection. Such tests, including the herpes simplex virus type-specific serologic test, help determine whether an individual has been infected with HSV 1 or 2.

Treatment of  Herpes

While there is no cure, herpes treatment involves managing the symptoms, reducing the outbreak frequency, and minimising transmission risks.

• Antiviral Medications
• Acyclovir: It’s a widely used medication that helps inhibit the replication of the herpes virus.
• Valacyclovir: This oral medication is converted into acyclovir in the body and has a lasting effect.
• Famciclovir: This is another antiviral option to manage symptoms and lower the frequency of outbreaks.

• Pain Relief

Your doctor may advise you to take over-the-counter pain relievers to alleviate pain and discomfort during outbreaks.

• Topical Treatments: Applying creams or ointments on the sores containing agents such as acyclovir or penciclovir can help reduce the symptoms.

• Warm Bath: Bathing in warm water can relieve the pain and discomfort associated with genital herpes.

• Maintaining Hygiene: Keeping the affected area clean and dry is important to prevent bacterial infections and promote faster healing.

• Avoiding Triggers: Identifying and avoiding factors that trigger outbreaks, such as stress, fatigue, or specific foods, can help reduce the frequency of occurrence.

• Safe Sex Practices

Using condoms consistently and engaging in correct and natural intercourse can help lower the risk of transmitting herpes to partners.

Education and Counselling: Individuals diagnosed with herpes must be provided with information and counselling to address the aspects of the infection, tackle the stigma attached, and encourage communication with partners.

It’s worth noting that starting medications early during an outbreak maximises their effectiveness.

How Can Herpes Be Prevented?

Combining the measures described above, we can adopt an approach to minimise the risk of herpes transmission and promote overall sexual health.

• The most effective preventive measure is avoiding sexual contact.
• Using condoms correctly during sexual activity can reduce the risk of transmission.
• Discussing herpes status with partners helps make informed decisions.
• During outbreaks, avoiding kissing and engaging in physical contact activities is advisable.
• Regular testing for herpes allows individuals and their partners to know the condition’s status.
• Taking prescribed medications can decrease the frequency of outbreaks and lower the risk of transmission.
• Participating in educational programmes is beneficial for gaining awareness and knowledge about herpes.
• Implementing stress management techniques can help reduce the likelihood of outbreaks recurring.
• It’s important to avoid engaging in high-risk sexual behaviours to minimise exposure.

Conclusion

Herpes is a prevalent infection that has no known cure. It is important to understand the difference between genital and oral herpes, recognise the symptoms, and seek a timely diagnosis. Having health insurance can ease access to necessary medical care, ensuring timely diagnosis and effective management of herpes while reducing financial stress.

By adopting preventive measures such as safe sex and maintaining open communication with your partner, you can reduce the risk of transmission and lead healthier lives despite having herpes. It is also essential to visit a healthcare professional for regular checkups and follow the treatments for effective symptom management.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

One morning, you awaken feeling fatigued despite getting eight hours of sleep. Getting out of bed requires additional effort, as you notice persistent muscle and joint aches. Although you consider the possibility of having the flu, the absence of a fever or cough raises doubts. This could likely be your body telling you to slow down. However, if this situation continues, you may want to meet a doctor to rule out fibromyalgia—a chronic condition characterised by widespread musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue and cognitive challenges.

Here’s all you need to know about fibromyalgia.

What is Fibromyalgia?

Fibromyalgia is an incurable illness that affects the way the brain and spinal cord operate pain signals. Those with fibromyalgia go through widespread pain all over the body, along with issues like tiredness, sleep problems and trouble with thinking. Although the exact cause of fibromyalgia is unclear, it might have something to do with both genetic and environmental factors.

It is not a form of arthritis but can co-exist with other rheumatic diseases.

Symptoms of Fibromyalgia

Here are some common symptoms of fibromyalgia:

• Fibromyalgia causes constant dull pain in your muscles and joints, especially on both sides of the body and above and below the waist. The pain may last over three months and vary in intensity and location.

• Fibromyalgia also makes you feel tired and weak, even after sleeping for long periods. Experiencing difficulties in falling asleep or maintaining sleep can arise from pain or other sleep-related issues, such as sleep apnea or restless legs syndrome.

• It also results in difficulty concentrating, remembering or focusing on mental tasks. This is sometimes called fibro fog and may affect your work or daily activities.

• You may have headaches, muscle twitches or cramps, numbness or tingling in your hands and feet, itching, burning or other skin problems. You may also have mood changes, such as anxiety or depression.

In the worst scenario, a few other conditions co-exist with fibromyalgia, such as irritable bowel syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, migraine, interstitial cystitis, temporomandibular joint disorders or postural tachycardia syndrome.

Causes of Fibromyalgia

The exact cause of fibromyalgia is not known, but it may be related to several factors, such as:

• Genetics: You may have inherited specific genes that make you more prone to developing fibromyalgia. This condition often runs in families.

• Infections: Some infections, such as flu or pneumonia, may trigger or worsen fibromyalgia

• Trauma: Some people may develop fibromyalgia after experiencing a physical or psychological shock, such as a severe injury or a stressful situation. This condition may also have a link with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

• Stress: Chronic stress can affect how your brain and nervous system process pain signals. Stress can also weaken your body’s defence against germs and increase inflammation.

These factors may influence certain brain chemical levels, such as serotonin and dopamine, that control pain, mood and sleep. They may also change how your pain receptors work, making them react more strongly to pain and other sensations.

Fibromyalgia affects primarily women, but men can also have it. The condition often starts in the middle years of life but can also occur in younger and older people. Some other conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus or irritable bowel syndrome, may increase your risk of developing fibromyalgia.

Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia

While there is no specific test for diagnosing fibromyalgia, doctors typically assess a combination of criteria.

• Pain in at least four out of five body regions (left and right upper and lower areas and axial region) for at least three months without any other explanation.

• The criteria for fibromyalgia include having tender points. These are specific spots on the body that hurt when touched gently. There are 18 spots, 11 or more of which should be sensitive to qualify for the diagnosis.

• The blood test results encompass a range of assessments, including a complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody test, rheumatoid factor, thyroid function tests, antinuclear antibody, celiac serology and vitamin D.

• One approach is an overnight sleep study that may assess the possibility of sleep apnoea.

Treatment of Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia treatment usually involves a combination of medication, therapy and self-care strategies. Let’s start with medication first.

• Pain Relievers: Depending on the condition, your doctor may recommend over-the-counter drugs such as acetaminophen, ibuprofen or naproxen, and prescription drugs such as tramadol. Avoid recommending opioid drugs, as they can induce side effects and foster dependence.

• Antidepressants: They help treat depression, anxiety and fatigue that often accompany fibromyalgia. Some examples are duloxetine, milnacipran, amitriptyline, and cyclobenzaprine.

• Antiseizure Drugs: These can help reduce specific pain and nerve sensitivity. Some examples are gabapentin or pregabalin.

Regarding self-care, you can make the following adjustments to your lifestyle:

• Exercise regularly to improve the blood circulation, reduce the pain and boost the mood. Begin with a low level of effort and slowly work your way up to longer and more challenging workouts.
• Get enough sleep to restore energy, reduce fatigue and improve cognitive function. Maintaining a persistent sleep schedule, refraining from consuming caffeine and alcohol and setting up a cosy and dark sleeping space is crucial to improving sleep quality.
• It is essential to identify and avoid the sources of stress and practice meditation, breathing or yoga.   
• Eat a balanced diet to get the essential nutrients, maintain a healthy weight and prevent food sensitivities that can worsen fibromyalgia Eating more fruits, vegetables, healthy fats, whole grains and lean proteins and avoiding processed foods, sugar, caffeine, gluten and dairy is essential.

Complications Associated with Fibromyalgia

Some of the common complications are depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, irritable bowel syndrome and temporomandibular joint disorder. These complications can worsen the symptoms of fibromyalgia and make it harder to cope with the condition. Therefore, it is important to seek medical help and adopt healthy lifestyle habits to manage fibromyalgia and its complications.

Conclusion

The meaning of fibromyalgia lies in its challenging nature for those living with it. This condition induces widespread pain, overall body fatigue and mental confusion. Although there is no cure for fibromyalgia, individuals can manage it through utilising medications, therapy and self-care practices. Understanding the significance of what fibromyalgia entails, its underlying causes, and the consequences it brings is crucial for obtaining appropriate assistance.

By addressing factors such as genetics, infections, injuries and stress, individuals with fibromyalgia can enhance their overall well-being. Seeking medical support and adopting a healthy lifestyle play pivotal roles in effectively handling both fibromyalgia and its associated issues. Having health insurance ensures access to specialized care and treatments, providing vital support for managing this chronic condition effectively.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Bone cancer is a rare type of carcinoma known to affect children and adults worldwide. In India, the ailment affects approximately 0.2% of the population. Non-cancerous bone tumours are more common than cancerous ones.

Here’s a brief synopsis of this rare and not-so-well-known medical condition. We will look at the bone cancer causes, diagnosis, and treatment options so you have clarity on the ailment.

What is bone cancer?

Let’s first understand what is bone cancer.

Bone cancer occurs due to the uncontrolled growth of bone cells. This leads to the unusual destruction of normal bone tissue. It originates in the bones or reaches through other body parts. This is known as metastasis.

Bone tumours are benign in nature and do not spread to other body parts. They, however, can weaken bones and lead to their breakage or other problems.

This ailment can get categorised as primary and secondary bone cancer.

Primary bone cancer

Primary bone cancer, also known as sarcoma, is a tumour in the bones. Its cause is unknown, but genetics plays a role in its occurrence. Some variants of primary bone cancer are:

• Osteosarcoma: This occurs in the upper arm and knee. Young adults are most affected by it than older people. In adults, Paget’s disease of bone, another form of the ailment, is more prevalent.
• Ewing’s sarcoma: This occurs in people aged between 5 and 20. Ribs, pelvis, arms, shoulder and legs are most affected. It starts in the soft tissue surrounding the bones.
• Chondrosarcoma: This occurs in people between the ages of 40 and 70. Hips, pelvis, arms and shoulder are common cancer sites, and the ailment begins in cartilage cells.

Secondary bone cancer

It’s a form of cancer which starts elsewhere in our bodies. E.g., if lung cancer spreads to the bones, it gets tagged as secondary bone cancer. Any cancer that spreads from one part to another is known as metastatic.

Cancers that spread to bones are:

• Breast cancer
• Prostate cancer
• Lung cancer

Risk factors associated with bone cancer

Bone cancer can occur due to several other factors. Aspects that make you prone to bone cancer are:

Cancer treatment: Bone tumours are most likely to occur in people who have had radiation, chemotherapy drugs or stem cell transplants.

Inherited conditions: Genetic diseases passed down through generations, such as Li-Fraumeni Syndrome and eye cancer (i.e., retinoblastoma), can lead to bone cancer.

Paget’s disease of bone: It’s a benign condition and can lead to chances of being affected with bone cancer.

Symptoms of bone cancer

Bone tumour, as such, has unnoticeable symptoms, whether cancerous or not. An X-ray of a sprain may lead to its detection. Some indicators of bone cancer include pain in the area of the tumour, aches or dullness, and sleeplessness due to pain.

Other bone cancer symptoms include:

• Fever
• Swelling around the bone
• Night sweats
• Limping
• Weight loss
• Fatigue

Remember that an injury does not cause a bone tumour.

How is bone cancer diagnosed?

Doctors generally ask or look out for symptoms, see a person’s medical history, and conduct a physical examination. They look at bone pictures through imaging tests.

Some imaging tests doctors advise include the following.

X-rays: These show the size of the tumour, i.e., how small or big they are

CT Scans: Computerised X-rays take detailed pictures of the affected region

MRI Scans: Technicians use a strong magnet to see inside the human body

PET Scans: A technician puts radioactive glucose in the veins. A scanner spots cancer cells which use way more glucose than the regular cells.

Bone Scans: A technician puts a different radioactive material in the veins. A scanner detects it when it collects in the bones.

A doctor may also do blood tests to detect blood cancer.

A biopsy is another procedure that confirms a diagnosis. The doctor takes tumour samples with a needle or through a cut in the skin. A technician looks at the tissue through a microscope and analyses if the tumour is benign, primary or secondary. It also gives an idea of the tumour’s growth.

How is bone cancer treated?

Benign tumours can get treated with medication and regular assessment. The doctor may remove the benign tumour that is likely to spread or become cancerous. Sometimes, tumours can develop again, even after treatment.

Cancerous tumours need treatment from specialists. Treatment depends upon factors like how far it has spread; doctors use this parameter to determine its stage. One can see localised cancer cells only in bone tumours. Those that affect or spread to other body parts are more serious to treat.

Common bone cancer treatments include the following.

Limb salvage surgery: The doctor removes the bone parts affected by cancer but not the nearby muscles or other tissues. A metallic implant gets inserted to replace the bones.

Amputation: The doctor may remove the limb if a tumour is large and reaches the nerves or blood vessels. One may get a prosthetic limb later on.

Radiation therapy: This therapy eliminates the cancer cells and shrinks tumours with the help of X-rays. Doctors use this therapy with surgery.

Chemotherapy: This eliminates tumour cells with drugs. Doctors opt for this treatment before or post-surgery or as a treatment for metastatic cancer.

Targeted therapy: Doctors use medicines to target genetics, protein, or other changes surrounding cancer cells.

Conclusion

If diagnosed with bone cancer, a person requires constant care and medical supervision to recuperate and prevent its recurrence. A comprehensive health insurance policy covering critical illnesses like bone cancer can help avoid financial dilemmas. Look for policies from renowned insurers and stay covered for any unexpected illnesses.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Related Articles:

• Causes of Bone Marrow Cancer: Understanding the Complex Origins of a Silent Threat
• Causes of Breast Cancer: Understanding the Origins of a Silent Threat
• Mouth Cancer: Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
• Understanding Throat Cancer Treatment Options
• Tongue Cancer Treatment: Surgery, Therapy, and Innovations

With the rise in lifestyle diseases, maintaining a healthy weight has become more crucial than ever. And if you are looking to lose weight ‘join the gym’ is the common advice. Is that holding you back from achieving a healthy weight? But you know what, you can achieve your weight loss objectives right in the comfort of your home.

In this post, we will cover 6 exercises you can do at home to decrease weight. These home exercises to lose weight will help you kickstart your weight loss journey and get you closer to your desired fitness level. While focusing on weight loss and fitness, don’t forget to secure your health with a comprehensive health insurance policy to cover any unexpected medical expenses and ensure peace of mind.

Things to Consider

Before you dive into the exercises, keep these points in mind:

• Consult your doctor before beginning any new exercise regimen, particularly if you suffer from underlying health conditions.
• Stay hydrated throughout your workout session.
• Start slow; gradually increase the intensity & duration of the exercises.
• Along with exercising regularly, follow a balanced diet for your desired results.

Exercise 1: Jumping Jacks

Jumping Jacks are the best body exercise at home to engage multiple muscle groups. To do this exercise, stand with your feet together and arms at your sides. Now jump, spreading your feet wide and raising your arms above your head. Now jump again to return to the starting position. Try to do 3-4 sets of 20-25 reps each.

Jumping Jacks burn a significant number of calories in less time and improve your cardiovascular fitness. They are an excellent form of exercise to increase your lower body strength. They help in improving core strength and increase upper body strength. They strengthen your coordination ability and enhance both flexibility and mobility.

Exercise 2: Aerobic Workouts

Aerobic exercises are one of the easiest home exercises to lose weight.

Walking, especially brisk walk, is one of the easiest weight loss exercises. It puts minimal strain on joints and can easily become a part of one’s regular life. Various studies have pointed out the benefits of walking 10,000 steps/day to improve your health significantly.

Regular walking for 50-70 minutes three times a week can lead to an average reduction of 1.5% in body fat and a decrease of 2.8 cm in waist circumference.

Jogging and running also burn significant amounts of calories. They build muscle strength and improve cardiovascular fitness. As per various estimates, 30 minutes of running burns 372 calories, and 30 minutes of jogging burns 298 calories.

One can do aerobic workouts anytime, and there is no need for any equipment. You can start with 15-minute sessions. Slowly increase your exercise duration over time and try to do it for 45 minutes to 1 hour. Follow a healthy eating regimen to get the best possible results in the shortest possible time.

Exercise 3: Push-Ups

Push-ups are one of the most effective strength training body exercises at home for your upper body strength and endurance.

To perform push-ups, begin by getting into a plank pose with your hands placed shoulder-width apart. After that, lower your body towards the floor by bending your elbows. Finally, push yourself back up to return to the starting position. Ideally, do at least 3 sets of 15 reps each.

Push-ups target your chest, shoulders, and triceps, toning them and building muscles. They also strengthen your core muscles. They can be done anywhere and at any time without any equipment. They are one of the most effective strength training exercises to burn calories quickly.

Exercise 4: Plank

Planks are one of the best exercises to reduce weight at home. They target major muscle groups, including your core, shoulders, arms, chest, back, and hips. Planks are literally a comprehensive full-body workout that also swiftly burns calories.

The Standard Plank (Extended Arms Plank) is ideal for beginners. It strengthens your core muscles and promotes metabolic activity. To perform a Plank, start by positioning your forearms on the ground with elbows under your shoulders and legs extended behind you. Keep your body in a straight alignment from your head down to your heels. Make sure to engage your core and hold for 20-30 seconds. Breathe steadily and avoid arching your back. Gradually increase your holding duration over time. The standard plank targets the core, arms, shoulders, and back.

Mountain Climbers are a high-intensity Plank version. They engage multiple muscle groups and target the biceps, hamstrings, core, triceps, and chest. They burn higher calories than the standard plank. To do them, begin in a standard plank position. Alternate bending each knee and pulling it towards your chest. Then, push the knee back to its initial position. Try to repeat the above steps 20-25 times. That should form 1 set. Try doing 3 sets.

Another variation that you can try is the Reverse Plank. This variation involves a backward approach. It strengthens your core, shoulders, back, chest, and gluteal muscles.

Exercise 5: Squats

Squats are the best fitness workout at home for your lower body; one can do them without any equipment. Performing squats increase your heart rate and significantly burns a high number of calories in a limited time. They also help improve mobility and balance. They are also said to be effective in improving bone mineral density.

To do squats, position your feet about as wide as your shoulders. First, lower your body by bending your knees and pushing your hips back as if you’re sitting in a chair. Next, return to the beginning position by using your heels to push upwards. Try to perform 3 sets of 10-15 reps each.

Squats target your quads, hamstrings, and glutes, perfectly toning and strengthening your lower body.

A variation of basic squats is Sumo Squats. For this, you have to adopt a wider stance with your toes pointing outwards. It effectively targets the inner thighs and glutes.

Another variation that you can try is the Bulgarian Split Squat. Elevate one foot behind you (using a bench or a box) and lunge forward with the other. This variation effectively targets the quadriceps. Try to complete a total of 3 sets comprising 10-15 reps each.

Exercise 6: Lunges

Lunges are among the most effective home exercises to lose weight. They are one of the best exercises for lower body strength and overall fitness. This exercise effectively targets and fortifies your back, hips, and leg muscles.

Lunges excel in fostering lean muscle growth and reducing body fat. Its unilateral movements enhance muscle stability and foster equilibrium, steadiness, and coordination.

To perform lunges, stand tall, ensure your back remains erect, and engage the core muscles. Then, step forward with your right leg and bend your knees. Lower your body until your right thigh parallels the ground and your left thigh remains perpendicular to the ground. Make sure your front knee stays aligned with your heel. Now, return to the initial position and bring both feet together. Now, go ahead and do the same exercise using your left leg. Try to do 3 sets of around 30 reps each.

A variation of static lunges is Walking Lunges. For this, simply perform lunges alternating legs and take steps forward. It improves balance. Another variation is Reverse Lunges. For this, you need to step your foot behind you rather than take a step forward. To further increase the complexity of your exercise, jump when switching legs. These are called Jumping Lunges.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1: Which home exercise is best for weight loss?

All the exercises mentioned above — Jumping Jacks, aerobic workouts, push-ups, planks, squats, and lunges — are the best exercises to reduce weight at home. To get the best results do a combination of cardiovascular exercises like Jumping Jacks or aerobics, along with strength-building exercises like push-ups and squats. A workout combining cardio and strength training is always the best way to lose weight both quickly and in the long term.

Q2: Is it possible to lose weight with just exercise?

No, it is not possible to lose weight only with exercise. While exercise plays a crucial role in weight loss, combining it with a balanced diet is essential for sustainable results. Weight loss is a combination of burning calories through exercise and consuming fewer calories through diet.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Related Articles:

• Green Tea for Weight Loss: Does It Really Work?
• How Many Surya Namaskars Should I Do in a Day to Lose Weight? Finding Your Path to Effective Weight Management
• Is Surya Namaskar Effective in Reducing Weight?
• Reasons Why Your Weight Loss Program Might Not Be Working
• Effortless Weight Loss: 5 Wow Tips for Shedding Pounds

It is not uncommon to experience a medical health emergency either as a bystander or primary care provider. A person may stop breathing, or his/her heart might sink for certain reasons, including a heart attack or in case someone drowns. In such cases, a basic CPR technique proves to be a life-saver as it helps to keep him/her alive until emergency health services arrive. This technique helps to keep the blood flowing and helps a person to be alive. More importantly, a first-aid guide on CPR implies one can do it even if he/she is an untrained individual who just knows the steps of CPR. Having health insurance ensures financial support for emergencies, covering treatments and hospitalizations when time is critical.

What is CPR

CPR refers to Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, which means to resuscitate or revitalise the cardiac system (Heart) and the Pulmonary System (Lungs) when they stop working. It is a hands-on technique to save a life in the situation of breathing failure or when the heartbeat stops due to any reason. When CPR first aid gets performed, it acts as an artificial/assisted system to initiate the impeded heartbeat and breathing. It is performed in two stages and maintains the blood flow that provides oxygen to all parts of the body, including the brain; otherwise, the person might not survive. When CPR is provided just within a few minutes of the stoppage of the heartbeat or breathing, it can increase the chances of survival up to 3 times.

When is CPR required?

Usually, a person requires CPR in the following situations:

• When a person is gasping for breathing or not breathing
• When a person is not responding when tapped on his/her shoulder
• In case a person shows signs of cardiac arrest like:
• Experiences sudden pain on the left side and loses consciousness
• Gasps for air
• Shows no pulse rate
• Becomes unresponsive to his/her surrounding
• If a person has fished out of the water after drowning and remains unconscious

Key Elements of CPR

Mainly CPR includes two steps — chest compression and lung ventilation. It is done differently for adults, children, and infants and comprises the following:

• A rapid chest compression to re-initiate the stopped blood flow; it gets done by pushing down the chest with hands rapidly around 100 times per minute. The number and pressure applied differ in the case of adults and infants.

• Opening the airway to clear passage; this is done by tilting the head back and lifting the chin.
• One can provide mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing to revive the person.
• One must repeat the steps of Compression, Airway opening, and Breathing (Generally abbreviated as C-A-B to remember the steps) until the person gains consciousness or the emergency medical care team arrives. 

Before initiating CPR

One must follow the steps listed below before initiating CPR:

• The person and the CPR provider should be away from traffic, a hazardous or crowdy place.
• It is important to make sure whether the person is conscious or unconscious; one should check the consciousness regularly.
• One must take immediate action by calling an emergency health service provider and deciding to start CPR. A bystander might assist in performing these activities immediately.
• Check the person’s breathing by laying him/her on the back.
• Check the person’s pulse rate by putting a finger on the wrist or neck. In the absence of a pulse, one must perform CPR. 
• It is important to locate an automated external defibrillator (AED). AED assistance can increase the chances of survival in case of cardiac arrest. If the device is available, first give a shock with its help and then start CPR. One can find the instruction to use AED on the machine.

Although one can give first aid and CPR, calling an ambulance immediately is the best move.

CPR for adults

One can take the following steps for adult CPR:

Compressions

It gets done by putting the rear end of your palm on the chest of the person and the second hand's palm on the top of the first hand to make a clasp. One should push hard and at a fast pace so that the lung goes at least 2 inches below the normal level. The chest should get raised fully between the compression, and one must give compressions at least 30 times regularly.  

Airway

Once 30 compressions get done, one should open the airway by tilting the head down (on the back side) and keeping the chin up. This should be performed by putting the head of the person on the edge of a table or maybe on the CPR provider's knee. Next, the CPR provider must gently put his/her hands on the forehead of the patient and push it back (head tilt). Now lift the chin forward or up to clear the person's airway.    

Breathing

One should perform rescue breathing by giving a mouth-to-mouth breath to the patient. In fact, the CPR provider has to breathe for that person in this step. Here the CPR provider has first to seal off the nostrils of the recipient and open his/her mouth. The CPR provider places his/her mouth over the person's mouth, avoiding air-gap. Then the CPR provider should give at least two rescue breaths. One must give the first rescue breath for one second, followed by vigilance to see if the person's chest has risen, and then give the second rescue breath. After two breaths, if the person does not regain consciousness, one must repeat the C-A-B cycle.

CPR for Children

Performing CPR technique on children, known as paediatric CPR, is slightly different in terms of pressure applied on the chest and the compressions done. The child's breastbone should be compressed with little pressure with one hand only to push down around 5 cm below the normal level. Go for 30 compressions in between releasing to raise the lungs fully. The CPR provider must open the airway and give two rescue breaths. If the recipient still does not gain consciousness, repeat the process.

Frequently Asked Questions

When should I perform CPR?

One must opt for CPR in case of health emergencies related to stoppage of breathing and heartbeat, provided the emergency healthcare team has not reached the spot. If a person has stopped breathing normally or becomes unconscious due to cardiac arrest, trauma, or respiratory arrest (as in the case of drowning or suffocation), one can give CPR as it can save the person's life if provided immediately with proper care and attention.

How do I know if someone needs CPR?

Some clear signs can detect if a person needs CPR like:

• if the person is conscious
• if there is no breathing and pulse rate
• if the person shows symptoms of cardiac or respiratory arrest
• if the person gasps for air; it could also be due to some other reason, like asthma

Is CPR different for adults and children?

The CPR technique followed in adults and children is the same in terms of steps followed, but performing the manoeuvre is a little different, like the hands used and the pressure applied during compression. The chest should not compress more than 5 cm in the case of a child, while it can go up to 2 inches for adults. While performing CPR on children, only one hand gets used during compression; one needs to use both hands for performing CPR in adults. The opening of the airway and rescue breathing is the same in both cases.    

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Related Articles:

• Heart Palpitations Symptoms: Signs of Heart Palpitations
• How are Heart Palpitations Diagnosed?
• How Are Heart Palpitations Treated?
• How to Provide First Aid for Heart Attack Victims: Tips & Advice
• The 10 Best Foods for a Healthy Heart

One of the prevalent health concerns today is diabetes. Therefore, to manage diabetes, a practical, sustainable, and affordable approach is needed. Among all the treatment options available for diabetes, exercise is one lifestyle change that fulfils most of the criteria required to control the disease. Exercise is an important physical activity for diabetics that can aid in blood sugar regulation and insulin sensitivity. People with diabetes should consider weight management through exercise. Exercise lowers cardiovascular disease risk while improving sleep, psychological health, and overall well-being. However, diabetics should see a healthcare practitioner before beginning any fitness program. This article includes some of the best physical activities for diabetics. In addition to managing diabetes through exercise, securing a health insurance policy can provide financial support for regular check-ups, medications, and unforeseen medical expenses, ensuring comprehensive care for your health.

What are the best exercises for diabetic people?

Exercise is one of the first recommended strategies for people diagnosed with diabetes to control blood glucose levels. Some well-known exercises for diabetic people are listed below.

1.      Walking

Walking is an easy-to-do but effective exercise to start with. Most diabetic people can do walking with minimal risk of injury. Walking does not require special equipment, but comfortable clothing and shoes can make this a wonderful experience. Walking 10,000 steps daily or 30 minutes of walking a day for 5 days a week may lower a person's risk of developing type 2 diabetes. People who have problems in walking should walk for smaller durations throughout the day. Once a person becomes comfortable, he/she can increase the walking time. Walking for diabetics is similar to aerobic exercise; brisk or moderate intensity can help lower blood glucose levels.

2.       Strength training

The health benefits of aerobic exercise are known. Researchers now believe that an exercise plan for diabetics should also include muscle-strengthening exercises at least twice a week. Strength training improves the mass of the lean muscles, boosting the metabolic rate and increasing calorie consumption. Adequate consumption of calories can help control blood glucose levels. Some strength training exercises include squats, pull-ups, push-ups, triceps extensions, bicep curls, planks, lunges, and deadlifts. Muscle soreness can occur after muscle-strengthening exercises; if muscle soreness is severe, stop the exercise immediately and contact your healthcare provider. People who take diabetic medication should consult their healthcare provider before starting strength training exercises to avoid dangerous drops in their blood sugar levels.

3.      Cycling

Cycling is an aerobic physical activity where the lungs, heart, and blood vessels, together with lower limb muscles, work at the same time. Cycling is less strenuous and has a lower risk of injury when compared to other sports activities. Some health benefits of cycling for diabetic people are listed below:

• Cycling for 6 months can improve levels of HbA1c (glycosylated haemoglobin), reduce weight, and improve blood pressure in adults with type II diabetes.
• Cycling 3 miles a day can lower the risk of heart disease.
• As cycling involves the lower limbs, it improves blood circulation & also reduces the risk of nerve and vessel damage.

4.      Swimming

Swimming improves cardiovascular fitness and is considered one of the best exercises for people suffering from type I and type II diabetes. Swimming is a good exercise for people who have numbness, tingling, or loss of sensation due to diabetic neuropathy. Swimming movements strengthen the body's key muscles; one hour of swimming can burn 350–500 calories and help lower blood sugar levels efficiently. Buoyant force in the water reduces the impact of gravity, so swimming is less stressful for diabetic people, and the chances of physical injuries to feet and joints are lower.  

5.      Dancing

Any form of dance, whether it is salsa, Zumba, ballroom dancing, or Indian classical dancing, may help reduce insulin resistance and better manage blood sugar levels. Besides physical benefits, dance also elevates moods and reduces stress. As dance is considered body-weight exercise, it can also help build muscles. For diabetic people, dancing can be helpful in:

• Weight loss
• Improving bone strength
• Burning calories
• Improving cardiovascular health
• Promoting flexibility
• Improving balance

However, for diabetic people, any form of physical activity, including dancing, should be done under the supervision of an instructor with certain precautions.

6.       Yoga

Yoga for diabetic persons is an ancient practice that can do wonders for the body and mind; it brings body, mind, and spirit together. Certain yoga poses can be beneficial in reducing blood pressure and blood sugar, as well as the risk of heart disease. Seated forward bend, shoulder stand, plough pose, upward-facing dog, bow pose, child’s pose, and spinal twist are some yoga poses that can help control diabetes. Daily yoga practice for 12 weeks can significantly reduce HbA1c levels with good glycaemic control. Practising yoga can boost strength and flexibility and prevent diabetic neuropathy while keeping stress levels low.

7.      Tai Chi

Tai Chi is a mild workout that can aid in diabetes management. It combines breathing and relaxation with slow and steady movements. Tai Chi is particularly efficient at reducing stress, a primary cause of diabetes. According to Chinese philosophy, Tai Chi enhances Qi or life energy. This life energy plays a role in controlling diabetes. Tai Chi helps build flexibility and strength. It has beneficial effects on:

• Cardio-respiratory health
• Muscle strength
• Balance and coordination
• Peripheral circulation
• Reducing stress and anxiety

All these beneficial effects of Tai Chi help prevent diabetes-related complications.

Exercises to be avoided by diabetics

Exercise needs extra energy in the form of blood glucose. Strenuous exercise can lower blood glucose levels rapidly. Therefore, if a person takes insulin or diabetes medicine, strenuous, high-intensity exercise can lead to lower blood glucose, a condition called hypoglycaemia. In hypoglycaemia, blood sugar levels fall too rapidly, which can be dangerous. Early symptoms of hypoglycaemia include weakness, light-headedness, and dizziness. Therefore, snacks, medications, and types of exercise for a diabetic person need to be adjusted. A diabetic person should avoid the following:

• High-impact, strenuous exercise
• Prolonged weight-bearing activities, mainly if an injury or open sore is present
• Walking for long distances
• Running on a treadmill
• Jumping/hopping
• Exercise in an extremely hot or cold environment

People who have existing complications like heart or kidney ailments or eye problems should check with their diabetes specialist before doing a particular type of physical activity.

Things to remember when creating a diabetes-friendly workout plan

Exercise can help in the prevention and progression of diabetes. But diabetics must remember the following:

• Consultation with your healthcare provider is important before starting any new exercise.
• Regular blood sugar monitoring before, during, and after any exercise can help understand the impact of different activities and make necessary adjustments.
• Starting slowly and gradually increasing the activity decreases the chances of injury.
• Drinking plenty of water to keep the body hydrated.
• Warming up the body before starting an exercise session and cooling down post-workout is important to prevent injuries.
• Keeping a source of glucose is important for a diabetic person in case blood sugar falls unexpectedly.
• Wearing correct footwear can reduce the chances of foot sores and blisters in patients with diabetic neuropathy.
• Avoiding overexertion under any circumstances.
• Aim for a regular and consistent workout.
• Exercise selection should be individual-specific based on the person's needs.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Which is the best exercise to lower blood sugar?

Moderate exercise makes the heart beat faster and breathing harder; therefore, muscles use more glucose from the bloodstream. This helps in better utilisation of blood glucose and also helps insulin work better. Almost all aerobic and cardiovascular exercises, like walking, dancing, swimming, cycling, and yoga, can lower blood sugar levels. However, very intense exercise can increase the stress hormones in the body, which in turn, increase blood sugar levels.

What is the ideal blood sugar level?

A person's normal blood sugar level should be less than 140 mg/dL. If a person’s blood sugar level remains higher than 200 mg/dL two hours after consuming a meal, the person is diabetic. The person is prediabetic if the blood sugar reading lies between 140-199 mg/dL. In diabetes, increased blood sugar occurs either because of the inability of body cells to use insulin or due to inhibition of insulin production.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Related Articles:

• 6 Secrets of People Who Love to Exercise: Unlocking the Passion for Fitness
• 8 Brain Exercises to Improve Your Mental Health in 2023
• Boost Your Agility: Top Exercises for Enhanced Coordination and Quickness
• Does Cardio Kill Gains? Exploring the Cardiovascular Exercise and Muscle Building Balance
• Unlock Your Running Potential: Top Strength Training Exercises for Runners

Introduction

Our stomach plays a vital role in digesting food. Situated in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the stomach is just one part of the long tube that essentially begins at our mouth and ends at the anus, the exit point for waste. Enzymes and digestive juices combine to break down food, easing its movement into the small intestine. Hence, the onset of stomach cancer can cause significant discomfort and emotional stress by disrupting the stomach’s functions. Detecting stomach cancer in its early stages can help overcome it and significantly improve the overall quality of life.

What is Stomach Cancer?

Gastric cancer, often known as stomach cancer, involves the abnormal growth of cells that usually begins in the stomach lining. Stomach cancer can develop in any part of your stomach. Most cases of stomach cancer develop in the main section of your stomach, referred to as the stomach body. 

Lymphomas, or cancers that originate from immune cells called lymphocytes, can begin in your stomach's wall. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) can start from primitive cells in your stomach's wall called interstitial cells of Cajal. Some GISTs tend to invade nearby areas or metastasise. Roughly, 90% to 95% of stomach cancer instances are categorised as adenocarcinomas. These cancer types originate from the epithelial cells that make up the innermost lining of your stomach, called the mucosa.

Symptoms of Stomach Cancer

The following are some of the common gastric cancer symptoms.

• Your bowel habits might change, either with more frequent trips or having difficulty passing stool
• You might feel fullness or a bloated sensation after eating
• Your desire to eat might decrease
• You might sense food getting stuck in your throat when eating
• You could experience pain or uneasiness in your stomach area
• You might feel discomfort or a burning sensation in your upper abdomen

In more advanced stages of the tumour in stomach, you might experience more severe stomach tumour symptoms, such as:

• A possibility of vomiting blood or noticing blood in your stool
• Loss of a significant amount of weight without any apparent reason
• Feelings of extreme tiredness and lack of energy

Causes of Stomach Cancer

Several of the following factors can trigger tumour in stomach.

• Inheriting genetic mutations such as those causing familial adenomatous polyposis or hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer heightens the likelihood of cancer
• A family history of stomach cancer increases your susceptibility
• A diet rich in smoked, pickled, and salted foods while lacking in fresh fruits and vegetables increases your risk
• If you have had a partial gastrectomy for ulcer disease, your risk can be higher, especially after about two decades
• Remember that regular alcohol consumption is generally linked to a greater likelihood of cancer
• If you are aged 60 and above, you become more vulnerable to this type of cancer

How is Stomach Cancer Diagnosed?

The following are some of the common methods used to diagnose gastric cancer.

Utilising X-rays from various angles, a CT scan constructs detailed 3D images of your body's interior. A contrast medium (dye) may be used to enhance image clarity, which can be either swallowed or injected into a vein to improve image quality. An MRI employs magnetic fields to create detailed body images. 

Endoscopic Ultrasound combines endoscopy with ultrasound imaging to visualise internal organs. Ultrasound waves create images that help doctors assess the extent of the cancer spread to nearby organs and tissues. 

Laparoscopy is a popular minor surgical procedure that involves inserting a laparoscope into your abdomen to check for cancer spread in the abdominal lining or liver. These areas might not be easily detected by CT or PET scans. In PET-CT Scan, a radioactive sugar substance is introduced into your body. Energy-consuming cells, including cancer cells, absorb this substance. A PET-CT scan combines PET and CT scans to create images revealing areas of active energy use. 

For a barium swallow test, you need to consume a liquid containing barium to enhance the visibility of abnormalities during X-ray imaging. A biopsy procedure typically involves removing a small tissue sample for microscopic examination. While other tests might suggest the presence of cancer, only a biopsy procedure can confirm the diagnosis definitively. 

Your doctor examines your body's interior by using a gastroscope or endoscope, a flexible tube with a light. A tissue sample can be taken for biopsy to detect signs of cancer.

How is Stomach Cancer Treated?

The following are some of the most common gastric cancer treatment methods.

Immunotherapy leverages your body's natural defence mechanisms to combat cancer by enhancing your immune system's ability to target and eliminate cancer cells. HER2-targeted therapy option is suitable for cancers producing excess human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) protein. Combining certain medications and chemotherapy can be successful in cases of previously untreated HER2-positive stomach cancer that is either metastatic or unsuitable for surgical removal.

Radiation therapy utilises high-energy X-rays or other particles to eliminate cancer cells. This treatment involves a predetermined number of sessions administered over a specific period. Radiation therapy can be applied prior to surgery to shrink the tumour. It can also be administered post-surgery to eradicate remaining cancer cells. During the initial stages, when the cancer is confined to the stomach, surgery aims to deal with the affected part of the stomach and nearby lymph nodes. This procedure is termed subtotal or partial gastrectomy. It typically involves reconnecting the remaining portion of the stomach to either the oesophagus or the small intestine. 

Surgery combined with chemotherapy or chemotherapy and radiation therapy may be recommended if the cancer has spread to the outer stomach wall, with or without affecting the lymph nodes. The anti-angiogenesis therapeutic approach targets angiogenesis, the process of generating new blood vessels that provide nutrients to tumours. By inhibiting angiogenesis, the aim is to "starve" the tumour. 

Chemotherapy typically involves the use of drugs to target and eliminate cancer cells by impeding their growth and replication. Chemotherapy usually consists of a set number of cycles administered over a specific timeframe. You might receive one drug at a time or a combination of drugs concurrently. 

The journey towards addressing stomach cancer is a collaborative effort between you and your healthcare team. Understanding the nuances of these diverse treatment methods empowers you to make informed decisions that align with your unique needs and circumstances. 

Can Stomach Cancer Be Prevented?

The following are some of the commonly known ways to prevent tumour in stomach to a great extent.

• If you smoke, quit immediately. Smoking puts you at significant risk of cancer and harms others.
• Cut back on smoked and pickled foods.
• Keep an eye on any issues related to ulcers. If you are dealing with stomach ulcers, it is important to have healthcare professionals check for an H. pylori infection and provide the necessary treatment.
• Consider genetic testing if cancer runs in your family.
• Make sure to include lots of fresh fruits and vegetables in your meals. This is a big deal when it comes to reducing the risk of cancer. Citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, and grapefruits are excellent choices.

Conclusion

Your stomach, a key player in the digestive process, can be vulnerable to abnormal cell growth that leads to stomach cancer. Awareness of its symptoms, risk factors, and diagnostic methods can aid in early detection and informed decision-making. Regular medical check-ups can contribute to timely intervention. Regular check-ups and cancer treatment can be costly when sourced from your wallet. Thus, to be financially secure, getting a good health insurance policy that covers such instances is highly recommended.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Related Articles:

• Causes of Esophageal Cancer: Understanding the Underlying Factors
• Causes of Duodenal Cancer: Unraveling the Factors Behind Small Intestine Tumors
• Causes of Appendiceal Cancer: Unraveling the Origins of a Rare Disease
• Causes of Small Intestine Cancer: Exploring the Origins of a Rare Disease
• Stomach Cancer Detection: Tests, Diagnosis, and Staging Guide

Uterine cancer is one of the most common cancers occurring in females and is not talked about often enough. This form of cancer impacts many women, from all walks of life. Whether you’ve just recently been diagnosed or have family members who have been affected by it for some time now – we are here to provide all the information you need regarding this disease so that you feel empowered to take steps towards your treatment journey.

What is uterine cancer?

So what is uterine cancer? Uterine cancer refers to the cancer originating either from the middle or innermost layer of the uterus. The cancer that arises from the innermost layer is the more prevalent form, while that originating from the middle layer of the uterus is rare. The uterine cancer is specified as:

• Endometrial Cancer – Developed from the innermost layer of the uterus known as the endometrium, that is shed during menstruation cycle.
• Uterine Sarcoma – Developed from the middle muscular layer of the uterus known as myometrium that expands during pregnancy and contracts during labor.

Symptoms of uterine cancer

Ever wondered what are the symptoms of uterine cancer? The most common symptoms of uterine cancer are inter-menstrual bleeding and postmenopausal bleeding. Abnormal bleeding and abnormal menstruation cycle are also common symptoms along with pelvic distress. Other major symptoms include lower abdominal pain, dysuria (difficult urination), and nausea.  In higher uterine cancer stages, in which the cancer has spread to other body parts, the additional symptoms include – pale appearance due to heavy blood loss, weight loss, abnormal bowel & bladder habits, and anorexia (loss of appetite).

Causes of Uterine Cancer

The biological reason for uterus cancer includes higher exposure of uterine cells to  estrogen hormone. Estrogen is the hormone responsible for proliferation of uterine cells so higher exposure of this hormone is known to cause more uterine cell divisions that ultimately cause carcinoma. Besides, it is also associated with presence of obesity, type II diabetes (T2DM), early menarche (menstruation initiation), late menopause, PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome), nulliparity (women who has never given birth or carried a child), and infertility.

Risk factors associated for uterine cancer

The risk factors for uterine cancer include those factors that can increase the chances of getting this cancer. While the risk factors might not directly cause cancer, it can surely increase the probability of it occurring. On the other hand, the absence of a risk factor does not mean one will not get uterine cancer at all. The risk factors are as follows:

• Higher age: women older than 50 years are at a higher risk of getting uterine cancer.
• Obesity and other metabolic syndromes: More than 50% of endometrial cancer is associated with obesity. This is because fatty tissues are known to convert androgens into estrogens (sex hormones), which increase the risk of cancer. Similarly, other metabolic syndromes including type 2 diabetes are associated with higher risk for uterine cancer.
• Presence of other cancers: Presence of cancers like ovarian cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer can enhance the chances of getting uterine cancer
• Familial history: Uterine cancer has been found to be associated with familial history. A genetic syndrome called hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) or Lynch Syndrome running in family shows higher risk of uterine cancer in women of ch families.
• Certain anti-cancer therapies: Therapies involving certain medications used to treat other forms of cancers can increase the risk of uterine cancer. For example, tamoxifen, which is used to treat breast cancer, is linked with an elevated risk of developing uterine cancer. Radiation therapy used to treat cancer in the pelvic or lower abdominal region is also associated with higher risk of developing this cancer.
• Hormone Replacement Therapies (HRT): HRT done with estrogen is associated with higher risk of uterine cancer development hormone in postmenopausal women. However, it is seen that if it is given along with progesterone hormone then the risk is comparatively lower.

How is uterine cancer diagnosed?

The diagnosis of uterine cancer is done through multimodal approaches that depend upon various patient characteristics (age – premenopausal or postmenopausal; general health), symptoms experienced, and past health history. The diagnosis mainly starts with a physical & pelvic examination to check uterus, ovary, vagina, and rectum for any unusual finding. Afterward the following tests may be carried out depending upon patient requirement:

• Transvaginal ultrasound: It is usually done at first after physical examination and it gives details about endometrial thickness (normal should be ~4 mm); thickness more than normal warrants further examination through biopsy.
• Endometrial biopsy: An endometrial biopsy is performed by an excision of the small endometrial tissue followed by its examination under the microscope. The results are interpreted by histopathologists to check the presence of abnormal endometrial cells.
• Dilation and curettage (D&C) biopsy: This is another method to obtain a biopsy. It is mostly done along with hysteroscopy to visualize the internal organ.
• Computed tomography scan: it is a special X-ray technique that provides a 3-dimensional image and can easily show the presence of an extra tumour mass.
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): This imaging technique utilizes magnetic fields to provide extremely detailed images that would give a doctor an insight about how a tumor is growing.

How is uterine cancer treated?

Have you ever wondered if uterus cancer is curable? With early diagnosis, taking the right steps and proper planning, it can be, but not always. Once the presence of uterine cancer and its stage is confirmed, a team of doctors would work together to make an action plan to follow. Uterine cancer is mostly treated by monotherapy, or sometimes combination therapies that include surgery, cancer medications, radiation therapy etc. The following therapies are used to treat uterine cancer:

• Therapy: These include chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and molecular targeted therapies. In chemotherapy, specific medicines are given to destroy cancer cells. Hormone therapy slows down the growth of certain uterine cancer cells which have particular receptors for the hormone. Immunotherapy is given to strengthen the immune system to effectively combat growing cancer cells. On the other hand, molecularly targeted therapies target cancer-specific genes or proteins to diminish cancer growth.
• Radiation therapy: Here, high energy radiation is used to destroy cancer cells. It is the main therapy for higher uterine cancer stages. A special radiation oncologist along with other doctors makes a treatment plan for radiation doses. Both, internal beam radiation therapy and external beam radiation therapy, can be given depending upon the need of the patient.
• Surgery: Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for most uterine cancers, that includes surgical removal of the cancerous mass. The choice of surgery depends upon the stage of cancer, and a surgical doctor would remove the tumour. A simple hysterectomy is performed when cancer has not yet spread (stage II), and it involves the removal of the uterus and cervix. A radical hysterectomy is performed if the cancer has spread (stage III) to nearby organs. This surgery involves the removal of the uterus and the upper part of the vagina.

For postmenopausal women bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is normally performed to remove the fallopian tube and ovaries. If the uterine cancer has metastasized or spread to other organs, then lymph node removal may also be performed.

Can uterine cancer be prevented?

Uterine cancer can be prevented by taking informed steps to avoid or minimize the exposure to risk factors. It involves following a healthy lifestyle with proper weight management and control of diabetes and blood pressure. Knowing your family history and proactively taking these steps would surely prevent/delay uterine cancer growth. Moreover, uterine cancer is potentially curable if diagnosed at an early stage, with the overall 5-year survival rate being around 80% for all stages of uterine cancer. This makes early testing extremely important.

Living with uterine cancer

Cancer certainly changes the life of a person at a significant level; but, coping with cancer becomes easy when you are well informed and take proper steps to treat your cancer. Every treatment has some side effects, and health care teams always prepare an action plan to minimize these effects.

In most cases, uterine cancer patients experience changes in sexual health, fertility issues, and menopause, depending upon the age of the patient. Besides this, the mere diagnosis of uterine cancer can impact a person emotionally. It is always best to have a good support system to help you through this challenging journey.

Uterine cancer treatment typically results in heavy medical-bills. Managing too many financial issues could be a reason behind anxiety and fear among uterine cancer patients. Coping with financial issues associated with uterine cancer treatment could be minimized if you would consider covering your medical-bills with the right health insurance. Opting for a health insurance plan before time would certainly help you to reduce the cost of uterine cancer treatment.   

Frequently Asked Questions

Are there any warning signs of uterine cancer?

A few warning signs for uterine cancer include bleeding between menstrual periods, intense pain in the pelvic region regularly or during periods. Post menopausal bleeding is also a warning sign for elderly women.

At what age is uterine cancer commonly diagnosed?

In most cases, uterine cancer is diagnosed at an older age particularly to women who have undergone menopause. The standard age of diagnosis is after 50 years.

Does uterine cancer spread easily?

The spreading or metastasis of uterine cancer depends upon its stage at the time of diagnosis. Stage I uterine cancer typically doesn’t spread easily; but, stage II or beyond can spread quickly and easily. Make sure you always consult with a healthcare practitioner for any queries you have regarding your health. With the right steps and proper planning, you can help take good care of yourself or your loved ones.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Related Articles:

• Causes of Uterine Cancer: Unraveling the Complex Origins of a Silent Threat
• Uterine Cancer Treatment: A Comprehensive Guide
• Uterine Cancer: Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
• Uterine Fibroids Treatment: Options and Considerations
• Causes of Urethral Cancer: Unraveling the Origins of a Rare Disease

Hepatitis C is a viral infection that causes liver inflammation and poses potential long-term complications. As we navigate through the intricacies of this condition, we’ll delve into its symptoms, causes, diagnosis and the latest advancements in treatment.

Join us on this journey to comprehend the meaning of hepatitis C and how to identify it. Let’s explore everything you need to know about this infectious disease.

What is Hepatitis C?

Hepatitis C, abbreviated as HCV, is a viral infection that affects the liver. Caused by the hepatitis C virus, it triggers inflammation that, if left untreated, can result in severe liver damage. The virus spreads through exposure to infected blood.

This disease often progresses silently, with symptoms taking years to manifest. Chronic infection can result in complications such as cirrhosis and liver cancer.

Antiviral medications, particularly newer direct-acting drugs, offer effective treatment, aiming to achieve sustained viral clearance and prevent long-term liver consequences. Regular screening is crucial due to the virus’s asymptomatic nature. Now you know what is hepatitis C.

Symptoms of Hepatitis C

Understanding these diverse symptoms is crucial for early detection and appropriate management of hepatitis C. Regular screenings are recommended, as symptoms may take years to surface.

• Acute hepatitis C is usually asymptomatic.
• When symptoms occur, they may include jaundice, fatigue, nausea, fever and muscle aches.
• Chronic hepatitis C often remains asymptomatic for many years.
• Symptoms become apparent when the virus damages the liver sufficiently.
• Common symptoms include bleeding and bruising easily.
• Fatigue and loss of appetite may manifest.
• Jaundice, indicated by yellowing of the skin or eyes, is possible in individuals of all ethnicities.
• Dark-coloured urine and itchy skin may occur.
• Fluid build-up in the stomach area, known as ascites, can develop.
• Swelling in the legs may be observed.
• Weight loss may occur in advanced stages.
• Confusion, drowsiness and slurred speech (hepatic encephalopathy) may indicate severe liver damage.
• Spider-like blood vessels on the skin, known as spider angiomas, may appear.
• Acute hepatitis C infection doesn’t always progress to the chronic phase.
• Some individuals spontaneously clear the infection during the acute phase.
• Antiviral therapy during the acute phase can contribute to viral clearance.

Causes of Hepatitis C

• Hepatitis C Virus (HCV):

The hepatitis C infection is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), and transmission occurs through contact with blood containing the virus.

• Genotypes and Subtypes:

HCV exists globally in various genotypes and subtypes.

• Modes of Transmission:

Sharing of needles or equipment among drug users. Unsafe healthcare practices, such as contaminated needles or equipment. From an infected mother to her newborn during childbirth.

• Chronic Hepatitis C:

Chronic hepatitis C follows a similar course irrespective of the viral genotype. Treatment may vary based on the viral genotype.

Diagnosis of Hepatitis C

Diagnosing hepatitis C involves a multi-step approach, often initiated by a screening blood test. This test detects the presence of antibodies against the hepatitis C virus (HCV), signifying exposure. If the screening is positive, further blood tests are conducted to determine the viral load (quantity of HCV in the blood) and the specific genotype of the virus.

These additional tests aid in assessing the severity of the infection and guide treatment decisions. Imaging studies, such as elastography or a liver biopsy, may be recommended to evaluate liver damage or cirrhosis.

Early diagnosis is critical as hepatitis C is often asymptomatic, and chronic infection can lead to severe complications. Routine screening is recommended, especially for individuals at higher risk, ensuring timely intervention and the initiation of appropriate antiviral treatment strategies.

Treatment of Hepatitis C

The treatment landscape for hepatitis C has undergone transformative changes with the advent of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) medications. These drugs, taken orally, target specific steps in the HCV lifecycle, offering remarkable efficacy with fewer side effects than older therapies.

The treatment aims to attain sustained virologic response (SVR), indicating the absence of detectable virus in the blood for at least 12 weeks post-treatment. The selection of medications and treatment duration is contingent upon factors such as HCV genotype, the extent of liver damage and prior treatment history.

Newer DAAs have shortened treatment durations, often ranging from eight to twelve weeks, and have significantly increased cure rates across various patient populations. The effectiveness of these medications has made interferon-based regimens largely obsolete due to their associated side effects and lower success rates.

Prompt treatment is crucial for individuals with advanced liver disease or cirrhosis to prevent further liver damage. In severe cases, liver transplantation may be considered; however, it’s important to note that hepatitis C may recur post-transplant, requiring ongoing antiviral treatment.

As treatment options evolve rapidly, consulting with a healthcare professional or a specialist is essential to determine the most appropriate and up-to-date regimen. Regular monitoring during treatment ensures response assessment and the management of potential side effects. The advancements in hepatitis C treatment underscore the potential for achieving sustained viral clearance, minimising complications and improving the overall prognosis for individuals with this viral infection.

Risk Factors Associated with Hepatitis C

• Injection Drug Use:

Sharing needles or equipment among individuals who inject drugs is a significant risk factor.

• Unsafe Healthcare Practices:

Exposure to contaminated needles or medical equipment in healthcare settings.

• High-Risk Sexual Behaviour:

While less common, engaging in unprotected sex with an infected partner increases transmission risk.

• Hemodialysis:

Repeated exposure to contaminated equipment during hemodialysis.

• Occupational Exposure:

Healthcare workers face accidental needlestick injuries or exposure to infected blood.

• Tattoos and Piercings:

Procedures involving non-sterile equipment in unregulated settings increase transmission risk.

• Prison Incarceration:

Higher prevalence of hepatitis C among incarcerated individuals due to shared needles and close living quarters.

• HCV-Positive Partners:

Having a sexual partner with hepatitis C increases the risk of transmission.

• Immune Suppression:

Weakened immune systems, such as in HIV-positive individuals, elevate the risk of chronic infection. Understanding these risk factors is crucial for targeted screening and preventive measures to reduce the transmission and impact of hepatitis C.

How can Hepatitis C be Prevented?

Follow these measures to prevent this condition:

• Vaccination:

Currently, there is no available vaccine for the prevention of hepatitis C.

• Safe Injection Practices:

Avoid sharing needles or other injection equipment.

• Safe Sexual Practices:

During sexual activity, employ barrier methods like condoms.

• Screening and Early Detection:

Regular screening for individuals at higher risk ensures early detection and intervention.

• Education and Awareness:

Promote awareness about hepatitis C transmission risks and preventive measures.

• Blood Safety:

Ensure blood and organ donations undergo rigorous screening for HCV.

• Safe Tattoo and Piercing Practices:

Choose reputable and licensed establishments with strict hygiene practices.

• Needle Exchange Programmes:

Support initiatives that provide clean needles to individuals who inject drugs.

• Treatment as Prevention:

Timely and effective antiviral treatment can prevent complications and further transmission.

• Precautions for Healthcare Workers:

Adhering strictly to infection control measures involves ensuring the proper handling of needles.

• Harm Reduction Strategies:

Implement harm reduction programmes to minimise risky behaviours associated with HCV transmission.

Conclusion

Hepatitis C is a significant public health concern, capturing our attention. The absence of a vaccine underscores the importance of preventive measures, while advancements in antiviral treatments offer hope for effective management. Ongoing contributions from regular screenings, education and targeted interventions play a pivotal role in curtailing transmission and mitigating the enduring impact of this viral infection. By fostering awareness and embracing preventive strategies, a collective effort is underway to shape a future where the burden of hepatitis C is minimised, ensuring individuals at risk receive timely care and support. Having health insurance can provide access to essential screenings, advanced treatments, and ongoing care, making a significant difference in managing and preventing hepatitis C.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.