Moving to the U.S. on an H1B visa is exciting, but navigating the health insurance landscape can be daunting. With the high cost of healthcare, securing the right health insurance for H1B holders is essential to protect yourself and your family from unplanned medical expenses.

Understanding your insurance options is crucial whether you're new to the country or transitioning from a different visa. In this post, we'll break down everything you need to know about health insurance for H1B visa holders, helping you make informed and confident choices.

How To Choose Travel Medical Insurance

When settling in the U.S. on an H1B visa, travel medical insurance can be a lifesaver during those initial months. This type of insurance is particularly useful if you're waiting for employer-sponsored insurance or planning to buy long-term coverage.

Choosing the right travel insurance is crucial when you're on an H1B visa, especially during your initial months in the U.S. Here’s how you can make the best choice:

1) Understand Your Needs:

Consider your health, the length of your stay, and the specific coverage you need. Are you looking for short-term coverage until you get employer-sponsored insurance, or do you need something more comprehensive?

2) Coverage Limits:

Ensure the plan covers significant medical expenses, including hospitalisation, emergency services, and prescription drugs. Look for policies with high coverage limits, especially if you have pre-existing conditions.

3) Network Providers:

Verify whether the plan includes a network of medical professionals. Using in-network doctors and hospitals can save you money and reduce out-of-pocket expenses.

4) Cost vs. Benefits:

Balance the policy's cost with its benefits. Lower premiums might seem appealing but could come with higher deductibles or limited coverage.

5) Reputation of Insurer:

Research the insurance provider's reputation, read reviews, and ensure they have a strong track record for handling claims efficiently.

You'll find the h1b health insurance that best suits your needs by carefully evaluating these factors.

Where to Buy H1B Health Insurance?

Finding the right H1B health insurance doesn't have to be complicated. Here are a few options where you can purchase a policy:

1) Employer-Sponsored Plans:

Most H1B visa holders receive health insurance through their employer. This is typically the most comprehensive and cost-effective option, as employers often cover a significant portion of the premiums.

Employer-sponsored plans usually meet the requirements of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and offer benefits like routine check-ups, emergency care, and prescription coverage. However, reviewing the plan's specifics is essential to ensure it meets your needs.

2) Marketplace Plans:

If your employer doesn’t provide insurance, or if you prefer to choose your plan, you can buy H1B visa health insurance through the ACA Marketplace. These plans are designed to be affordable and compliant with ACA regulations.

3) Private Insurance Companies:

You can buy private health insurance if you prefer more control over your healthcare options. This allows you to customise your plan to suit your specific needs, though it can be more expensive than employer-sponsored or marketplace plans. Private insurance offers flexibility in choosing providers and can be tailored to include or exclude certain benefits.

Types of H1B Health Insurance

As an H1B visa holder, you have different insurance options based on your residency status and length of stay. Understanding these will help you select the best plan for your needs.

1) Short-Term Health Insurance:

Ideal for non-resident aliens, this coverage is designed for temporary stays and offers basic protection against unexpected medical expenses. It’s a good option while you settle in or until you qualify for a long-term plan.

2) Long-Term Health Insurance:

Once you’ve lived in the U.S. for over six months and are considered a resident, you can opt for ACA-compliant plans. These plans offer more comprehensive coverage and meet legal requirements, making them a better fit for long-term stays.

3) Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance:

Many H1B visa holders receive health insurance through their employers. These plans typically offer a good balance of coverage and cost, and your employer may even cover part of the premium, making it an affordable option.

4) H4 Visa Health Insurance:

If your family is joining you on an H4 visa, they’ll need their coverage. You can often add them to your employer-sponsored plan or purchase a separate policy designed for H4 dependents.

What Does H1B Health Insurance Cover?

H1B visa health insurance typically covers a wide range of medical services to protect you from the high costs of healthcare in the U.S. Here’s what you can expect from most plans:

• Emergency Room Visits: Coverage for urgent care needed in emergencies.
• Doctor Visits: Includes regular check-ups and specialist consultations.
• Prescription Medications: Helps cover the cost of necessary medicines.
• Hospitalisation: Covers the cost of stays in the hospital, including surgeries.
• Preventive Care: Includes vaccinations, screenings, and wellness checks.

Conclusion

Securing the right health insurance for h1b visa holders is an important step in ensuring your peace of mind while living and working in the U.S. Whether you’re choosing travel insurance for your initial stay or a long-term plan as a resident, understanding your options will help you make the best decision for your health and finances.

Remember, having the right coverage protects you from unexpected medical bills and keeps you in good standing with legal requirements in the U.S.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It may contain outdated data and information regarding the Insurance industry and products. It is advised to verify the currency and relevance of the data and information before taking any major steps. ICICI Lombard is not liable for any inaccuracies or consequences resulting from the use of this outdated information.  

With advances in age, medical needs also increase, and they are often compounded by pre-existing conditions. Comprehensive medical insurance for seniors with pre-existing conditions and diseases becomes necessary to address such challenges. 

Pre-existing diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, or heart ailment can raise an individual’s medical expenditure; hence, making it economically challenging for senior citizens to bear healthcare costs without support. 

Senior citizen health insurance plans that cover pre-existing diseases help alleviate these concerns, offering peace of mind and financial security. Such an insurance cover also ensures that medical care is accessible without the need to dissolve one's savings, thus supporting the individual in tackling health problems during old age. 

To make it even easier, most of these policies offer cashless hospitalisation and reimbursement claims. Let us see further why medical insurance for senior citizens with pre-existing diseases is vital and how it provides comprehensive protection.

Why Do You Need Medical Insurance for Senior Citizens with Pre-Existing Disease?

Many senior citizens are prone to chronic conditions and need continuous support. This is where medical insurance for senior citizens with pre-existing diseases comes into use. Diseases related to the heart, or diabetes, require repetitive visits to the hospital, which empty retirement savings in no time. However, with an appropriate health insurance plan, managing these costs gets a lot easier. A standard health insurance policy encompasses long waiting periods before it covers any pre-existing disease, while specialised plans provide immediate coverage.

These plans are designed to counter conditions such as hypertension and arthritis and provide financial and mental relief for the elderly and their families. Health insurance policies meant explicitly for senior citizens offer a broad scope of coverage involving various treatments, including specialised care such as dialysis, chemotherapy, and surgeries. Other standard inclusions in such a medical plan comprise annual health check-ups, cashless hospitalisation at network hospitals, and sometimes even coverage for alternative treatments such as Ayurveda or homoeopathy.

Importantly, medical insurance for senior citizens with pre-existing diseases covers high-cost treatments, including organ transplants and post-operative care, whose costs can become very burdensome. The flexibility of premiums allowed by various insurers, along with lifetime renewability, implies continuity of cover beyond retirement with no lapse in policy, or inability to pay higher premiums as age advances. These comprehensive policies help senior citizens maintain good overall health and ensure timely treatment without compromising on treatment quality.

Top Pros of Opting for Senior Citizen Health Insurance Policy (focus on pre-existing diseases coverage)

When it comes to pre-existing diseases, it becomes essential to buy a senior citizen health insurance policy. These plans are designed to provide personalised care for the elderly, including long-term treatment of chronic and other diseases. As medical costs continue rising, this policy guarantees senior citizens appropriate treatment to stop their savings from depleting, making them financially secure in their advanced years.

1. Pre-existing disease coverage: This ensures the best health insurance for senior citizens already diagnosed with a specific pre-existing disease. Other than chronic ailments, including diabetes and hypertension, regular policies do not cover diseases. This senior citizen-specific policy will ensure elderly people get timely medical attention and the best treatment possible.

2. Less Waiting Period: In regular health plans, any pre-existing disease usually has a long waiting period. However, this period is drastically shortened regarding medical insurance for senior citizens, thereby allowing seniors to promptly get medical attention.

3. Cashless Treatment: Most senior citizen health insurance plans allow cashless hospitalisation at network hospitals for easy access to immediate care. This facility is quite useful and crucial for chronic conditions when a patient requires urgent medical intervention.

4. Financial Independence: An integrated health insurance scheme ensures that in case of a medical emergency, senior family members do not become a financial liability to the household. They can themselves avail of all the required treatments without bearing the extra load of hefty medical bills.

5. Comparable Costs of Premiums: While the cost of premiums usually increases with age, the best health insurance policies for senior citizens with some pre-existing diseases ensure that more monetary value is obtained by covering extended treatments and chronic diseases.

6. Preventive care and early detection: Most health insurance plans targeted at seniors cover preventive check-ups and diagnosis tests, ensuring that potential health problems are found in their earliest stages. This helps manage prevailing conditions before they aggravate to more complicated stages, weakening the intensity of treatment in future stages.

7. Ambulance Services and Emergency Care: Ambulance service during an emergency can be quite expensive; however, most senior citizen health insurance policies cover the cost of this service. This feature will be very helpful for senior citizens with pre-existing diseases and mobility problems to ensure proper medical attention is provided on time.

8. Alternative Treatment Cover: Most health insurance policies for senior citizens also offer coverage for alternative treatments, including Ayurveda, Unani, and Homoeopathy.

9. Speciality Care Access: Health insurance plans for seniors often include access to specialised healthcare services such as geriatric care, physiotherapy, and rehabilitation. This is necessary not only to cope with chronic diseases but also to provide better overall living quality. Special care will ensure proper treatment at the proper time for seniors' pre-existing diseases.

10. Lifetime Renewability: One significant advantage of this health insurance plan is its lifetime renewable feature. It will go a long way in ensuring the elderly remain covered from pre-existing conditions.

Overview of Coverage for Seniors with Pre-Existing Diseases

Coverage for seniors with pre-existing conditions has become increasingly important with healthcare needs going up. Many seniors face challenges when seeking affordable health insurance due to existing medical issues, as insurers often view them as high-risk individuals. However, several policies now cater to this demographic, offering tailored solutions to ensure seniors receive the medical care they need without overwhelming their financial standing. By understanding the options available, seniors can find plans that cover their pre-existing conditions and provide comprehensive care for their overall health.

1. Hospitalisation Cover: Health insurance purely meant for seniors is comprehensive and covers all aspects of hospitalisation, from room rent to doctor consultations, ICU charges, and various tests that may be required during hospitalisation. In cases of senior citizens who are diagnosed with ongoing ailments such as hypertension and diabetes, or problems related to the heart, these schemes cover their medicinal requirements continuously.

2. Pre- and Post-Hospitalisation: The best-rated medical insurance for senior citizens with pre-existing diseases goes one step further by covering expenses before and after hospitalisation. Pre-hospitalisation cover covers all the diagnostic tests and consultations needed for correct diagnosis and treatment planning before actual hospital admission. In post-hospitalisation coverage, all follow-up consultations, extra medications, and physiotherapy sessions are considered.

3. Daycare Procedures: One of the distinguishing features of any health insurance for seniors is coverage for daycare procedures. Some treatments may require admission to a hospital but do not necessarily call for 24-hour hospitalisation, which includes cataract surgery, dialysis, and chemotherapy sessions. This kind of coverage is helpful for patients with chronic conditions who need frequent treatments but are better off without being hospitalised for an extended period.

4. Critical Illness Coverage: Most senior health insurance plans involve critical illness coverage. This includes financial support for severe and dangerous conditions such as cancer, stroke, and heart attacks.

5. Holistic Treatments: This includes Ayurveda, Homoeopathy, and other traditional treatments that conventional insurance plans may not cover. 

6. Mental Health Cover: Most health insurance plans cover mental health treatment, given the increasing recognition of its importance for general well-being. Counselling and psychiatric treatments, which are fundamental in handling the psychological aftermath of chronic conditions, are also involved.

7. Domiciliary Care: This feature can be handy for seniors with severe or chronic ailments, where it becomes cumbersome for them to visit a hospital. The concept could be implemented by a doctor visiting the patient's residence and providing nursing services in the comfort of their house.

8. Organ Transplants and Surgeries: Most major surgeries, including organ transplants, are covered by many senior health insurance schemes. Such organ transplants help fight chronic diseases during advanced stages.

9. Ambulance Charges: Senior health insurance plans cover the cost of ambulance services, which can be substantial, especially during emergencies.

10. Preventive Health Check-ups: Most senior health insurance plans cover the expenses for routine check-ups so that one may remain healthy, and also identify potential risks as early as possible. Regular check-ups of blood pressure, cholesterol, and other diagnostic tests associated with chronic ailments are involved.

11. Lifetime Renewability: The best part of health plans designed for senior citizens is their lifetime renewability option.

12. Recovery Benefit: This is the most valuable monetary benefit available to the elderly confined to a hospital for more than the standard period. If hospitalisation exceeds ten days, the policy pays a lump-sum amount for maintaining household expenses while recovery is underway.

Documents Required for Claim under Health Insurance with Pre-existing Conditions

While claiming a health insurance policy for senior citizens with pre-existing conditions, proper documentation is critical to hassle-free processing. A comprehensive list of such documents is given below:

1. Policy Copy: A copy of the health insurance is required to verify the policy details and file the claim under the correct category.
2. Claim Form: Attach a duly completed and signed claim form. This contains the details of the treatment undergone and the expenses incurred.
3. Bills and Receipts: When processing the claim for reimbursement, expenses for hospitalisation, treatment, medicines, and other subsidiary costs must be backed by original bills and receipts.
4. Age Proof: Any one of these documents, namely a PAN card, voter ID card, Aadhaar card, passport, driving licence, or birth certificate, is accepted at the time of checking admission eligibility in support of the policyholder's age.
5. Address Proof: The applicant should provide the following documents for correspondence and verification: Driving Licence, Ration Card, PAN Card, Aadhaar Card, Utility Bills (Telephone or Electricity Bills), and Rental Agreement.
6. Identity Proof: The policyholder's identity proof includes a Passport, Voter ID Card, Driving Licence, Aadhaar Card, and a recent Passport-Sized Photo.

How to Make a Claim under the Plan for Seniors with Pre-Existing Diseases

There are two primary ways of claiming a health insurance plan for senior citizens with pre-existing diseases: cashless and reimbursement claims. Let us look at the procedures in some detail.

a. Cashless Claim

Under cashless treatment, a senior citizen is entitled to receive medical treatment without making any payment at the time of treatment if this is opted for in a network hospital empanelled with the insurance company. Here's how it works:

Hospital Admission: Show your insurance card and ID at a network hospital. The hospital verifies coverage with the insurer.

Approval: The insurer reviews and approves the treatment. Treatment begins once approved.

Post-Treatment: The hospital sends the final bill to the insurer, who pays directly to the hospital.

b. Reimbursement Claim

These are filed when treatment is sought for in a hospital outside the network, or when cashless facilities have not been utilised. Here's how it works:

1. Admitting and Paying: The treatment of the senior citizen is carried out at the non-network hospital; the bills are settled at the time of discharge, keeping all the receipts, bills, and medical documents safe for further assistance in reimbursement.

2. Claim Settlement: The insured has to collect all the required documents and compile them. The following are required:

1. Claim Form Duly Completed
2. Detailed Medical Reports from the Treating Physician
3. Discharge Summary from the Hospital
4. Original Bills and Receipts Against All Expenditures Related to the Treatment Process

Any Other Supporting Documents the Insurance Provider Would Need, Such as Proof of Identity or Policy Documents.

These documents are then compiled and sent to the insurance provider for further processing.

3. Reimbursement: After verifying each document, the insurance company processes the claim and transfers the eligible amount directly to the policyholder's account. There is usually an evaluation period when the insurance provider verifies the claim's authenticity and complies with the policy conditions.

Whenever you feel stressed, you likely notice certain physical changes. Profuse sweating, headaches, butterflies in your stomach, an uncomfortable feeling in your chest, and overall muscle tightness are just some of the common side effects of stress that you may experience. However, the effects don’t stop there.

Long-term stress, in particular, can have a significant negative impact on your health. It can disrupt the functioning of vital organs in the nervous, circulatory, and digestive systems, as well as affect your heart and overall immunity. In the following blog, we will explore more about how stress affects health.

Why Long-Term Stress Is Bad

Long-term stress, also known as chronic stress, should be treated or controlled properly. Otherwise, it can increase your risk of serious issues in the future. This is because when you are stressed for a long time, your body releases more stress hormones (cortisol, adrenaline and epinephrine) than necessary. The increased secretion of these hormones can interrupt your daily routines, thereby affecting your sleep and appetite. It can also increase your risk of cardiac issues, strokes, increased blood pressure levels, depression and anxiety disorders.

Stress and how it affects the body can be observed in the following ways:

1. Increased inflammations

Chronic stress is one of the most important reasons for the increased inflammation in your body. Stress triggers the production of pro-inflammatory cells (known as cytokines) in your body, which eventually increases inflammation.

You have to monitor your stress levels regularly because increased inflammations can put you at great risk of cardiac ailments, autoimmune disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, multiple sclerosis and more.

2. Hampers digestive functions

Increased stress levels can activate the immune cells found in your gut. This can trigger symptoms of acid reflux, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and butterflies in the stomach, triggering vomiting & an uncomfortable feeling in the stomach.

3. Affects overall immunity

Long-term stress causes the body's lymphocytes to decrease. Lymphocytes are the white blood cells that safeguard your body against illnesses and infections. When these are reduced, your immune system gets hampered severely. This is most probably why you may feel sick when you are stressed. This problem is even more prominent in people with autoimmune problems, as their immune systems are already not in great shape.

4. Hampers brain functions

Increased stress can hamper your brain’s normal functions, thereby affecting your thinking capabilities and cognitive skills. This is because stress can cause imbalances in your nervous system, which hampers the brain’s functions to send the right signals at the right time. This is why you might feel completely lost and clueless when you are stressed. You lose your ability to learn new things or focus on anything during periods of high stress.

5. Increased exhaustion

Chronic stress can impact your daily routines, especially your sleep and eating patterns. Sleep time can trigger nightmares, which keep you awake most of the night and cause fatigue. Some people tend to overeat, while others completely lose their appetite when they are stressed. Irregularities in sleep and eating cycles can leave you irritated and exhausted throughout the day, unless you learn to keep your stress levels under control.

Steps to Reduce The Stress

Some ways to reduce stress are as follows:

• Healthy lifestyle

Leading a healthy lifestyle includes:

• Spending a minimum of 30 to 60 minutes per day exercising
• Enjoying sound sleep every day (6 to 7 hours at least)
• Eating a healthy and balanced food with lots of fruits, vegetables, whole nuts, seeds, grains and more
• Staying away processed, refined and frozen foods
• Staying away from smoking and drinking

• Mental conditioning exercises

While a healthy lifestyle helps keep your body active and stress-free, it is important to keep your mind calm as well. Yoga and meditation are great options to condition your mind.

• Active social life

Connect with old friends and plan reunions. Build new friendships in your community. Build a social life to keep your mind free from negativity and stress.

• Learn to do something creative

Engage your mind in learning a new language, musical instrument, or something creative. This way, you can divert your mind from stress triggers.

• Write your thoughts

Vent out all your feelings in a journal. Your mind will feel light when you pen down your feelings.

• Seek help when needed

If these tips don’t work for you, you should book an appointment with a counsellor without any delay. Counselling and therapy sessions conducted by your counsellor can relieve you of all types of stress.

Conclusion

Chronic stress can create a huge negative impact on your health if it is not diagnosed and controlled on time.

Simple lifestyle changes can also help you reduce chronic stress. However, if you still feel discomfort, you can seek professional help for managing stress.

If you suffer from chronic stress or related conditions, a health insurance policy can help alleviate the financial burden of necessary treatment. An appropriate plan will make healthcare more accessible and offer financial support that supports your recovery.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Bug bites and stings, when not diagnosed and treated on time, can lead to severe health complications. In most cases, these bites show up as rashes or blisters on the skin. You may notice itching, redness, and swelling of the affected areas within 24 hours of being bitten by the bugs.

Since most bites look the same, the most difficult challenge in this case is to identify the insect that has bitten you. Deciding on the treatment becomes easier once the insect is identified.  We have compiled the symptoms and treatment methodologies for different types of insect bites in the following sections for your understanding.

Identifying Mosquito Bites & Treatment

When a female mosquito bites you, its saliva is injected into your skin, triggering an allergic reaction.

Symptoms

• Redness
• Itching sensation
• Swelling
• Red bumps resembling blisters or sores

Treatment

• Over-the-counter antihistamine pills
• Topical applications of hydrocortisone gels or ointments
• Gentle massage of the affected areas using a cotton cloth dipped in rubbing alcohol

Identifying Tick Bites & Treatment

Ticks are carriers of Lyme disease. Hence, it is important to identify these bites as quickly as possible.

Symptoms

• Redness and itching, in some cases
• A presence of a tick
• Huge red rashes, in the case of Lyme-disease-carrying germs, are transmitted to your skin.
• Pain in the joints and muscles
• Nausea
• Symptoms similar to flu

Treatment

• Careful removal of the tick using tweezers
• Antibiotics

Identifying Mite and Flea Bites & Treatment

Though both are of different categories, mites and fleas are always considered similar due to their small size.

Symptoms

• Mites
  • Small red bumps, similar to pimples
  • Itchy rashes
• Fleas
  • Small red rashes in groups of 3 or more
  • Rashes, mostly found in the ankles and legs

Treatment

• Over-the-counter topical creams to control itching
• Ice packs to control the itching and redness

Identifying Chigger Bites & Treatment

Chiggers are small mites that don’t suck the blood but feed on the cells and tissues of mammals. They are mostly found in areas with a lot of vegetation.

Symptoms

• Red bumps or welts on the skin (usually found in clusters)
• Itching sensation and inflammation
• Rashes are mostly found on parts of the skin prone to sweating (armpits, back of your knees, inside the socks, etc.)

Treatment

• Thorough cleansing of the affected areas using a mild soap
• Over-the-counter anti-itching creams
• Ice packs to reduce inflammation

Identifying Ant Bites & Treatment

Many types of ants sting you when they bite, but the most painful and irritating sting is from the bite of a fire ant.

Symptoms

• Painful sting immediately after the bite
• Red welts, which become white, painful puss-filled blisters within 1 or 2 days
• Itching sensation
• Flu-like symptoms (fatigue, joint pain, swelling in the limbs, difficulty swallowing, etc.) if ant bites result in the transmission of infections

Treatment

• Washing the affected areas thoroughly
• Application of over-the-counter anti-itch creams and lotions
• Medications in case of flu-like symptoms

Identifying Hornet Stings & Treatment

The symptoms of hornet stings are almost similar to what you might see in the case of bee stings. However, the only difference between the two is that hornets are way bigger than bees or wasps.

Symptoms

• Painful red bumps
• Itching sensation
• Swelling of the affected areas
• Bumps that are very warm to the touch
• Severe symptoms of allergic reactions include trouble breathing, palpitations, nausea, dizziness, swelling of the throat, lips & eyes, confusion, vomiting, cramps, hives, etc.

Treatment

• Washing the affected areas thoroughly using a mild soap and water
• Ice packs
• Over-the-counter hydrocortisone topical applications
• Antihistamine oral medications
• Medical intervention is mandatory for severe symptoms

Identifying Wasp Stings & Treatment

Though there are many types of wasps, not all varieties are known to sting humans. These don’t cause serious issues unless you have serious allergic reactions.

Symptoms

• Painful red bumps
• Swelling in the affected areas
• Itching
• Serious symptoms include dizziness, palpitations, reduced blood pressure, breathing difficulties, abdominal cramps, and swelling in the throat or air passage

Treatment

• Washing thoroughly with mild soap and water
• Ice compresses
• Antihistamine or calamine topical applications to reduce itching and inflammation

Identifying Bee Stings & Treatment

Bees and wasps may look similar, but they are not. Bees have more hair than wasps.

Symptoms

• Acute pain immediately after the bite
• Redness, swelling, and inflammation
• Severe symptoms for people prone to allergies include hives, palpitations, breathlessness, dizziness, nausea and more

Treatment

• Careful removal of the stinger using gauze or fingernails
• Washing the stung area with a mild soap and water
• Antihistamine or calamine topical applications
• Ice compresses

Conclusion

As you can see, bug bites treatment are generally similar for all types of bites and stings. In most cases, the red bumps from bites will disappear within a week. However, if you're prone to allergies, you may experience more severe symptoms from insect bites. In these situations, get medical help right away to ensure you get the care you need.
Medical costs for severe allergic reactions can be quite high, but if you have health insurance, you won’t need to worry about the financial burden.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Skeeter Syndrome occurs when swelling develops on your skin approximately 8 to 10 hours after a mosquito bite (from female mosquitoes only). This disorder is more common in children, the elderly, and people with compromised immune systems. What exactly is this syndrome, and how can it be identified and treated in time? The following blog provides more details to answer these questions.

What is Skeeter Syndrome?

Skeeter Syndrome is primarily caused by allergic reactions that lead to skin inflammation several hours after a mosquito bite. This typically happens because your skin may be allergic to the mosquito's saliva.

With this syndrome, you may notice swelling, redness, itching, and soreness in the affected areas. Experts suggest that the mosquito or its saliva must have made contact with your skin for at least 6 seconds to be diagnosed with this condition.

Typically, the allergic reactions from a mosquito bite subside within 24 hours. However, in rare cases, these reactions can quickly worsen, leading to the development of this syndrome. The good news is that the effects of this syndrome generally begin to recede within 2 weeks. In some cases, people may recover within 2 days, especially if the condition is treated promptly.

Symptoms of Skeeter Syndrome

Keep an eye out for these symptoms to determine if you have been affected by this mosquito bite syndrome:

• Quick swelling of the skin in more than one area
• Warm sensation in the affected areas
• Change in skin pigmentation and texture
• Itching sensation and pain in the affected areas
• Rashes, blisters, or hives
• Fever
• Swelling of the lymph nodes

Causes of Skeeter Syndrome

The following causes the syndrome:

• The saliva of mosquitoes contains proteins called polypeptides.
• When the mosquito bites you, its saliva enters your skin through its proboscis (the elongated mouth portion of the insect).
• The polypeptides react with your bloodstream and cause allergic reactions.
• Usually, these allergic reactions settle down within 24 hours. However, they may go on to become huge swollen areas after a few hours in some rare cases. This is when you are diagnosed with Skeeter Syndrome
• This is caused only by mosquito bites, and it is not a contagious ailment.

Treatment of Skeeter Syndrome

To ensure Skeeter Syndrome is treated properly and promptly, your doctor needs to make an accurate diagnosis. Typically, after physically examining the affected areas, your doctor will ask about the time of the mosquito bite and when the swelling or rashes began to appear. They will also check your temperature, examine the swelling of lymph nodes, and look for any signs of breathlessness, among other symptoms, to rule out other potential ailments.

Once you have been diagnosed with this syndrome, your doctor can advise you on one of the following treatment procedures:

• Oral antihistamines to control the severity of the allergies
• Topical hydrocortisone creams/ointments to control the inflammation in the affected areas
• Over-the-counter medications to treat the fever and pain (paracetamol, ibuprofen, etc.)
• Oral steroids, or injections, in case of severe symptoms of this syndrome

When this syndrome is diagnosed and treated properly, you can recover within 3 to 10 days.  However, as with all other ailments, prevention is also better than cure for this syndrome. Here are a few preventive tips you can keep in mind to keep swelling and inflammations of this syndrome at bay:

• Keep your surrounding areas clean, and remove stagnant water immediately, as this is an important mosquito breeding site.
• Avoid visiting areas where mosquito infestation is high.
• Use mosquito screens for the doors and windows at home to avoid the entry of insects.
• Always cover your arms and legs with thick clothes when stepping out, especially in the early morning and evening hours.
• Use mosquito repellents and bug sprays whenever needed to protect yourself from mosquitoes.
• Choose mosquito repellents wisely. Use the ones approved by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) so that they are safe to be used on kids and pregnant/lactating women.
• When using repellents on kids, apply them only on the clothes. Keep these sprays and repellents away from your kid’s eyes, mouth and hands.

Conclusion

In most cases, the swelling and rashes caused by mosquito bites subside within 1 or 2 days. However, in rare instances, complications can arise. This occurs when insect bites cause excessive swelling and present with additional symptoms like fever, swollen lymph nodes, or difficulty breathing. Seeking medical intervention when you notice these severe symptoms can help treat the syndrome on time using oral pills, topical creams, or injections. With proper treatment, the syndrome's effects typically resolve within 2 weeks.

Managing the medical costs associated with this condition (and other infections spread by mosquitoes) can be stressful, especially if you don’t have a suitable health insurance policy. Therefore, it's important to do your research now and invest in a policy with the right coverage that meets your needs, helping you avoid any unpleasant surprises later.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Whether it is a dull ache, a sharp and shooting pain, or a tingling sensation, arm pain can make it challenging for you to go about your daily chores unless it goes away on its own or is treated appropriately. This kind of pain can affect any part of your arms, from shoulders to elbows to wrists.

Ignoring arm pain can lead to extended periods of discomfort, limited movement, or even serious complications. Hence, having a clear idea about the common causes of arm pain, their warning signs, methods of diagnosis, and treatment options can help you avail timely medical attention.       

What Causes Arm Pain?

From excessive usage and injuries to fractures and even heart attacks, arm pain can occur due to several reasons. Outlined below are the common ones:

1. Strained Muscles or Sprained Ligaments: Injuries caused by falls, sudden impacts, or rough sports often lead to sprains and strains in the arm. However, it is usually easy to recover from these, often at home.

Symptoms:  

• Pain
• Muscle spasm
• Bruises
• Swelling
• Limited mobility of a joint/joints

1. Muscle Soreness: You might experience this after a rigorous workout session at the gym or some intense physical activity. Muscle soreness typically lasts for a day or two, heals on its own, and is completely normal.

Symptoms:

• Pain
• Heavy feeling in shoulders and arms
• Difficulty with physical motions

1. Fractured Bones: If you break a bone, the pain can be sharp and intense, and you may also hear a snapping sound.

Symptoms:

• Bruises
• Swelling
• Visible deformity
• Inability to move the arm or a joint

1. Pinched Nerves: This usually happens when surrounding muscles, bones, tendons, or cartilages exert excessive pressure on a nerve.

Symptoms:

• Numbness
• A tingling sensation
• Weakness of muscles
• Sharp pain

1. Rheumatoid Arthritis: Arm pain can also be caused by arthritis, a chronic condition that primarily affects joints and presents with inflammation.

Symptoms:

• Swollen joints
• Tender and warm joints
• A stiff feeling in the joints
• Fatigue or weakness

1. Tendinitis: Like joints, tendons (the tissues that connect bones to muscles) can also become inflamed and cause arm pain. Tendinitis can range from mild to severe in form.

Symptoms:

• Tenderness
• Mild swelling
• A dull ache

1. Rotator Cuff Injury: The rotator cuff, composed of tendons and muscles, is a component of your shoulder and usually wears down with ageing or gets injured if you tend to move your arms over your head on a regular basis (common in basketball players and painters).

Symptoms:

• Weakness in the arms
• Dull shoulder ache

1. Angina: If the blood (and oxygen) supply to your heart is inadequate, it can cause angina or chest pain. You will usually experience pressure in your chest, back, and neck and pain in the shoulder and arm (generally on the left).

Symptoms:

• Shortness of breath
• Nausea
• Dizziness

1. Heart Attack: A heart attack usually happens if a blockage cuts off the blood and oxygen supply to your heart muscle. If not addressed promptly, it can threaten your life.

Symptoms:

• Pain in one of the arms or both
• Pain anywhere else in your body’s upper portion
• Chest pain
• Cold sweat
• Shortness of breath
• Nausea
• Dizziness

How to Diagnose Left Arm Pain?

To identify the reason behind your arm pain, a doctor generally performs a physical examination and asks about your medical history, daily activities, injuries (if any), and symptoms. They might also order some tests for proper diagnosis and treatment.  

• Physical Examination: The medical professional checks your arm(s) for tenderness, swelling, strength, and range of movement.
• Medical History: They ask about the type of pain, what triggers it, the duration of pain, and any other symptoms in other parts of the body.
• Blood Tests: These help spot certain health issues that cause joint inflammation or diseases like diabetes.
• X-ray: Involving the use of high-energy electromagnetic radiation, this test allows the doctor to detect fractures.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: These advanced imaging procedures help healthcare providers to study bones and soft tissues in more detail and identify any problems.
• Ultrasound: Sound waves of high frequency are used in this test to spot issues with tendons, joints, and ligaments.
• Nerve Damage Tests: Doctors suggest nerve conduction study or electromyography to measure nerve impulses and electrical activity of muscles to detect potential nerve damage.
• Tests for the Heart: If a medical professional feels the pain in your arm is connected to heart problems, they might recommend tests assessing your heart’s function and blood flow.

Available Treatment Options for Arm Pain

Arm pain can be treated in different ways based on the reason behind it as well as its severity and the presence of any other symptom. Common treatment options (including homely remedies) are:

• Rest: Often, simply resting the painful area and avoiding movement and heavy exercise can help you heal.
• Ice Pack: When applied to injuries, an ice pack wrapped in a towel can greatly reduce inflammation. You can use such packs for 20 minutes at a time and maintain a gap of an hour between applications.
• Elevation: Keeping the affected arm in an elevated position can lower pain and swelling.
• Compression: Use a brace or elastic bandage to wrap the painful area so you don’t extend a joint excessively. It will address any swelling and accelerate healing.
• Medications: In case of severe symptoms, doctors might prescribe pain and anti-inflammatory medications or injections to treat the underlying cause and swelling.
• Physical Therapy: In case your movement is limited, medical professionals might recommend physical therapy. It can include personalised exercises to minimise pain, strengthen muscles, and boost flexibility.
• Surgery: In extreme arm pain scenarios, like fractured bones, torn ligaments, or nerve compression, surgery might be essential.

Conclusion

Arm pain, as you may now understand, can result from something as simple as a muscle strain or as serious as angina. Therefore, it's important to consult a doctor immediately if your symptoms worsen, if you can’t move your arm normally, or if you experience dizziness, chest pain, nausea, or shortness of breath.

Keep a comprehensive health insurance policy handy and up-to-date as well, to avail financial protection for necessary consultations, medications, surgeries, and therapies. This will help you recover fast and resume everyday activities without dealing with monetary worries.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Left-hand pain typically involves an aching sensation, discomfort, or soreness in the left hand or arm. It may stem from issues related to bones, ligaments, muscles, tendons, or soft tissues. The severity of the pain can vary, resolving on its own in some cases or requiring medical treatment in others. If the pain persists, remains untreated, or is accompanied by other symptoms, it can significantly affect your quality of life. Therefore, it is essential to explore the common causes of left-hand pain, recognise warning signs, and understand the diagnostic methods and treatment options available.

What Causes Left Hand Pain?

Listed below are some common reasons why you might be experiencing left-hand pain:

• Trauma or Injury: An accident, fall, or sudden impact (with a hard surface or while playing a sport) might lead to a fracture, muscle pull, or torn ligament and cause pain in the left hand.
• Excessive Strain: Overuse of the left hand or arm for most activities might cause pain as well.
• Tendinitis: Repetitive usage of the wrist, elbow, or shoulder in the left arm might inflame the cords that connect bones to muscles, causing tenderness, swelling, and pain.
• Improper Circulation: Left arm pain might also occur if the normal blood flow is interrupted due to some sort of pressure. Numbness or a tingling sensation might often accompany the pain.
• Peripheral Neuropathy: Pain and numbness in the left hand or arm can also result from damage to a nerve in the peripheral nervous system (outside the spinal cord and brain). Additionally, if the spinal canal in the neck narrows, it may cause nerve compression, leading to pain, numbness, and weakness.
• Angina: If there is a drop in the blood flow to your heart, you might experience left arm pain as well as discomfort in the back, neck, jaw, or shoulder region. The cause is generally a spasm or partial obstruction in the arteries that leads to the heart muscle. Note that a sudden pain that becomes severe quickly might indicate a heart attack.
• Arthritis: If this disease attacks the joints of your left hand or arm, you are likely to experience tenderness, pain, and swelling. Arthritis usually starts by wearing down the cartilage that caps the joint bones or their lining.
• Ganglion Cysts: These are oval or round lumps that usually develop on the back of the wrist and are filled with fluid. The cause is not known yet.
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: You experience this disorder and associated pain when the median nerve in your wrist’s carpal tunnel gets compressed due to arthritis, repetitive movements, or metabolic or hormonal changes.
• Lupus: In this autoimmune ailment, your immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s healthy tissues, cells, and joints, leading to inflammation and pain.
• Diabetes: Exposure to high glucose levels in the blood for a long period can cause nerve damage and sharp pain (often tingling or burning) in the left arm or hand.

What are the Symptoms of Left Hand Pain?

Though the exact symptoms might vary based on the cause, left hand pain is usually characterised by the following:

• A sharp or dull pain
• A feeling of numbness or tingling sensation
• Inflammation or swelling
• Weakness of muscles
• Difficulty in holding or gripping objects
• Stiffness or limited movement
• Alteration in skin temperature or colour

Never be afraid to get medical help right away if you face the following situations:

• Met with a serious trauma or injury or heard a snap or crack
• Cannot move your arm or hand normally
• Have severe pain and inflammation
• Cannot get relief after rest, ice application, or elevation
• Experience sudden pain in the shoulder, chest, arm, and back, along with chest pressure
• Find symptoms like pain, redness, or swelling worsening

How to Diagnose Left Hand Pain? 

Pain in the left hand can occur for various reasons, as discussed above. A medical professional may suggest a range of tests to make an accurate diagnosis. In addition to reviewing your medical history and performing a physical examination, they may recommend further diagnostic procedures:

• X-ray: In this, high-energy electromagnetic radiation aids in detecting bone fractures or joint problems.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Radio waves and magnetic fields are leveraged in this test to produce in-depth images of the body’s problem area.
• Blood Tests: The doctor might recommend these to spot any systemic problem that might be causing the left arm or hand pain.
• Ultrasound: In this test, sound waves are used to create images of the problem area and diagnose compression-related pain, such as carpal tunnel syndrome.
• Electromyography (EMG): An electrode needle is inserted into your muscles in this test to assess their electrical activity. This way, EMG helps in detecting any damage in the nerves that lead to the muscles.
• Nerve Conduction Study: This study involves the application of a small dose of current to measure nerve impulses and spot any damaged nerve in the process.

Available Treatment Options for Left Hand Pain 

Treatment of left hand pain is largely dependent on the exact cause behind it as well as the symptoms you experience. Given below are some common treatment methods:

• Rest
• Using cold or hot packs (especially helpful in arthritis and injuries from repetitive movements)
• Medications or injections for managing pain and inflammation
• Exercises for pain management (recommended often for carpal tunnel syndrome)
• Physical therapy (often suggested for arthritis, carpal tunnel syndrome, injury from repetitive strain)
• Occupational therapy (helpful in cases of pinched nerve, tendinitis, rotator cuff tear)
• Bracing or splinting (common treatment options for strains, sprains, acute injuries, swelling, dislocations, fractures)
• Surgery (might be necessary for serious fractures, heart diseases, acute arthritis, carpal tunnel syndrome, ganglion cysts)
• Lifestyle changes (for prevention of further strain or injury)

Conclusion

Pain in the left hand can be caused by various factors, including strain, trauma, arthritis, lupus, ganglion cysts, or even angina. If you notice any alarming symptoms, seek medical help promptly to diagnose and treat the underlying cause. It's also important to have a health insurance policy that provides adequate financial coverage for treatments, whether they involve medications, therapy, or surgery. This ensures you can receive the best possible care and focus on recovery without worrying about hospital bills.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

Cancer health insurance policies typically cover hospitalisation, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery, and medication costs. The coverage can also include expenses related to pre-and-post-hospitalisation, doctor consultations, and diagnostic tests.

What is cancer health insurance?

Cancer is a life-threatening disease requiring extensive medical treatment, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. The financial cost of cancer treatment can be significant, and cancer insurance helps to ease the financial burden by covering some or all of the medical expenses related to cancer treatment.

Cancer health insurance policies typically cover hospitalisation, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery, and medication costs.

How does cancer insurance work?

When the policyholder purchases a cancer insurance plan , he/she pays a premium to the insurance company. In return, the insurance company provides coverage for the expenses related to cancer treatment up to a predefined limit. The amount of coverage and premium depends on the cover chosen.

Let's consider an example to understand how cancer policy works. Mr A, a 30-year-old working professional, purchases a cancer insurance policy for a 20-year term with a sum insured of Rs 10,00,000. At 40 years of age, he gets diagnosed with the first cancer stage. In this scenario, the insurer will pay 25% of the sum insured, which amounts to Rs 2,50,000. As a result, the coverage under the policy will reduce to Rs 7,50,000.

After seven years, Mr A's cancer progresses to a severe stage. At this point, the insurer will pay the remaining sum insured amount of Rs 7,50,000, and the policy will terminate. It's important to note that the payout from the plan is made based on the stage of cancer diagnosed.

Once the policyholder receives the lump sum payment, the person can use it to cover any expenses related to the cancer diagnosis, including medical bills and treatment expenses, and to replace lost income. The payment is typically tax-free, and one can use it as one sees fit.

Types of cancer covered by cancer insurance plans in India

Types list of the types of cancer that insurance companies cover is quite extensive. The most common types are listed below:

• Bladder cancer:

The malignancy in this cancer begins in the bladder lining, commonly causing blood in the urine. 

• Colorectal cancer:

This type of carcinoma affects the colon or rectum, often causing changes in bowel habits or rectal bleeding. 

• Breast cancer:

A malignant tumour that develops in breast tissue, usually detected through a breast lump or mammogram. 

• Lung cancer:

Carcinoma that forms in lung tissue, commonly caused by tobacco and smoke exposure. 

• Kidney cancer:

It is a cancer that develops in the kidney cells, often resulting in flank pain or blood in the urine.  

• Lymphoma:

It begins in cells of the immune system, causing swelling in the lymph nodes, spleen, or other immune tissues. 

• Oropharyngeal:

Also known as oral cancer, these are cancers that develop in the tissues of the throat or mouth, often causing persistent sores or difficulty swallowing.

• Prostate cancer:

This forms in the prostate gland, commonly leading to urinary problems or discomfort in the pelvic region. 

• Pancreatic cancer:

This type of cancer forms in the pancreas cells, often causing abdominal pain and unintended weight loss. 

• Uterine cancer:

It is cancer that develops in the uterine tissues, causing abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge.

• Thyroid cancer:

This kind of cancer forms in the thyroid gland, often leading to lump development or swelling in the neck.

Benefits of a cancer insurance plan

• Covers multiple stages:

The health insurance for cancer policy covers various stages of cancer and provides a lump sum amount to the insured upon a cancer diagnosis. 

• Premium waiver:

Medical insurance for cancer patients may include premium waiver benefits. The waiving of premium payment happens in certain circumstances, such as a cancer diagnosis in its early stages.

• Increase in sum insured:

If the policyholder does not make any claims during the year, the sum insured can increase by a percentage mentioned in the policy wording.

• Tax benefits:

The premiums paid towards the cancer insurance policy are eligible for tax benefits under Section 80D of the Income Tax Act.

• Continuing benefits:

The major benefit of a cancer cover policy lies in its coverage continuity. Even if the policyholder is diagnosed with cancer several times, the policy will continue offering coverage without interruption.

Why do you need a cancer insurance plan?

Cancer can be an emotionally and financially draining health condition that often requires frequent medical visits, chemotherapy sessions, and hospital stays. As the treatment procedure is an ongoing process that can last for years, the costs can quickly pile up, making it difficult to manage them.

Furthermore, as cancer progresses, working and earning an income becomes impossible or difficult, making it even more challenging to manage treatment costs. However, with the help of a cancer insurance plan, one can avoid all these challenges. Cancer cover provides financial assistance in the form of a lump sum pay-out to cover the high costs of cancer treatment. It ensures one can access the best medical care without worrying about the financial burden.

Who is eligible to buy health insurance for cancer treatment?

• To purchase this policy, an individual must be at least 18 years old. However, parents can buy the policy for their newborn child as soon as they turn 91 days old.
• The policy is available for a five-year period and offered on an individual basis.
• The maximum age to purchase this insurance is 50 years old.
• There is no medical assessment required to buy this plan.

How to buy cancer insurance online?

• Step 1: Research and compare cancer insurance policies from reputable insurance providers.

• Step 2: Visit the insurance company’s website. Next, fill out the online application form for quote generation.

• Step 3: Provide accurate and complete personal and medical information, including your age, gender, medical history, and any pre-existing conditions.

• Step 4: Choose the coverage amount and duration and review the policy details, including exclusions and limitations.

• Step 5: Pay the policy premium through a secure online payment gateway.

• Step 6: Once the payment is processed, you will receive an email with the policy document and a confirmation of the coverage.

Inclusions of cancer insurance

• Comprehensive coverage:

Irrespective of whether it is in the early or advanced stages, the policy provides comprehensive coverage against most types of cancers.

• In-patient hospitalisation:

Cancer treatment often necessitates extended hospitalisation. Given this, cancer insurance covers a wide range of expenses associated with the treatment, including charges for oxygen, room rent, prescription fees, and other related costs.

• Annual check-ups:

Early detection of cancer greatly improves the chances of survival. Many insurers offer annual check-ups to their policyholders.

• Pre-and-post-hospitalisation:

The doctor may require several regular visits before admitting a cancer patient. Furthermore, as the treatment process can be lengthy, healthcare providers may need to administer medication and counsel patients even after discharging them from the hospital. This plan’s lump-sum payout covers both pre-and-post-hospitalisation expenses.

Exclusions of cancer insurance

• Health insurance with cancer cover does not provide coverage if the policyholder has pre-existing cancer ailments.

• Health insurance for cancer patients typically excludes coverage for carcinoma-in-situ and cancers caused by sexually-transmitted diseases, primarily HIV or AIDS.

• A congenital disease that progresses to form cancer would generally result in the policyholder being ineligible for coverage.

• Regardless of the stage, cancer insurance policies do not provide coverage for cancers resulting from the unlicenced use of drugs or heavy use of alcohol.

• These health insurance policies typically exclude coverage for cancer caused directly or indirectly by chemical, nuclear, or biological sources of pollution.

Arising from viral or bacterial infections, meningitis presents as an infection and inflammation of the fluid and membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord. Non-infectious conditions such as cancer or head injuries can also contribute to its occurrence. Primarily impacting infants, children, teenagers, and young adults, meningitis is a serious condition necessitating prompt treatment. While mild cases may not require intervention, severe instances can lead to death, necessitating emergency antibiotic treatment. In some cases, meningitis can escalate to life-threatening blood poisoning (sepsis), causing permanent damage to the brain or nerves. Let’s explore all facets of meningitis, encompassing vital information that will comprehensively analyse this significant health concern.

What is Meningitis?

The meaning of meningitis involves an infection and inflammation of the fluid and membrane area surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The protective membrane, meningis, is crucial in safeguarding the brain and spinal cord from injury, providing support and structure by including nerves, blood vessels, and cerebrospinal fluid. Inflammation from meningitis can manifest with symptoms such as headaches, fever, and a stiff neck. It is crucial to seek medical care promptly if symptoms indicative of meningitis are suspected to prevent potentially serious complications associated with this condition.

Symptoms of Meningitis

The symptoms of meningitis differ based on viral and bacterial meningitis. They may appear within several hours to a few weeks from the start of infection. The meningitis symptoms include:

1. Viral Meningitis

 In infants, the symptoms of meningitis may cause:

• Loss of appetite
• Irritability
• Respiratory illness
• Diarrhoea
• Skin rash
• Vomiting
• Fever

In adults, viral meningitis may cause:

• Tiredness
• Frequent headaches
• Stiffness and pain in the neck area
• Seizures
• Sensitivity to light
• Sleepiness
• Loss of appetite
• Changes in mental health

2. Bacterial Meningitis

The symptoms include:

• Purple area resembling bruises
• Altered mental status
• Tiredness
• Irritability
• Headaches
• Stiffness and pain in the neck area
• Seizures
• Sensitivity to light
• Sleepiness
• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting
• Nausea
• Fever

3. Fungal Meningitis

The symptoms of fungal meningitis may include:

• Fatigue
• Confusion
• Irritability
• Headaches
• Stiffness and pain in the neck area
• Seizures
• Sensitivity to light
• Sleepiness
• Loss of appetite
• Fever
• Nausea
• Vomiting

4. Chronic Meningitis

If the symptoms of meningitis are severe and last longer than four weeks, it could be chronic meningitis.

5. Meningitis Rash

The symptoms occur when you are infected with a bacterium named Neisseria meningitidis. The bacteria in the bloodstream causes a faint rash on the skin of the infected. The rash spots get darker and larger when the infection worsens and spreads.

It is essential to go to your doctor, who will perform tests to determine which type of meningitis you have.

Causes of Meningitis

As mentioned earlier, meningitis causes include different types of infections such as bacterial, viral, or fungal. These pathogens spread through the bloodstream and nerve endings or may reactivate in the nervous system, eventually reaching the brain or spinal cord. Additionally, non-infectious conditions like cancer, head injury-related diseases, and certain medications can also contribute to the occurrence of meningitis.

Types of Meningitis

While there are different meningitis conditions, the most common types of meningitis infections are viral and bacterial. The less common forms of meningitis include cryptococcal, caused by a fungal infection, and carcinomatous, which is cancer-related.

• Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is more prevalent than its bacterial counterpart, as many viruses can trigger the condition. Some may even cause diarrhoea. These viruses include:

• Coxsackievirus A
• Coxsackievirus B
• Echoviruses

Other viruses that can cause meningitis include:

• West Nile virus
• Influenza virus
• Mumps
• HIV
• Measles
• Herpes viruses
• Coltivirus, which causes Colorado tick fever

• Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis occurs when bacteria access the bloodstream and travel to the brain and spinal cord. Alternatively, the bacteria may directly invade the membranes, often prompted by factors like ear or sinus infections, skull fractures, or specific surgical interventions.

Bacteria causing meningitis include:

• Streptococcus pneumonia: Streptococcus pneumoniae is the primary culprit for bacterial meningitis in infants, young children, and adults. Infections with this bacterium are responsible for ear infections, sinus infections, and the onset of meningitis.
• Neisseria Meningitides: This bacterium, Neisseria meningitidis, induces bacterial meningitis, specifically meningococcal meningitis. While the bacteria initially affects the upper respiratory system, if it enters the bloodstream, it can cause meningococcal meningitis, a condition notorious for causing highly contagious infections in teenagers and young adults.
• Haemophilus Influenza: Previously recognised as the primary cause of bacterial meningitis in children, infection due to the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) bacterium has seen a decline in cases following the introduction of new Hib vaccines. The development and use of this vaccine have contributed to reducing instances of this particular type of bacterial meningitis.

Listeria Monocytogenes: These bacteria are generally found in unpasteurised cheeses, hot dogs, and lunchmeats. People with a weak immune system, like in the case of pregnant women, newborns, and older adults, are most susceptible to it, as during pregnancy, listeria can cross the placenta and later cause an infection that can be fatal to the baby.

• Chronic Meningitis

Chronic meningitis occurs in the case of slow-growing organisms like fungi and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this type of meningitis, the microorganisms invade the cell membrane and fluid surrounding the brain due to blood vessel damage and develop chronic meningitis. The symptoms of chronic meningitis can be severe, but case cases have mild symptoms, including headache, fever, vomiting, and mental cloudiness.

• Fungal Meningitis

Although infrequent, fungal meningitis can resemble acute bacterial meningitis. This condition arises from inhaling fungal spores, which are present in soil, decaying wood, and bird droppings. The fungus causing meningitis includes:

1. Cryptococcus is a fungus inhaled from dirt or soil. It is also present in bird droppings, especially pigeons and chickens.
2. Blastomyces is another fungus found in soil that can cause fungal meningitis.
3. Environments heavily contaminated with bat and bird droppings contain Histoplasma, which can cause fungal meningitis.
4. Coccidioides are found in soil and can cause fungal meningitis.

• Parasitic Meningitis

Parasitic meningitis may result from a tapeworm infection in the brain, cerebral malaria, categorised as eosinophilic meningitis, or amoebic meningitis, which can be acquired, albeit rarely, through freshwater swimming and poses a rapid, life-threatening risk. Parasitic meningitis does not spread from person to person.

Vaccination against Meningitis

The vaccine has been developed to cure bacterial meningitis. The causative agent Neisseria meningitidis is one version for which vaccines are available. So, for that purpose, two primary vaccines for meningitis have been developed for bacterial causes, including:

• Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine (MenACWY)

The meningococcal conjugate, or MenACWY vaccine, has been designed to target four of the most common types of bacterial serotypes. This vaccine lasts longer and can be used as a booster dose as it offers greater protection. The CDC recommends vaccinating children aged 11 to 12, with a booster shot administered at 16 years of age.

• Serogroup B meningococcal, or MenB

The other vaccine, Serogroup B meningococcal or MenB, targets one specific strain. This vaccine has a short protection window, so it is recommended to administer it to certain populations. The CDC recommends administering this vaccine to individuals aged 10 and older, both adults and children, who are at an increased risk or have been diagnosed with meningococcal disease. Individuals with sickle cell disease, a compromised spleen, certain individuals with a rare immune disorder known as complement component deficiency, or those taking specific medications are recommended to receive this vaccine.

• Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23)

The vaccine provides protection against pneumococcal bacteria for older children and young adults. The CDC recommends giving this vaccine to individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying chronic conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, or sickle cell anaemia. It is also advisable for individuals without a spleen. The PPSV23 vaccine is suitable for adults over 65 years, younger adults, and children aged 2 with weakened immune systems.

• Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (Hib)

The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advocate for administering this vaccine to children 2 months and older. People with conditions such as sickle cell disease or AIDS and those without a spleen cannot receive this administration.

Diagnosis of Meningitis

The diagnosis of meningitis starts with a health history and physical examination where a doctor will check for symptoms like:

• Skin rash
• Increased heartbeat
• Neck stiffness
• Un-consciousness

Other tests include:

• Spinal Tap

A healthcare practitioner conducts a spinal tap to gather cerebrospinal fluid during this process. Examiners then analyse the collected fluid to identify signs such as low sugar levels, an increased count of white blood cells, and elevated protein levels. Sometimes, the fluid may also contain bacteria, causing meningitis. To detect viral- meningitis, you may need a DNA-based test known as polymerase chain reaction amplification. A spinal tap test can also determine suitable antibiotics for treatment using cerebrospinal fluid.

Other common test to diagnose meningitis includes the following:

• Blood Cultures: In the blood, bacterial culture identifies bacterial infection with Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumonia, as these bacteria can cause sepsis and meningitis.
• Blood Tests: Examining white and red blood cell counts assesses treatment efficacy during these tests.
• Chest X-rays: A chest X-ray is performed to identify the presence of pneumonia, tuberculosis, or fungal infections.
• Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: This method utilises a high-powered X-ray to create detailed images of the head, aiming to identify brain abscesses or increased intracranial pressure caused by the dissemination of meningococcal bacteria.

Treatment of Meningitis

Meningitis treatments vary based on the cause and severity of the infection, whether bacterial, viral, or fungal. Potential treatments may encompass:

• Antibiotics: These can be employed to treat bacterial pneumonia, but they are not effective in cases of viral pneumonia. Nevertheless, a doctor may prescribe them if there is a concurrent bacterial infection alongside a viral one.
• Antifungal Medications: Antifungal medicines are used to treat pneumonia if the pneumonia is due to a fungal infection.
• Antiviral Medications:Viral pneumonia is mostly not treated with medication and goes away on its own.
• Chronic Meningitis: Fungal infection or autoimmune issues like rheumatoid arthritis can be involved in chronic meningitis. This type of meningitis treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause initially.
• Oxygen Therapy It is prescribed when the patient faces difficulty breathing; the doctor gives oxygen therapy through a tube in the nose, as this can help a patient get enough oxygen.
• IV Fluids Fluids, when delivered directly to our veins, can help patients with dehydration.

Cataract is a common eye infection. Approximately 94 million individuals globally experience significant vision impairment caused by untreated cataracts. According to findings from the National Blindness and Visual Impairment Survey conducted in India, cataracts are the leading factor behind blindness in individuals aged 50 and above.

These statistics highlight the potential harm of untreated cataracts, a prevalent eye issue. However, delving into ‘what is cataract’ and exploring its treatment becomes crucial. Let’s unravel all the details surrounding it.

What is a Cataract?

A cataract happens when the clear lens in your eye becomes cloudy, like trying to see through a foggy window. Cataracts can make engaging in activities like reading or driving at night challenging. Cataracts usually develop slowly and don’t cause problems initially, but can blur your vision over time. Adults mostly experience this condition. It would help if you consult an ophthalmologist for cataract treatment.

Symptoms of Cataract

The symptoms of cataracts are slow onset. The common signs are:

• Eyesight that seems cloudy, blurry, foggy, or filmy.
• Difficulty seeing things up close (for older individuals).
• Changes in how you perceive colours.
• Issues driving in the dark (such as glare from headlights).
• Difficulty with glare in daylight.
• Experiencing double vision in one eye.
• Problems with glasses or contacts do not help much.

Causes of Cataract

Let us now look at what causes cataract. As you age, developing cataracts is common. Some experts believe approximately half of individuals will develop a cataract by reaching 60. Here are some causes:

• Smoking
• Exposure to ultraviolet radiation
• Extended use of steroids and certain medications
• Certain illnesses like diabetes
• Physical injuries
• Radiation therapy

Types of Cataract

Outlined below are the various types of cataracts:

• Nuclear Cataracts: This cataract category develops at the centre of the lens and is the most prevalent type.
• Cortical Cataracts: These form on the outer part of your lens, known as the cortex. They begin as white wedge-shaped patterns, resembling triangles that point towards the centre of your eye. As they enlarge, they disperse light.

• Posterior Subcapsular Cataracts: Posterior subcapsular cataracts are a specific type of cataract that develops at the back of the lens capsule, which is the outer covering of the eye’s lens.

• Congenital Cataracts: Cataracts that are present at or shortly after birth, known as congenital cataracts, occur in only 2 out of every 10,000 births. If cataracts in babies are small or located away from the centre of the lens, they might not require treatment.

• Traumatic Cataracts: Various types of injuries can cause cataracts. A blow to the eye from a ball or injuries from burns, chemicals, or splinters can result in the development of a cataract.
• Radiation Cataract: Cataracts can develop due to radiation therapy used to treat cancer.
• Secondary Cataracts: Cataracts that occur due to diseases or medications are called secondary cataracts.

Risk Factors Associated With Cataract

The risk factors associated with cataracts:

• Ageing
• Alcohol
• Excessive smoking
• Obese tendency
• Hypertension
• Any history of eye injuries
• Anyone in the family has cataracts
• Excessive sun exposure

Diagnosis of Cataract

It is essential to get the cataracts diagnosed at the right time. The doctor performs several tests to detect if it’s a cataract or some other eye condition, the types of the cataracts, and more.

Firstly, your doctor can perform a visual acuity test, assessing your vision clarity by instructing you to read letters at a distance, initially with one eye and then the other. Additionally, they may conduct a glare test and perform a slit lamp test.

The medical professional utilises a specialised microscope with bright light during this process. They inspect the cornea, the transparent outer layer, the iris, and the lens behind it. The lens plays a crucial role in bending light as it enters your eye. They may also conduct a retinal examination.

Treatment of Cataract

Typically, cataract treatment involves surgery, although it may require some time. Early detection of the issue allows temporary vision improvement with new glasses prescription featuring a stronger lens. Using a brighter lamp or magnifying glass can address reading difficulties. Special glasses with anti-glare coating can be beneficial for concerns about glare, especially during night driving. It is crucial to monitor how cataracts affect your vision. If they start to impede daily activities, particularly making driving unsafe, it is advisable to consult your doctor about the possibility of surgery.

How Can Cataracts Be Prevented?

You can take some preventive steps to keep this disease at bay:

• Avoid smoking.
• Regularly get your eyes checked.
• Develop a habit of wearing sunglasses.
• Include antioxidants in your diet through fruits and vegetables.
• Ensure that you maintain a healthy diet.
• Manage diabetes and other health conditions effectively.
• Ensure proper hydration for overall eye health.
• Control elevated blood pressure by implementing lifestyle modifications and, if needed, medication.

Dengue is a highly lethal disease with global implications, impacting individuals across the world. Its prevalence in India and escalating incidence rates raise significant public health concerns. A collective effort is imperative for individuals and communities to comprehensively grasp dengue fever’s various facets. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, known for their aggressive biting tendencies, are the primary carriers responsible for its transmission. A confluence of factors, including urbanisation, travel, and climate change, facilitates the swift dissemination of dengue. Now, let’s delve into the intricacies of dengue for a more in-depth understanding.

What is Dengue?

Dengue fever, pronounced ‘DENgee,’ is a debilitating and agonising illness transmitted by mosquitoes. Dengue is caused by any of the four closely linked dengue viruses, and these agents are connected to the ones accountable for yellow fever and West Nile infection. Globally, an estimated 400 million cases of dengue fever are reported annually, with around 96 million resulting in illness. Most instances occur in tropical regions, with the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Southern China, Taiwan, the Pacific Islands, Mexico, and Africa facing the highest risk.

The transmission of dengue illness occurs through the bite of an Aedes mosquito carrying the dengue virus. It becomes infected when this mosquito bites a person whose blood contains the dengue virus. The virus cannot be transmitted directly from one individual to another.

Symptoms of Dengue

The indicators of dengue typically manifest within the initial one or two days of infection. Some of the dengue symptoms include:

• Sudden high fever
• Severe headaches
• Pain behind the eyes
• Severe stomach pain
• Painful joint and muscle pain
• Fatigue
• Nausea
• Continuous vomiting
• Skin rash emerging between two to five days after the fever begins
• Bleeding from the gums or nose
• Subcutaneous bleeding resembling bruising
• Laboured or rapid breathing
• Blood in urine, stool, or vomit

Sometimes, dengue fever symptoms may be mild, resembling the flu or another viral infection. Younger individuals and those experiencing the disease for the first time often exhibit milder cases than older children and adults. Nevertheless, severe complications can arise, including dengue haemorrhagic fever, an unusual condition marked by elevated body temperature, harm to lymph and blood vessels, bleeding from the nose and gums, enlargement of the liver, and a breakdown of the circulatory system. These symptoms may progress to severe bleeding, shock, and potential fatality, known as dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Prompt recognition of these signs is crucial for timely medical intervention, mitigating the disease’s severity and averting dire consequences.

Diagnosis of Dengue

Given the similarity of early symptoms to other febrile illnesses, a precise diagnosis requires laboratory tests. The most common method involves detecting the virus’s genetic material or specific antibodies in the patient’s blood. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are pivotal in confirming dengue infections.

Treatment of Dengue

No specific antiviral exists for dengue fever treatment; management primarily focuses on supportive care. Patients are advised to stay hydrated to counteract the fluid loss associated with fever and potential bleeding.

Pain relievers such as acetaminophen are recommended for dengue treatment over non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to alleviate symptoms without increasing the risk of bleeding.

Avoid medicines with aspirin, which could worsen bleeding. In severe cases where complications like dengue haemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome arise, hospitalisation becomes essential.

How can Dengue be Prevented?

Preventing bites from infected mosquitoes is the most effective method to ward off the disease. This involves personal protection measures and initiatives to control mosquito populations.

To safeguard oneself:

• Apply mosquito repellents, even indoors.
• Wear long sleeves and pants, and tuck pants into socks when outdoors.
• Utilise air conditioning when indoors, if possible.
• Ensure secure, hole-free window and door screens. In unscreened or non-air-conditioned sleeping areas, use mosquito nets.
• Consult a healthcare professional if you observe symptoms of dengue.

Conclusion

This comprehensive blog equips readers with vital information on dengue, encompassing its causes, symptoms, prevention, and healthcare measures. Understanding the significance of early detection and adopting preventive strategies is crucial in mitigating the impact of this widespread disease. As dengue remains a global health concern, the knowledge shared here is a valuable tool for individuals to protect themselves and their communities. Having adequate health insurance coverage becomes essential, as it provides financial protection during dengue treatment and hospitalization. By staying informed and proactive, one can contribute to the collective effort to manage dengue effectively, emphasising the importance of public health awareness and individual responsibility in this challenging health issue.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

The gallbladder in your body is typically a pear-shaped organ located right below your liver. It stores bile, a digestive fluid made by your liver to help break down fats. Your gallbladder has three main layers of tissue, namely, an inner mucosa, a middle layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis, and an outer layer called the serosa. Nowadays, the incidence of gallbladder cancer is on the rise. In this blog, we will discuss all the important details that you should know about gallbladder cancer.

What is Gallbladder Cancer?

This type of cancer germinates when normal cells in your gallbladder begin to multiply uncontrollably, leading to the emergence of a tumour. This tumour's growth can take two paths: a malignant tumour that can infiltrate surrounding areas of your body or a benign tumour that grows but stays confined in a particular part of your gallbladder without spreading further. Note that irrespective of the type of gallbladder cancer, it starts in the inner layer of your gallbladder and then spreads outward as it grows.

Causes of Gallbladder Cancer

The question of what causes gallbladder cancer still remains a mystery among scientists. While the exact causes of most cases are still unclear, certain recognisable factors have been identified as potential risks.

Remember, different types of gallbladder cancer are tied to different risk factors. Having one or even a few of these factors doesn't necessarily mean you'll definitely get that type of cancer. They simply act as potential signs that might make you more vulnerable.

Risk Factors Associated with Gallbladder Cancer

The following are some of the most common risk factors associated with gallbladder cancer -

1. Gallstones and inflammation of the gallbladder, scientifically referred to as cholecystitis, are the most prominent risk factors for gallbladder cancer. Gallstones, resembling solid pebbles, form within your gallbladder, primarily composed of cholesterol and other substances present in bile. If you have a history of gallbladder conditions, especially gallstones, your risk of cancer is approximately five times higher compared to those without such conditions. Most cases involving inflamed gallbladders or gallstones do not progress to cancer.
2. As you age, your risk of developing gallbladder cancer increases, particularly if your age range falls between 85 and 89.
3. If you have a family history of gallbladder cancer, your risk of developing the condition is multiplied by five compared to those without such a familial background. However, due to the rarity of the cancer type, the increased risk associated with a family predisposition remains relatively minor.
4. Gallbladder cancer happens to be more prevalent among females than males, with 71% of diagnosed cases occurring in women. This gender difference is a notable characteristic of the disease.
5. Ionising radiation used in medical scans like X-rays and CT scans increases your risk of cancer.
6. If you have diabetes or a history of heavy alcohol consumption, your risk of gallbladder cancer is elevated. Note that these factors are not direct factors of what cause gallbladder cancer, but they can adversely aggravate your condition.
7. If you smoke, your risk of cancer is heightened, and being overweight or obese also increases your susceptibility to this type of cancer. Excess weight induces hormonal changes, particularly in women, potentially explaining the heightened risk.
8. Porcelain gallbladder, a consequence of persistent inflammation leading to calcium buildup on the inner wall of your gallbladder, is linked to an increased risk of gallbladder cancer. If you frequently experience inflamed gallbladders, you may be at risk of developing this type of cancer, and thus your doctor might recommend surgical removal of your gallbladder.

Symptoms of Gallbladder Cancer

The following are some of the commonly known symptoms of gallbladder cancer.

In the early stages of cancer, you might not experience any symptoms. As the cancer advances, symptoms tend to appear later. Some of them are -

• You might experience nausea and vomiting.
• Watch out for signs of jaundice, like yellowing of your skin and eyes, itching, dark urine, and pale stools, as it could be caused by blocked bile flow.
• You may start feeling discomfort on your right side, almost like a dragging sensation.
• Enlargement of your gallbladder due to blocked bile ducts might be noticeable during a physical exam or ultrasound.
• If cancer or gallstones block your bile ducts, the pain could become more intense.

Less common symptoms you could experience include

• swelling in your abdomen,
• loss of appetite,
• unexplained weight loss.

The liver is one of the largest organs of your body. It is situated in the upper right part of your abdomen and sheltered by your rib cage. Made up of two lobes, the liver's crucial functions involve creating bile to aid in breaking down dietary fats, storing glycogen as an essential energy reserve, and purifying harmful substances from your bloodstream, which are then expelled through your waste and urine. A critical ailment like liver cancer can adversely affect these operations by damaging the liver cells and disturbing their normal functioning. A staggering 905,677 instances of liver cancer were identified worldwide in 2020, ranking it as the third primary cause of cancer-related fatalities on a global level. Given the high risk it is only imperative to be well aware of what is liver cancer, what are the symptoms of liver cancer and how it is diagnosed and treated.

In this blog, we will discuss all the necessary information that you should know about liver cancer.

What is Liver Cancer?

Cancer is generally a condition characterised by cells growing uncontrollably; such cells that develop in your liver cause liver cancer. Your liver may get affected by cancer that either starts within it or comes from other parts of your body, eventually spreading to the liver. The majority of such cancer instances are secondary or metastatic, indicating that they actually begin somewhere else in your body. Your liver is made up of various types of cells, which can result in different types of tumours. These tumours can include both benign growth (non-cancerous) and malignant forms (spreads across your body).

Types of Liver Cancer

There are four primary types of liver cancer that can affect different parts of your liver simultaneously. Given below are the classification of different categorisation of liver cancer.

Hepatic angiosarcoma, an uncommon and aggressive form of malignancy, originates within the blood vessels of your liver. Hepatoblastoma, a rare form of liver cancer tends to primarily target infants and young children. The cells of this cancer closely resemble fetal liver cells and tend to cluster together, forming a sizable and distressing mass within your liver. In certain situations, this cancer could lead to the release of hormones that trigger premature puberty. Another primary liver cancer type is cholangiocarcinoma, commonly known as bile duct cancer. This rare and aggressive malignancy originates in the slender tubes responsible for carrying bile from your liver and gallbladder to your small intestine. The most widespread form of liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma, which emerges within your liver tissues and predominantly impacts those dealing with chronic liver conditions such as cirrhosis, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C.

Symptoms of Liver Cancer

By knowing what are the symptoms of liver cancer, you can ensure timely diagnosis and treatment. The following are some of the most common symptoms of liver cancer –

• Unexplained weight loss
• Abdominal pain or tenderness
• Jaundice (yellowing of skin/eyes)
• Loss of appetite
• Fatigue
• Swelling in abdomen
• Nausea and vomiting
• White, chalky stools
• Fever and chills
• Enlarged liver
• Itchy skin
• Pale-coloured stools
• Back pain
• Dark urine
• Ascites (fluid buildup in the abdomen)
• Weakness
• Vomiting blood
• Confusion or disorientation
• Early satiety
• Elevated liver enzymes

Risk Factors Associated with Liver Cancer

The following are some of the risk factors that can trigger cancer in your liver.

• Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), shows a clear gender difference. It is more prevalent among men. This is largely due to behavioural patterns affecting specific risk factors. Notably, the fibrolamellar subtype of HCC is more frequently found in women.
• If you smoke, are obese, or have type 2 diabetes, your risk of cancer is also elevated. Inherited metabolic disorders, exposure to carcinogenic substances called aflatoxins (produced by fungi contaminating certain foods), and contact with chemicals like vinyl chloride or thorotrast can similarly increase your risk of cancer.
• The risk of liver cancer is further heightened by cirrhosis, a condition marked by liver cell damage and scar tissue formation.
• Certain autoimmune diseases, namely primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), contribute to cirrhosis by damaging bile ducts, increasing the risk of liver cancer.
• Hereditary hemochromatosis, a condition involving excessive iron absorption, can lead to cirrhosis and, subsequently, the development of cancer.

Anabolic steroids typically used by athletes to increase muscle mass can also raise the risk of cancer.

Oesophageal cancer is a cell malignancy arising in the oesophagus, the tubular organ that runs from the throat to the stomach of your body. It is the sixth most frequent cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Hence, it is of major concern and a global health challenge. Oesophageal cancer develops slowly and thus takes several years for the symptoms to appear but once it starts to manifest, the condition may progress rapidly. It is observed more in men than women.

What is Oesophageal Cancer?

Cancer of the oesophagus develops when the cells that line the inner portion of the food pipe start to multiply in an uncontrolled way causing tumours. These cancer cells can occur anywhere in the oesophagus and can invade more regions of the gullet, as the condition progresses. Two types of oesophageal cancer are identified depending on the type of tissue where the malignancy starts -

• Adenocarcinoma: Adenocarcinoma arises from the tissue that produces mucus. It often affects the lower portion of the oesophagus.
• Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of oesophageal cancer forms in the squamous cells that line the interior of the food pipe. It can occur anywhere along the oesophagus but most commonly it is found to start in the upper and middle part of the gullet.

Symptoms of Oesophageal Cancer

The most common oesophagus symptoms of cancer are:

• Dysphagia- difficulty in swallowing down the food
• Heartburn or acid reflux that persists
• Indigestion that doesn’t go away
• Loss of appetite
• Feeling lethargic or fatigued
• Unexplained weight loss
• Pain in throat and hoarseness in voice
• Persistent cough
• Pain behind the breastbone

Block stool and coughing up blood are the rare symptoms associated with cancer of the oesophagus.

Risk Factors Associated with Oesophageal Cancer

There is a wide range of risk factors that increase the probability of developing oesophageal cancer in a person. Smoking and the use of smokeless tobacco pose a risk of developing oesophageal cancer. Chronic and heavy alcohol drinking is also found to elevate the risk of oesophageal cancer. Furthermore, having an unhealthy body weight may cause inflammation in the food pipe, which can later lead to cancer. Chronic untreated acid reflux disease can also lead to changes in the cells lining the lower part of the food pipe. This increases the chances of these cells becoming cancerous. It is important to note that Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection can bring about changes in the tissue in the vocal cord and mouth. This alteration in the cells may also lead to the development of cancer. Individuals who have had cancer in the neck or head are at risk of developing oesophageal cancer. Cancer of the oesophagus is also linked to rare diseases like achalasia and tylosis.

How is Oesophageal Cancer Diagnosed?

After inquiring about the symptoms and medical history of an individual, the doctor will recommend tests to diagnose the condition. One of them is the barium swallow test. In this special imaging test, barium and X-rays are used to produce images of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The patient needs to drink a liquid containing barium and then the healthcare provider will conduct the X-ray test.

CT(Computed Tomography) scan is one of the most commonly suggested processes for cancer.  A CT scan helps locate the position of the cancer in the oesophagus. It also looks at the chest, abdomen and pelvis to check whether the malignant cells have invaded these areas. For oesophageal cancer Gastroscopy/ Oesophago gastric duodenoscopy(OGD) is also suggested. It is an endoscopy test that uses a long flexible tube called an endoscope fitted with a tiny camera to get a picture of the inside of the oesophagus. This looks for abnormal areas or growths.

Alternatively, Endoscopic Ultrasound(EUS) can also be done. An endoscopic ultrasound scan combines ultrasound and endoscopy to investigate the inside of the food pipe. This can help the doctor find out the size of the tumour and check whether the cancerous cells have spread to other parts. Lastly, for identifying cancer, the biopsy is considered one of the most appropriate modes of diagnosis. The biopsy is the microscopic examination of the cells taken from the food pipe during an endoscopy.

Hyperthyroidism is the condition which occurs when the thyroid gland starts making and secreting too much thyroid hormone which results in a condition called an overactive thyroid that boosts up your metabolism in the body. The early diagnosis and treatment of hyperthyroidism can help the patient get some relief from their symptoms and can prevent severe complications. In some cases, several health conditions can lead to hyperthyroidism, most commonly caused by Graves’ disease.  The hyperactive condition of the thyroid gland more commonly occurs in women than men between the ages of 20 to 40 years.

What is Hyperthyroidism?

Hyperthyroidism conditions occur when the thyroid which is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck produces more amount of thyroid hormone. This gland is responsible for the body’s metabolism and controls the way the body uses energy. This hormone can affect nearly every organ in your body and control many bodily functions. For example, it affects your breathing, heart rate, weight, digestion, and moods and if it is not treated then hyperthyroidism can cause serious problems with your heart, bones, and muscles, So, it is always advisable to seek medical help when diagnosed with the condition of hyperthyroidism.

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

There is a wide range of hyperthyroidism symptoms that can impact your entire body. The major ones are:

• Rapid or irregular heartbeat
• Unintentional Weight loss
• Nervousness, anxiety and irritability
• Increased appetite in the younger generation
• Diarrhoea and more frequent bowel movements
• Blurry vision
• Shaky hands and tremors sometimes
• Impaired muscles that result in weakness in the body
• Urge to pee more frequently
• Persistent thirst
• Loss of interest in sex
• Women can notice some menstrual changes monthly
• Trouble tolerating those results in excessive sweating in the body
• A person experiences sleep issue
• Hair loss and change in hair texture
• Bulging of the eyes that can be seen with Graves disease
• Mood swings
• A person may experience a condition; Goiter in which the thyroid gland gets enlarged which may cause the neck to look swollen. The symptoms may vary based on the age of a person as it is noticed that older people start losing their appetite and feel disconnected from society

Causes of Hyperthyroidism

Discussed below are some of the major hyperthyroidism causes:

• Graves’s disease: It is an autoimmune disorder in which your immune system attacks your thyroid which makes your thyroid create too much thyroid hormone. Graves’ disease is a hereditary condition that can pass down in the family if any member of your family has this disease, then there are more chances that others in the family could have it, too. This disease is more commonly reported in females at birth than in males. Graves’s disease is known to be the major cause of hyperthyroidism which makes up to 85% of cases.
• Thyroid nodules: If any sort of nodule or lumps of cell growth is seen in the thyroid gland then it is said to be thyroid nodule which is rarely cancerous.
• Thyroiditis: It is the inflammation of your thyroid gland which is mostly painless and may appear post-delivering a baby in women, a condition known as postpartum thyroiditis. If in case your thyroid has not recovered then it may lead to hypothyroidism.
• Consuming excess iodine: Excessive intake of iodine in your body increases the risk for hyperthyroidism that activates your thyroid gland and more thyroid hormone is produced in your body. Some sort of treatment and medication can also increase the chances of hyperthyroidism. If in case a patient is receiving intravenous iodinated contrast (iodine “dye”) then he may be at risk of getting hyperthyroidism. The medicine name, Amiodarone contains a high amount of iodine that may also cause hyperthyroidism. Other medicines that may cause hyperthyroidism are cough syrups, seaweed and seaweed-based supplements.
• Too much thyroid medicine: If a person is taking too much of medicines to treat hypothyroidism (underactive hypothyroidism) can also be affected.

Hey there! Ready to explore the world of hypothyroidism with us? Buckle up as we take a relaxed yet informative journey through the realm of underactive thyroids. If you've ever wondered why your energy levels hit snooze or your metabolism is playing hard to get, we've got the lowdown on hypothyroidism. This condition might just be the culprit. This sneaky condition messes with your thyroid gland, making it slack off, and producing enough thyroid hormones. Stick around to uncover the symptoms, causes, and treatment options, all while keeping it light and breezy.

What is Hypothyroidism?

Ever wondered about that little gland in your neck that seems to have a say in how you feel and function? Well, that's your thyroid. Do you know what is hypothyroidism? Alright, when your thyroid decides to take a bit of a nap on the job, we call it hypothyroidism. We use this fancy term as a way of saying that your thyroid gland isn't producing enough thyroid hormones to keep things running smoothly. These hormones are like the conductors of a symphony, directing everything from your metabolism to your mood. It's like the orchestra losing its rhythm when they're in short supply.

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism, that tricky condition where your thyroid decides to take a snooze, doesn't just play it subtly. It brings a whole bouquet of hypothyroidism symptoms that might have you wondering what's going on. Here is the lowdown on what to watch out for:

• Fatigue: Ever feel like you are lugging around a bag of bricks? Hypothyroidism might be the culprit, draining your energy like a leaky faucet.
• Weight Gain: Suddenly, your jeans seem to be having a shrinking spell. Your metabolism slowing down can cause uninvited pounds to settle in.
• Feeling Chilly: Winter might be over, but you're still wrapped in layers. Hypothyroidism can leave you cold when everyone else is soaking up the warmth.
• Dry Everything: Your hair turns into a straw-like mess, your skin is dried, and your sense of humour? Well, that might be feeling a bit dry too.
• Mood Swings: If your emotions go on a rollercoaster ride without your consent, the thyroid might play puppeteer with your mood strings.
• Brain Fog: It is like someone switched off the lights in your mental attic. Memory lapses and confusion become regular guests.
• Muscle Aches: Your muscles are throwing a protest party, leaving you with stiffness and discomfort.
• Slow Heartbeat: Your heart seems to have taken up slow dancing, beating to its leisurely rhythm.
• Voice Changes: Did someone steal your voice and replace it with a croak? That's hypothyroidism, making your vocal cords a bit hoarse.
• Swelling: Your face might be puffier than a marshmallow, and your joints? They're joining the party with stiffness and swelling.
• Constipation: Your digestive system's engine seems sputtering, causing frustrating constipation.

Causes of Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is like a puzzle; its pieces can be traced back to various factors that disrupt the thyroid's harmony. Let's uncover these pieces of hypothyroidism causes one by one:

• Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: This sneaky culprit is an autoimmune condition where your body's defence system decides to attack your thyroid gland. The result? Inflammation and damage leave your thyroid struggling to produce enough hormones.
• Radiation Therapy: Sometimes, treating other health issues, like certain cancers, requires zapping your neck area with radiation. Unfortunately, this can damage thyroid cells, hampering hormone production.
• Radioactive Iodine Treatment: This treatment is often used for an overactive thyroid. However, it can backfire and cause an underactive thyroid as the radiation intended to slow down the thyroid's activity might overshoot the mark.
• Medications: Some meds, like amiodarone for heart problems and certain cancer treatments, can be thyroid disruptors. They might interfere with hormone production, leading to hypothyroidism.
• Thyroid Surgery: If your thyroid is partially or completely removed due to a condition like thyroid cancer, hypothyroidism might knock on your door. Without your trusty thyroid, hormone production takes a hit.
• Iodine Deficiency: Iodine is like fuel for your thyroid, helping it produce hormones. Your thyroid might go on strike if your diet is low on iodine (a rare scenario in many developed countries).
• Pregnancy: Hormones during pregnancy go on a rollercoaster ride. Sometimes, this can lead to inflammation of the thyroid post-pregnancy, a condition known as postpartum thyroiditis.
• Congenital Thyroid Issues: Some babies are born with a thyroid that doesn’t function properly. It is congenital hypothyroidism, requiring early diagnosis and intervention to prevent complications.
• Pituitary or Hypothalamus Issues: These brain areas play directors to your thyroid, releasing hormones that tell it what to do. If these areas stumble, your thyroid's performance might hit a roadblock.
• Ageing: Like a car engine that loses a bit of its pep with time, your thyroid can also slow down as you age. It can lead to a decrease in hormone production.
• Autoimmune Disorders: Some autoimmune conditions like type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis can tag hypothyroidism as an unwanted plus-one.
• Genetics: If thyroid issues run in your family, you might be more likely to deal with hypothyroidism at some point.

The ongoing Monkeypox global situation has resulted in the unfortunate loss of 20 lives. Between May 13th, 2022 and September 19th of the same year, the world witnessed the registration of more than 62,000 instances of human monkeypox cases across 104 nations. Notably, 97 of these countries had no prior history of monkeypox outbreaks. This sudden spread of the Monkeypox virus has put the global health think tank to pause and ponder. Subsequently, there is a lot of discussion going around aspects like monkeypox symptoms, and monkeypox treatment. By knowing the relevant information about this condition, it is easy to spot the symptoms and get medical intervention whenever necessary.

What is Monkeypox?

Monkeypox, also known as Mpox, is a zootonic disease. It is important to understand that zoonotic illnesses, also called zoonoses, emerge when pathogens are transferred between animals and humans.

This virus appears in two primary forms or clades: Clade I, which originates in Central Africa, and Clade II, emerging from West Africa. The ongoing worldwide outbreak spanning from 2022 to 2023 can be traced back to Clade IIb, a specific subtype within the milder West African clade.

Causes of Monkeypox

The Mpox virus is the primary cause of monkeypox. This virus belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus in the Poxviridae family. It is worth noting that encounters with Mpox are rare, making it an infrequent phenomenon. It is important to understand that this virus has the potential to affect anyone. The virus is primarily transmitted to humans through direct contact with infected animals, particularly rodents like squirrels and monkeys, or via consumption of their meat. Person-to-person transmission can occur through respiratory droplets, skin lesions, or close contact.

Symptoms of Monkeypox

The following are some of the commonly known monkeypox symptoms.

It is important to note that after you have been exposed to the virus, there's an average period of 1 to 2 weeks before symptoms become apparent. The initial monkeypox symptoms are quite similar to flu-like symptoms. If you have had close contact with someone with monkeypox, seeking medical help is recommended. You might experience chills, fatigue, fever, headache, muscle and back discomfort, and swollen lymph nodes.

Generally, the illness caused by monkeypox sticks around for about 2 to 4 weeks.

There may be a rash that might resemble pimples or blisters and might make you uncomfortable. It can pop up on different parts of your body, such as your face, mouth, hands, feet, chest, genitals, or anus. In severe cases, seeking emergency medical attention is crucial. This applies if you experience extremely stiff neck, chest pain, trouble speaking, passing, difficulty in moving, seizures or problems in breathing.

Potential Complications Associated with Monkeypox

By knowing what is monkeypox's potential complications, you can take adequate steps as soon as possible. You should be aware that potential complications associated with the Mpox condition typically include bronchopneumonia, sepsis, encephalitis (inflammation of brain tissue), corneal infection affecting the outer layer of your eye, and the risk of secondary infections.  During the recent monkeypox outbreak, 41% of individuals with HIV had the virus, raising worries about its persistence in HIV/AIDS patients.

How Does Monkeypox Spread?

Direct contact with the skin lesions, blood, or bodily fluids of an infected person puts you at risk of contracting the monkeypox virus. Monkeypox spreads primarily through rodents like dormice, striped mice, Gambian rats, and African rope squirrels. This virus can essentially affect anyone belonging to any age, gender, race, or sexual orientation. Be cautious about indirect transmission, like touching areas of an infected person's body such as the eyes, mouth, genitals, or items they've touched, like bedding or towels.

Close contact with bodily fluids or lesions of an infected animal is also a potential route. If an animal carries the virus, it can be transmitted to you through actions like scratching, licking, or biting. When you consume the meat of an infected animal, it can result in virus transmission to you.

Activities as personal as sexual contact can also lead to the virus transferring. If you are pregnant and infected, there's a risk of passing the virus to your developing foetus. In some cases, the virus can enter your system through infected respiratory droplets released when someone coughs or sneezes. This means you could contract the virus without direct physical contact.

Hey there, let us dive into the world of myositis! It is a condition that messes with your muscles, causing inflammation and discomfort. We will break down what is myositis, from the reasons behind it to how to deal with it.

What is Myositis?

Imagine your immune system gets a little mixed up and starts attacking your muscles. That is myositis meaning for you! Simply put, it is like your body's defence team turning on itself, causing chronic inflammation in your muscles. The result? Weakness, pain, and a not-so-pleasant feeling overall. Myositis is a type of myopathy.

Causes of Myositis

Alright, let us dig deeper into the root myositis causes. This condition is like a puzzle with various pieces, each contributing to the inflammation and discomfort in your muscles.

Autoimmune conditions play a significant role in sparking myositis. Think of your immune system as an overenthusiastic friend who can't tell friends from foes. Conditions like dermatomyositis and polymyositis are examples of your immune system going rogue, attacking your muscles. It is like your body's defence mechanism turns into a misdirected missile.

Viruses and bacteria can be party crashers regarding myositis. Some viruses like the common cold, flu, or even HIV, can directly invade your muscle tissue or release substances that cause muscle damage. It is like they are throwing a wild dance party, and your muscles are caught in the crossfire. Bacterial infections, though less common, can also lead to myositis.

Believe it or not, some medications can be troublemakers for your muscles. Certain drugs, such as alpha-interferon, alcohol, cocaine, and statins, have been linked to muscle damage. It might not cause full-blown inflammation, but it sure stirs up some discomfort. These meds are prying on your muscles, leaving them in a mess.

Even your love for exercise can sometimes contribute to muscle discomfort. Vigorous workouts can lead to temporary muscle pain, swelling, and weakness. It's like your muscles send out an SOS after a tough workout. But fret not; rest and recovery usually do the trick to get them back in action.

Rhabdomyolysis Drama is like fast and furious muscle breakdowns. Rhabdomyolysis occurs when your muscles break down at an accelerated rate. It can be due to various reasons, including severe physical exertion or certain medical conditions. The result? Muscle pain, weakness, and urine that might turn dark brown or red. It's like a dramatic episode in the muscle world.

Symptoms of Myositis            

When it comes to myositis symptoms, your body might send out some unmistakable signs that something is amiss. Muscle weakness takes centre stage, making everyday tasks more challenging. Imagine feeling like your muscles are playing a disappearing act, leaving you struggling to lift, grip, or even stand up. This weakness often develops gradually over weeks or months, primarily affecting larger muscle groups like your neck, shoulders, hips, and back.

But that is not all – the inflammation party comes with other uninvited guests. You might find yourself dealing with muscle pain, a sensation of ache that just won't quit. It is like being constantly reminded that your muscles are in a bit of a tiff with inflammation. Sometimes, this pain might be absent, leaving the weakness as the main performer.

And if your immune system's overzealous attack extends to your skin, a rash might appear grand. Fatigue might sneak into the picture, making you feel like your energy levels are running low. Thickened skin on your hands, difficulties swallowing, or even breathing troubles could join the ensemble of symptoms.

For those whose myositis is triggered by an infection, the party might start with classic viral symptoms like a cough, fever, runny nose, or sore throat. Interestingly, these viral myositis symptoms might vanish days or weeks before the myositis-related discomfort kicks in. It's like your body is playing a game of musical chairs with symptoms.

Diagnosis of Myositis

Diagnosing myositis disease involves a comprehensive approach to understanding the underlying myositis causes and manifestations. Doctors typically consider a person's medical history, physical examinations, and laboratory tests to reach an accurate diagnosis. They also elevated levels of muscle enzymes, such as creatine kinase. Using blood tests doctors can indicate muscle inflammation. Additionally, specific antibodies may be identified through blood tests, aiding in pinpointing potential autoimmune conditions.

Advanced imaging techniques like MRI scans provide detailed images of muscles, helping to identify regions of myositis and any changes occurring over time. Electromyography (EMG) involves the insertion of needle electrodes into muscles to assess their response to electrical nerve signals, helping to detect muscle weaknesses or damage attributed to myositis.

For definitive diagnosis, doctors often perform a muscle biopsy. This procedure for myositis involves extracting a small sample of muscle tissue from a weakened muscle, which is then analysed to confirm the presence of myositis and determine its specific type. This biopsy is considered the most accurate diagnostic tool for myositis

Due to the overlap of symptoms with various other conditions causing muscle weakness and pain, diagnosing myositis may require time and thorough evaluation. The multifaceted diagnostic process ensures that the underlying cause of muscle inflammation and weakness is accurately identified, allowing for appropriate treatment strategies to be initiated.

Pancreatitis is a medical condition mainly related to inflammation of the pancreas. This condition needs greater awareness.

In this blog, we will understand what is pancreatitis and what the pancreatitis symptoms are. We will also explore pancreatitis causes, its types and diagnosis. We will then look at the pancreatitis treatment options available.

What is Pancreatitis?

Pancreatitis is a medical condition associated with the inflammation of the pancreas. The gland pancreas is a large, flat gland situated right behind the stomach and close to the small intestine. It performs two main functions – one, it secretes a digestive enzyme in the small intestine so that we are able to digest the food we eat. Two, it releases insulin and glucagon in the body which are responsible for controlling how the body will use food for obtaining energy. The pancreas can be damaged when it releases digestive enzymes earlier than required.

What are the Types of Pancreatitis?

There are two types of pancreatitis - Acute Pancreatitis and Chronic Pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis is associated with sudden inflammation which lasts for a short period of time. Its severity might range from uneasiness to a serious illness. Patients with acute pancreatitis when given the right treatment recover completely. In case of extreme pancreatitis bleeding, cysts, infections, and tissue damage can be noticed. In some severe cases, it might cause damage to the heart, lungs, and kidneys.

Chronic pancreatitis is characterised by inflammation that usually lasts for a longer period. It develops after the patient has had acute pancreatitis. Another reason cited for the development of chronic pancreatitis is alcohol consumption. You might not notice the harm that frequent alcohol consumption has on the pancreas for a long time but then suddenly suffer from an episode of chronic pancreatitis.

Signs and Symptoms of Pancreatitis

Let us now understand the symptoms of pancreatitis. We will understand acute pancreatitis symptoms and chronic pancreatitis symptoms separately.

So, here are the symptoms of pancreas problems:

Symptoms of acute pancreatitis

• Fever
• Increased heart rate
• A feeling of nausea and vomiting
• Discomfort in the upper abdominal region that might have an impact on the back. Moreover, the consumption of foods that are rich in fat might cause your condition to worsen.

Symptoms of chronic pancreatitis

• Persistent pain in the upper part of the abdomen that goes to the back, leads to some impairment.
• Diarrhea and weight loss because the pancreas is not able to release adequate enzymes in order to break food particles.
• Disturbed stomach and episodes of vomiting.

Causes of Pancreatitis

Let us now understand pancreatitis causes.

Causes for acute pancreatitis include:

• Autoimmune condition
• Alcohol consumption
• Infections
• Gallstones
• Medicines
• Metabolic disorder
• Surgery
• Trauma

Moreover, in around 15% of people, the cause behind acute pancreatitis is unknown.

Causes for chronic pancreatitis are listed below:

• Cystic fibrosis
• Family history of pancreas disorder
• Presence of gallstones
• Elevated triglyceride levels
• Frequent alcohol consumption
• Different medications

The cause of chronic pancreatitis is unknown in about 20-30% of the patients. People who suffer from chronic pancreatitis are mostly men in the age group of 30 to 40.  Moreover, African Americans are more prone to develop chronic pancreatitis than any other racial group in the U.S.

Complications Associated with Pancreatitis

Some of the major complications that may arise due to pancreatitis are -

• Development of pancreatitis due to damage to insulin-producing cells.
• Kidney failure
• Pancreatic infection
• Malnutrition is caused in the body when it fails to get enough nutrients from the food because of less production of digestive enzymes.
• Development of pancreatic cancer
• Pancreatic necrosis is when the tissues in the pancreas die due to less supply of blood in the pancreas.
• Respiratory issues because of chemical alterations in the body which affect the lungs also.

Pseudocysts are when there is a collection of fluids in the pockets of the pancreas which can sometimes burst and cause infection.

Parkinson’s disease is a brain disorder that affects the nervous system and causes unintended or uncontrollable movements controlled by the nerves. The symptoms of Parkinson’s disease start slowly, and include shaking, stiffness in the body, and difficulty in balance and coordination that goes unnoticeable sometimes but progresses over time; it causes stiffness and slowdown movement Although it has been reported till now that Parkinson's disease cannot be cured and some medications might significantly improve our symptoms.

What is Parkinson’s Disease?

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder in which a person’s nervous system is affected. A smooth and coordinated bodily muscle movement in our body is due to the release of dopamine in our brain which is produced by the part of the brain called “substantia nigra.” In Parkinson’s disease, substantia nigra cells die which reduces the dopamine level in the brain and symptoms of Parkinson’s disease start appearing. Some research studies are of the opinion that this disease affects more men than women but the reason is still unclear to understand factors that may increase a person’s risk. This disease is age-dependent and occurs mostly after 60 years or so.

Causes of Parkinson’s Disease

Now that you know what is Parkinson’s disease, let us now discuss what causes Parkinson’s disease. It is interesting to note that the exact cause of Parkinson’s is unknown but it is still believed that it may be due to both genetic and environmental components. It has been studied those low levels of dopamine and the norepinephrine hormone that regulates dopamine, have been linked with Parkinson’s disease. Abnormal proteins called Lewy bodies have reportedly been found in the brains of people with Parkinson’s disease. While there is no definite list, Parkinson’s disease is caused by a range of factors. So, based on the research some other factors that may cause this disease are:

• Sex: Men are more likely to develop to develop Parkinson’s than women.
• Race: According to research, there is a higher prevalence of Parkinson’s in white people compared with Black or Asian people due to geographical location.
• Age: Parkinson’s usually appears among people with age between 50 and 60 years.
• Family history: People are more likely to develop Parkinson’s disease if they have any family history with the case of Parkinson’s disease
• Toxins: Continuous exposure to certain toxins might increase the risk of Parkinson’s disease in some people with low immune systems.
• Head injury: People who experience severe head injuries are more prone to develop Parkinson’s disease due to changes in dopamine in the brain cells.

• Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: Experts believe idiopathic Parkinson’s disease happens because of changes in shape that might be due to protein misfolding in the sub-unit called α-synuclein

With every passing year, researchers are still looking for the exact cause of Parkinson’s disease.

Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

Some of the early symptoms of Parkinson’s that may begin several years before motor problems develop are tremor that occurs at rest, slow movements, stiffness of arms, legs, and trunk problems with balance and a tendency to fall. Other symptoms are decreased ability to smell, cramped handwriting, changes in voice, stooped posture, blank facial expression, and low-volume speech.  

The symptoms of Parkinson's Other symptoms are Parkinsonian gait which is a condition to take shuffling steps while walking. Early symptoms of this disease are subtle and occur gradually in the patient. Some people may feel mild tremors or may feel difficulty getting out of a chair. One may notice that the patient starts speaking too softly, their handwriting is slow and looks small. Friends or family members may be the first person to notice changes in a person’s face with lack of expression and they might notice that a person does not move an arm or leg normally.

Symptoms often begin to appear on one side of the body in which the movement from one limb or one side of the body slows down and it eventually affects both sides with the progression of the disease.

Some people with Parkinson’s disease may experience changes in their cognitive function which means problems with memory, maintaining focus and attention, and the ability to plan and accomplish tasks are increasing along with stress and depression.

Over time, as the disease progresses, some people may develop which is Parkinson’s dementia because of that the person experiences loss of memory and thinking problems

Other associated symptoms may include flaky white or yellow scales known as seborrheic dermatitis, increased risk of melanoma, a serious type of skin cancer, sleep disturbances including vivid dreams, talking, and movement during sleep also adds up to the symptoms of  Parkinson’s disease.