A family health insurance deductible is a predetermined fixed amount that the policyholder or a family should pay during claim settlement for the coinsurance to start covering every family member. Every member of the household has a separate deductible, and the family also has a deductible. The family deductible is the sum of all individual deductibles.

The insurer will not pay for the other family members' covered services until the family deductible or the individual deductible is satisfied. When the total cost of all family members' covered services equals the family deductible level, the family deductible is satisfied.

What is not included in the family deductible?

Several expenses are not covered under your health insurance, so they will not count toward your deductible even though you pay for them from your pocket. After understanding how does family deductible work, it's essential to understand services that are not included in the family deductible.

1) Cosmetic surgeries

Any cosmetic surgery undertaken that does not promote proper bodily function or is not medically necessary to prevent or treat illness or diseases is not covered by insurance.

2) Copays

The money paid for copays is generally not counted towards the deductible. However, it is counted toward your out-of-pocket maximum for the year.

3) Household help

Even if medically recommended, household help is not covered by health insurance. However, a few expenses paid to an in-home nurse or caretaker may count toward the deductible.

4) Health and sports club fees

Any payment made for using health and sports clubs is not covered by insurance unless it is medically recommended.

5) Natural medicines

Health supplements, such as nutritional or herbal supplements, vitamins, and minerals tablets, are not covered by insurance unless they are medically recommended in writing for the treatment of a specific medical condition.

6) Out-of-network-providers

If a policyholder uses an out-of-network medical provider in a non-emergency situation, the cost is generally not counted towards the health insurance plan’s regular deductible.

However, if your plan covers out-of-network care, it will have a separate deductible for out-of-network services, which are generally higher than the plan’s regular in-network deductible.

7) Non-prescription medicines

Medication not prescribed in writing by healthcare providers is not covered by insurance.

Conclusion

The extent of health insurance coverage and its deductible vary by plan. You should consult your insurance provider about what is covered and what is not under your family deductible. A family health insurance deductible will undoubtedly help keep the overall cost more manageable, especially if you have a large family.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It may contain outdated data and information regarding the Insurance industry and products. It is advised to verify the currency and relevance of the data and information before taking any major steps. ICICI Lombard is not liable for any inaccuracies or consequences resulting from the use of this outdated information.

You must have come across the terms — individual and family deductibles. A deductible is the amount you must pay before your insurer begins to cover your health care costs. Once you meet your deductible, your plan will help you pay for your medical bills. This is known as coinsurance. Before selecting your health insurance plan, you must understand the difference between these two terms, as it will help you make a well-informed decision.

What is the difference between individual and family deductible?

The core difference between individual and family deductibles is that the former provides coverage for an individual, where one person is required to pay the amount for coinsurance to kick in. A family floater plan covers all members of the household, and everyone shares the sum insured. Hence, a family deductible is the maximum amount you must pay before the insurance coverage begins. Also, remember that when it comes to individual vs family deductibles, family deductibles are higher than individual deductibles, as a family floater plan offers coverage for more than one person or multiple people.

Age is a determinant in your health insurance plan’s premiums. An individual healthcare policy premium is determined by looking at the age of the single person (i.e., the policyholder) as well as other parameters. Premiums for family floaters are determined by looking at the age of the oldest family member and other factors. A plan with a low premium and a high deductible could mean higher out-of-pocket expenses; conversely, a policy with a lower deductible will have lower out-of-pocket expenses but higher premiums.

Before choosing the policy, always keep your objective of buying a health insurance policy in mind in terms of inclusions, scope of coverage, premium costs, payouts, and your needs and pocket.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

People in India who are over 70 years of age or older are more prone to health issues. The financial burden associated with medical crises and age-related illnesses is significantly reduced when senior citizens have health insurance. A healthcare plan provides an essential safety net, ensuring access to timely and high-quality healthcare, especially for senior citizens who are more likely to develop chronic conditions. So, let’s explore the various Mediclaim policies for parents above 70 years available in India.

Health Insurance Plans for Individuals above 70 years in India

When purchasing health insurance coverage for someone over the age of 70, there are several alternatives available. Let us examine a few of the well-known and well-recognised categories of Mediclaim policies for parents above 70 years.

Senior citizens’ healthcare plans cover all age-related clinical conditions and medical expenses like hospitalisation, pre- and post-hospitalisation expenditures, daycare treatments, and more. Such health plans usually cover pre-existing conditions after the completion of the waiting period, but the premiums are likely to be higher, and initial medical tests could be required before approval.

One can also consider a family floater plan when it comes to health insurance for parents above 70 years. The main objective of a family floater policy is to cover not only the whole family but also elderly members, with a fixed sum insured that can be utilised by any family member when necessary for medical expenditures. Nonetheless, such coverage may be inadequate for the elderly, given the fact that the sum insured might not be enough to pay for their healthcare requirements.

If you opt for a critical illness insurance plan, you can obtain coverage for severe illnesses like cancer, heart attacks, and stroke, among others. After being diagnosed with the covered illness, the policyholder gets the entire compensatory amount as a lump sum payment. Although critical illness insurance plans can be helpful for senior citizens, these policies may not cover all medical costs completely.

A top-up plan is an add-on cover that can be used to enhance the scope of coverage for existing healthcare plans. Senior citizens who already have healthcare policies can opt for top-up plans for extra coverage for specific procedures/treatments.

Wrapping Up

A senior citizens’ healthcare plan is an apt choice for parents aged over 70. However, one can customise an existing health plan with necessary add-ons and enhance its scope of coverage.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It may contain outdated data and information regarding the relevant industry. It is advised to verify the relevance of the data and information before taking any major steps. ICICI Lombard is not liable for any inaccuracies or consequences resulting from the use of this outdated information.

Usually, the common type of diabetes that is seen in children is diabetes Type 1. In this type of diabetes, the pancreas stops making insulin. The insulin hormone allows sugar or glucose to be absorbed in the body as energy. Now, as mentioned it is Type 1 diabetes that is usually prevalent in children. However, nowadays children are getting Type 2 diabetes. It used to be called adult-onset diabetes, but now there is an increasing number of Type 2 diabetes in children as well.

Let us discuss and understand what are the causes of diabetes in children so that you can be better informed about managing this condition.

How is Childhood Diabetes Caused?

Discussed below are the main causes of diabetes in children. Here we will discuss the causes of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes in children -

• Type 1 diabetes cause: The exact cause of Type 1 diabetes in children is not known yet. Generally, this type of diabetes happens when our immune system – which fights and protects our body from external bacteria and viruses, mistakenly damages the cells that create insulin in the pancreas. Note that genetic and environmental factors can also play a major role in this process of the immune system of the body attacking its own pancreas
• Type 2 diabetes cause: The exact cause of Type 2 diabetes is also unknown. However, in general, it is the family history and genetics that are seen as major causes of Type 2 diabetes. Another major cause of diabetes in children, when it comes to Type 2 diabetes is obesity or overweight. The fatter the body tissue, the more resilient the body becomes to insulin. Thus body fails to process sugar (glucose) properly.

Conclusion

For the right treatment, knowing the cause of diabetes is necessary. Both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes can have adverse effects on your child’s health. If not treated and managed in time, in the long run, both forms of diabetes can lead to major health issues in your children. Having a comprehensive health insurance plan can help cover the costs of regular check-ups, medications, and specialized treatments, ensuring your child receives the care they need for effective diabetes management without financial stress.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis or treatment. Please consult a certified medical and/or nutrition professional for any questions. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

As the fiscal year’s end looms closer, most of us are left rushing about in an attempt to make heads or tails of our financial situation. We review our bank statements, tally up our expenses, and try to make sense of the numbers. What if we were to inform you there exists a viable solution to alleviate the stress associated with this process? Here, we introduce Sections 80C and 80D of the Income Tax Act to you. These two Sections offer a world of possibilities when it comes to saving on taxes and maximising your income.

Understanding income tax deductions in health insurance

The deduction sum an individual is eligible for depends on several factors, such as the policyholder’s age and the sum insured. For instance, an individual under the age of 60 years can claim up to Rs 25,000 as a deduction, while those above 60 can claim up to Rs 50,000. Additionally, policyholders paying health insurance premiums for their parents can claim an extra deduction of up to Rs 25,000 (parents under 60) or Rs 50,000 (parents above 60).

It’s important to note that the deduction is applicable only for health insurance plans and not for other types of insurance, such as life insurance policies. Additionally, the deduction benefit is only available for payments made through cheques, electronic transfers, or demand drafts.

How much deduction can I claim under Sections 80C & 80D?

Since we have already discussed the deduction limit under Section 80D, let’s throw some light on another Section in question. Under Section 80C, a deduction of up to Rs 1.5 lakh per financial year on multiple schemes is available. Some eligible investments under this section include:

• Life insurance premiums: Any premiums paid towards life insurance policies, including term plans, endowment plans, and ULIPs, qualify for a deduction under Section 80C. The insurance must be under the name of the person paying tax or their spouse or children. Additionally, the policy premium must not surpass 10% of the coverage amount.
• Public Provident Fund (PPF): Contributions made towards a PPF account are eligible for a deduction under Section 80C. The interest earned is also tax-exempt.
• Equity-Linked Saving Scheme (ELSS): It is a mutual fund investment where the fund manager parks your money primarily in companies’ equity shares. 
• National Savings Certificate (NSC): NSC is a government scheme where the interest earned is reinvested and paid out in full at maturity.
• Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY): SSY is a government scheme promoting girl child welfare, offering eligible 80C deductions on contributions and tax-free interest earnings.

Eligibility criteria for tax deduction under Section 80C & 80D

To be eligible for tax benefits under both sections, avoid the following things.

Section 80C:

• Do not invest in non-specified schemes that are ineligible for a tax benefit.
• Do not exceed the maximum limit of Rs 1.5 lakhs per year for the deduction claimed.
• Do not claim tuition fees for more than two children.
• Do not forget to include home loan principal repayment and life insurance premium paid while claiming deductions.

Section 80D:

• Do not claim medical expenses that an insurance company or employer has reimbursed.
• Do not claim preventive health check-ups for more than Rs 5,000.
• Do not claim medical insurance premiums paid for non-eligible family members such as siblings or grandparents.
• Do not claim deductions for medical expenses incurred outside India.

Conclusion

Maximise your tax savings with income tax deductions under Sections 80C & 80D. Choose eligible instruments, consult a chartered accountant if you need clarity on Sections 80C and 80D limit, and avoid penalties for incorrect filing. Save smart, save big!

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It may contain outdated data and information regarding the relevant industry. It is advised to verify the relevance of the data and information before taking any major steps. ICICI Lombard is not liable for any inaccuracies or consequences resulting from the use of this outdated information.

As a responsible family member, you recognise the importance of looking after your family’s health and well-being. While maintaining a healthy lifestyle and getting regular medical check-ups are important, unexpected health emergencies can put a strain on your finances. Obtaining adequate health insurance coverage is critical to protect your family’s health and finances. However, with so many health insurance policies in the market, choosing the best one for your family’s needs can be difficult.

Why Compare Health Insurance Plans for Family?

When it comes to obtaining health insurance coverage for your loved ones, comparing family health insurance is crucial to ensure that you select the most appropriate policy that meets your needs. For example, let’s say you have a family of four with two young children who require frequent medical attention for vaccinations, check-ups, and occasional illnesses. In this scenario, you may want to opt for a family plan offering extensive coverage for paediatric care, including doctor visits, lab tests, and prescription medications.

By making a family health insurance comparison, you can evaluate diverse factors, such as premium costs, coverage limits, and co-payments, that can impact your financial situation. For instance, you may want to consider a policy with a higher premium cost that offers lower co-payments and deductibles to reduce your out-of-pocket expenses.

How to Evaluate Health Insurance Plans for Family?

Reviewing the following parameters, you can compare family floater plans by various insurers.

• Determine your requirements: Consider your family’s medical history, any pre-existing conditions, and the level of coverage required.
• Compare premium costs: Look at the premium amounts of different plans, and determine which ones fit your budget. Be sure to consider any out-of-pocket expenses like co-payments, deductibles, and coinsurance.
• Evaluate coverage limits: Assess the maximum amount different policies or insurers offer for specific medical procedures, tests, and treatments.
• Examine exclusions: Review the policy’s list of medical procedures, treatments, or conditions that do not get covered. Verify that any exclusions align with your family’s healthcare needs and preferences.
• Check waiting periods: Explore the policy’s terms and conditions to find out if any waiting periods apply for coverage of specific treatments or procedures.
• Understand renewal provisions: Review the policy’s renewal terms and provisions, including any rate hikes or changes to coverage.
• Assess customer service: Consider the level of customer service provided by your insurance provider, including the accessibility of customer support and the ease of filing claims.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It may contain outdated data and information regarding the relevant industry. It is advised to verify the relevance of the data and information before taking any major steps. ICICI Lombard is not liable for any inaccuracies or consequences resulting from the use of this outdated information.

Life hits us with multiple uncertainties - an accident, sudden illnesses, and whatnot. But amidst all this chaos, the beacon of reassurance comes through health insurance.

Family health insurance is like an umbrella covering you and your entire family in medical emergencies. Contrary to the prevailing notion that health insurance is only necessary for the elderly or those with pre-existing health conditions, everyone must have coverage. In Kerala, you can choose the best family health insurance policies offering comprehensive coverage.

Importance of Buying Family Health Policy in Kerala

Here are all the right reasons for you to invest in family health insurance in Kerala:

Due to medical inflation, the cost of healthcare facilities has grown tremendously over time in Kerala. Hence, relying solely on your savings is not the right financial decision. It becomes paramount to secure top-tier medical insurance in Kerala. This ensures ongoing financial stability for the insured individuals.

• Lifestyle changes

The lifestyle has changed in multiple ways. People today only engage themselves in physical activities a little. When caught up in work pressure, there is less time to devote to one's health. Alongside this, the dietary choices have also become worse. This increases the number of health complications in people living in Kerala. Opting for comprehensive health insurance is imperative in this landscape. Such coverage offers regular complimentary health check-ups and safeguards against the progression of potential health issues.

• Cashless treatments

You can buy the best family health insurance in Kerala to get cashless treatments. It allows policyholders to receive medical treatment at network hospitals without paying upfront expenses. Instead, you can focus on your recovery while the insurance covers your bills.

• Tax reductions

The government of India provides tax reductions to taxpayers who invest in health insurance. Section 80D of the Income Tax Act 1961 permits individuals and HUFs to avail deductions and tax advantages for the premiums paid towards health insurance and expenses incurred on preventive health check-ups during a fiscal year. This provision not only assists in handling medical costs but also provides a means to mitigate high tax liabilities.

• Safety net

Health insurance can help you stay financially supported during tough times. A medical emergency can deplete your savings without a health insurance policy, adversely affecting your financial standing.

• Floater plans

Family health insurance policies typically offer the convenience of covering the entire family under a single plan, often referred to as a family floater policy. This simplifies insurance coverage management for all family members and saves costs compared to individual policies for each family member.

Why You Should Buy ICICI Lombard Family Health Insurance in Kerala?

ICICI Lombard Family Health Insurance in Kerala will offer you several benefits, including the following:

• Daycare procedures

 There are some illnesses where an individual gets hospitalised for less than 24 hours. Will this be covered under insurance? Well, yes, in the case of ICICI Lombard Family Health Insurance. Treatments that require no hospitalisation are covered under health insurance.

• Domiciliary expenses

Some circumstances require the patient to be treated at home. These conditions may include the fact that there is no room in hospitals (as was the case in COVID-19) or that the patient cannot be hospitalised. In such situations, the expenses incurred for treatment will also be covered under this benefit.

• Organ donation

When a patient receives an organ, the medical expenses usually exceed the cost of the organ owing to the lengthy procedures. However, health insurance can cover these expenses as well, so your financial situation would not be severely affected during untoward times.

• AYUSH treatments

There are various alternative treatments in India, such as Ayurveda and Unani. Are you wondering if expenses incurred while seeking these alternative treatments will be covered?

Rest assured, you can also seek coverage for such AYUSH treatments.

• In-patient treatment

When a patient requires hospital admission for tests, treatments, or medical procedures, it constitutes in-patient hospitalisation. This includes individuals undergoing pre-scheduled surgeries or those facing medical emergencies. Patients admitted to the in-patient department often necessitate close monitoring and care from healthcare providers. This gets covered under the best family health insurance in Kerala offered by ICICI Lombard.

Investing in a health policy is one of the wisest decisions you can make. Consult with an advisor to select the optimal plan, ensuring your family's well-being.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis or treatment. Please consult a certified medical and/or nutrition professional for any questions. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

A preventive health check-up is a proactive measure to identify any potential health issues before they get worse. This will help us prevent diseases in the early stages and maintain good health. Preventive health check-ups include vaccinations, regular check-ups for blood pressure and cholesterol, screening tests, physical examinations, etc. Most people in India rely on their life savings to pay their medical bills instead of buying medical health insurance policies thus exhausting their lifetime savings. To encourage people to buy health insurance plans, the government of India has introduced tax benefits under Section 80D of the Income Tax Act, of 1961. There are special provisions for tax deductions for preventive health check-ups under 80D. The claim can be made for preventive health checkups done for ourselves, our parents, or our family members.

What is a Preventive Health Check-Up Under 80D?

In India, preemptive health examinations are eligible for tax benefits under Section 80D of the Income Tax Act. We can claim income tax deductions on the expenses incurred for preventive health checkups for ourselves and our family members. It reduces the burden of preemptive medical examination expenses and also encourages people to put their health and well-being first by getting preventative health checkups, not having to worry about the charges.

Taxpayers,  including individuals, and Hindu Undivided Families (HUFs), can claim tax deductions under Section 80D for the preventive health examination costs they have paid.

For individuals and their family members, the maximum deduction permitted for preventative health check-ups is Rs. 5,000 every financial year. This deduction is in addition to the tax deduction available for health insurance premiums under Section D of the Income Tax Act.

The procedure for claiming a tax deduction for a preventive health check-up is simple. When we get any preventive health checkup done from a reputable hospital or diagnostic centre, we will receive reports and bills for the same. We will need these documents to get a refund, so keep them secure. If we are employed, we can claim the 80D deduction by providing our employer with proof of preventive medical checkup bills or we can also claim it when filing our income tax return (ITR).

The tax deduction allowed for preventive health checkups under 80D of the Income Tax Act thus supports our financial planning and helps us manage expensive preventive health checkup bills.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It may contain outdated data and information regarding the relevant industry. It is advised to verify the relevance of the data and information before taking any major steps. ICICI Lombard is not liable for any inaccuracies or consequences resulting from the use of this outdated information.

As our parents age, their health becomes a significant concern. This is particularly true for immigrant parents who might have limited access to healthcare due to language barriers, financial constraints, and lack of familiarity with the healthcare system. However, providing adequate healthcare for our elderly immigrant parents can be challenging. Let’s discuss the importance of buying health insurance for elderly immigrant parents and, most importantly, how to go about it.

How to Buy Health Insurance for Elderly Immigrant Parents

The first step in buying health insurance for elderly immigrant parents is to assess their needs. This includes evaluating their medical history, current health status, and any pre-existing conditions. Once you understand their health needs, you can begin researching different health insurance plans that meet their requirements.

One option for purchasing health insurance for elderly immigrant parents is to explore government-sponsored healthcare programs. Another option is to purchase private health insurance from an insurer. When purchasing health insurance, it is important to carefully read as well as understand the terms, conditions, limitations, and exclusions of the policy, including the sections on deductibles and premiums. Insurance companies offer a wide range of health insurance policies that cater to the needs of elderly individuals, including senior citizen health insurance policies.

It is also advisable to consult with a healthcare professional or insurance agent/aggregator who can provide guidance and advice on the best health insurance options for your elderly immigrant parents.

Reasons to Buy Health Insurance for Elderly Immigrant Parents

Health insurance is an essential investment for anyone, but it is particularly crucial for elderly immigrant parents. With age comes a higher risk of developing chronic illnesses, and the cost of healthcare can be exorbitant, especially for those without insurance. By purchasing health insurance for their elderly immigrant parents, individuals can ensure that their parents receive the necessary medical attention when they need it. Health insurance can cover the costs of treatments, prescription drugs, hospital stays, and other medical expenses, reducing the financial burden on both parents and their children. Furthermore, health insurance plans can provide access to preventative care, which can help identify health issues before they become more severe, ultimately leading to better health outcomes for elderly parents.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It may contain outdated data and information regarding the relevant industry. It is advised to verify the relevance of the data and information before taking any major steps. ICICI Lombard is not liable for any inaccuracies or consequences resulting from the use of this outdated information.

Tax season can be a confusing and stressful time for many people, especially when it comes to figuring out which deductions and credits apply to their specific situation. One common question often arises — can we claim 80D and 80DDB together? While both relate to medical expenses, they have distinct differences that can impact their eligibility for use. In this discussion, we will explore the nuances of each deduction and provide clarity on whether it’s possible to claim both simultaneously.

What is Section 80D?

Section 80D is a provision in the Income Tax Act that offers tax benefits to individuals who purchase health insurance policies. It provides a deduction on the premium paid towards the health insurance policy, thereby reducing the taxable income. The Section also offers an additional deduction for those who pay premiums for their parent’s health insurance policies, providing financial relief for families with dependents. Section 80D encourages people to invest in health insurance policies and ensures access to quality medical care without financial constraints.

For taxpayers under 60 years of age, the deduction ceiling for Section 80D stands at Rs 25,000. However, for individuals aged 60 years and above, this limit is extended to Rs 50,000. Additionally, if a taxpayer pays the premium for his/her parents’ medical insurance policy, the person can avail of an extra benefit of up to Rs 50,000; remember that this depends on the age of the taxpayer’s parents.

What is Section 80DDB?

Section 80DDB allows taxpayers to claim a tax benefit for treatment costs incurred towards specified diseases, thereby reducing their tax liability. This Section aims to alleviate the monetary hurdle for taxpayers who incur high medical expenses for themselves or their dependents.

The diseases covered in this Section include neurological disorders, malignant cancers, chronic kidney diseases, and others that require specialised treatment. A taxpayer can claim a deduction of up to Rs 40,000 (age below 60) or Rs 1,00,000 (applicable for senior citizens) for the expenses incurred towards treating these diseases.

To receive this benefit, the taxpayer must get a doctor’s prescription for the treatment from a registered medical practitioner. The prescription must also specify the nature of the disease and the treatment’s estimated expenses. The deduction is available to a taxpayer or his/her dependents, including the person’s spouse, children, parents, and siblings.

Can both deductions be claimed at the same time?

It is possible to benefit from both 80D and 80DDB deductions. However, to claim the 80DDB medical expenditure deduction, one must provide evidence of the prescription given by a doctor. Additionally, only the amount the insurer does not cover qualifies for a Section 80DDB deduction. That means when calculating the total amount spent on medical expenses for a parent, one must subtract any amount received from the insurance company. The remaining balance will be eligible for deduction under 80DDB.

Conclusion

Sections 80D and 80DDB of the Income Tax Act provide significant tax benefits to individuals for medical insurance premiums and treatment expenses. Claiming these deductions together requires individuals to ensure that they meet all eligibility criteria and do not exceed the maximum limit allowed for total deduction claimed. It is also advisable for individuals to consult a tax expert to understand the deductions and ensure that they follow all tax laws correctly.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It may contain outdated data and information regarding the topic featured in the article. It is advised to verify the currency and relevance of the data and information before taking any major steps. ICICI Lombard is not liable for any inaccuracies or consequences resulting from the use of this outdated information.

Arising from viral or bacterial infections, meningitis presents as an infection and inflammation of the fluid and membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord. Non-infectious conditions such as cancer or head injuries can also contribute to its occurrence. Primarily impacting infants, children, teenagers, and young adults, meningitis is a serious condition necessitating prompt treatment. While mild cases may not require intervention, severe instances can lead to death, necessitating emergency antibiotic treatment. In some cases, meningitis can escalate to life-threatening blood poisoning (sepsis), causing permanent damage to the brain or nerves. Let’s explore all facets of meningitis, encompassing vital information that will comprehensively analyse this significant health concern.

What is Meningitis?

The meaning of meningitis involves an infection and inflammation of the fluid and membrane area surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The protective membrane, meningis, is crucial in safeguarding the brain and spinal cord from injury, providing support and structure by including nerves, blood vessels, and cerebrospinal fluid. Inflammation from meningitis can manifest with symptoms such as headaches, fever, and a stiff neck. It is crucial to seek medical care promptly if symptoms indicative of meningitis are suspected to prevent potentially serious complications associated with this condition.

Symptoms of Meningitis

The symptoms of meningitis differ based on viral and bacterial meningitis. They may appear within several hours to a few weeks from the start of infection. The meningitis symptoms include:

1. Viral Meningitis

 In infants, the symptoms of meningitis may cause:

• Loss of appetite
• Irritability
• Respiratory illness
• Diarrhoea
• Skin rash
• Vomiting
• Fever

In adults, viral meningitis may cause:

• Tiredness
• Frequent headaches
• Stiffness and pain in the neck area
• Seizures
• Sensitivity to light
• Sleepiness
• Loss of appetite
• Changes in mental health

2. Bacterial Meningitis

The symptoms include:

• Purple area resembling bruises
• Altered mental status
• Tiredness
• Irritability
• Headaches
• Stiffness and pain in the neck area
• Seizures
• Sensitivity to light
• Sleepiness
• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting
• Nausea
• Fever

3. Fungal Meningitis

The symptoms of fungal meningitis may include:

• Fatigue
• Confusion
• Irritability
• Headaches
• Stiffness and pain in the neck area
• Seizures
• Sensitivity to light
• Sleepiness
• Loss of appetite
• Fever
• Nausea
• Vomiting

4. Chronic Meningitis

If the symptoms of meningitis are severe and last longer than four weeks, it could be chronic meningitis.

5. Meningitis Rash

The symptoms occur when you are infected with a bacterium named Neisseria meningitidis. The bacteria in the bloodstream causes a faint rash on the skin of the infected. The rash spots get darker and larger when the infection worsens and spreads.

It is essential to go to your doctor, who will perform tests to determine which type of meningitis you have.

Causes of Meningitis

As mentioned earlier, meningitis causes include different types of infections such as bacterial, viral, or fungal. These pathogens spread through the bloodstream and nerve endings or may reactivate in the nervous system, eventually reaching the brain or spinal cord. Additionally, non-infectious conditions like cancer, head injury-related diseases, and certain medications can also contribute to the occurrence of meningitis.

Types of Meningitis

While there are different meningitis conditions, the most common types of meningitis infections are viral and bacterial. The less common forms of meningitis include cryptococcal, caused by a fungal infection, and carcinomatous, which is cancer-related.

• Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is more prevalent than its bacterial counterpart, as many viruses can trigger the condition. Some may even cause diarrhoea. These viruses include:

• Coxsackievirus A
• Coxsackievirus B
• Echoviruses

Other viruses that can cause meningitis include:

• West Nile virus
• Influenza virus
• Mumps
• HIV
• Measles
• Herpes viruses
• Coltivirus, which causes Colorado tick fever

• Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis occurs when bacteria access the bloodstream and travel to the brain and spinal cord. Alternatively, the bacteria may directly invade the membranes, often prompted by factors like ear or sinus infections, skull fractures, or specific surgical interventions.

Bacteria causing meningitis include:

• Streptococcus pneumonia: Streptococcus pneumoniae is the primary culprit for bacterial meningitis in infants, young children, and adults. Infections with this bacterium are responsible for ear infections, sinus infections, and the onset of meningitis.
• Neisseria Meningitides: This bacterium, Neisseria meningitidis, induces bacterial meningitis, specifically meningococcal meningitis. While the bacteria initially affects the upper respiratory system, if it enters the bloodstream, it can cause meningococcal meningitis, a condition notorious for causing highly contagious infections in teenagers and young adults.
• Haemophilus Influenza: Previously recognised as the primary cause of bacterial meningitis in children, infection due to the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) bacterium has seen a decline in cases following the introduction of new Hib vaccines. The development and use of this vaccine have contributed to reducing instances of this particular type of bacterial meningitis.

Listeria Monocytogenes: These bacteria are generally found in unpasteurised cheeses, hot dogs, and lunchmeats. People with a weak immune system, like in the case of pregnant women, newborns, and older adults, are most susceptible to it, as during pregnancy, listeria can cross the placenta and later cause an infection that can be fatal to the baby.

• Chronic Meningitis

Chronic meningitis occurs in the case of slow-growing organisms like fungi and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this type of meningitis, the microorganisms invade the cell membrane and fluid surrounding the brain due to blood vessel damage and develop chronic meningitis. The symptoms of chronic meningitis can be severe, but case cases have mild symptoms, including headache, fever, vomiting, and mental cloudiness.

• Fungal Meningitis

Although infrequent, fungal meningitis can resemble acute bacterial meningitis. This condition arises from inhaling fungal spores, which are present in soil, decaying wood, and bird droppings. The fungus causing meningitis includes:

1. Cryptococcus is a fungus inhaled from dirt or soil. It is also present in bird droppings, especially pigeons and chickens.
2. Blastomyces is another fungus found in soil that can cause fungal meningitis.
3. Environments heavily contaminated with bat and bird droppings contain Histoplasma, which can cause fungal meningitis.
4. Coccidioides are found in soil and can cause fungal meningitis.

• Parasitic Meningitis

Parasitic meningitis may result from a tapeworm infection in the brain, cerebral malaria, categorised as eosinophilic meningitis, or amoebic meningitis, which can be acquired, albeit rarely, through freshwater swimming and poses a rapid, life-threatening risk. Parasitic meningitis does not spread from person to person.

Vaccination against Meningitis

The vaccine has been developed to cure bacterial meningitis. The causative agent Neisseria meningitidis is one version for which vaccines are available. So, for that purpose, two primary vaccines for meningitis have been developed for bacterial causes, including:

• Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine (MenACWY)

The meningococcal conjugate, or MenACWY vaccine, has been designed to target four of the most common types of bacterial serotypes. This vaccine lasts longer and can be used as a booster dose as it offers greater protection. The CDC recommends vaccinating children aged 11 to 12, with a booster shot administered at 16 years of age.

• Serogroup B meningococcal, or MenB

The other vaccine, Serogroup B meningococcal or MenB, targets one specific strain. This vaccine has a short protection window, so it is recommended to administer it to certain populations. The CDC recommends administering this vaccine to individuals aged 10 and older, both adults and children, who are at an increased risk or have been diagnosed with meningococcal disease. Individuals with sickle cell disease, a compromised spleen, certain individuals with a rare immune disorder known as complement component deficiency, or those taking specific medications are recommended to receive this vaccine.

• Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23)

The vaccine provides protection against pneumococcal bacteria for older children and young adults. The CDC recommends giving this vaccine to individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying chronic conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, or sickle cell anaemia. It is also advisable for individuals without a spleen. The PPSV23 vaccine is suitable for adults over 65 years, younger adults, and children aged 2 with weakened immune systems.

• Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (Hib)

The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advocate for administering this vaccine to children 2 months and older. People with conditions such as sickle cell disease or AIDS and those without a spleen cannot receive this administration.

Diagnosis of Meningitis

The diagnosis of meningitis starts with a health history and physical examination where a doctor will check for symptoms like:

• Skin rash
• Increased heartbeat
• Neck stiffness
• Un-consciousness

Other tests include:

• Spinal Tap

A healthcare practitioner conducts a spinal tap to gather cerebrospinal fluid during this process. Examiners then analyse the collected fluid to identify signs such as low sugar levels, an increased count of white blood cells, and elevated protein levels. Sometimes, the fluid may also contain bacteria, causing meningitis. To detect viral- meningitis, you may need a DNA-based test known as polymerase chain reaction amplification. A spinal tap test can also determine suitable antibiotics for treatment using cerebrospinal fluid.

Other common test to diagnose meningitis includes the following:

• Blood Cultures: In the blood, bacterial culture identifies bacterial infection with Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumonia, as these bacteria can cause sepsis and meningitis.
• Blood Tests: Examining white and red blood cell counts assesses treatment efficacy during these tests.
• Chest X-rays: A chest X-ray is performed to identify the presence of pneumonia, tuberculosis, or fungal infections.
• Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: This method utilises a high-powered X-ray to create detailed images of the head, aiming to identify brain abscesses or increased intracranial pressure caused by the dissemination of meningococcal bacteria.

Treatment of Meningitis

Meningitis treatments vary based on the cause and severity of the infection, whether bacterial, viral, or fungal. Potential treatments may encompass:

• Antibiotics: These can be employed to treat bacterial pneumonia, but they are not effective in cases of viral pneumonia. Nevertheless, a doctor may prescribe them if there is a concurrent bacterial infection alongside a viral one.
• Antifungal Medications: Antifungal medicines are used to treat pneumonia if the pneumonia is due to a fungal infection.
• Antiviral Medications:Viral pneumonia is mostly not treated with medication and goes away on its own.
• Chronic Meningitis: Fungal infection or autoimmune issues like rheumatoid arthritis can be involved in chronic meningitis. This type of meningitis treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause initially.
• Oxygen Therapy It is prescribed when the patient faces difficulty breathing; the doctor gives oxygen therapy through a tube in the nose, as this can help a patient get enough oxygen.
• IV Fluids Fluids, when delivered directly to our veins, can help patients with dehydration.

Cataract is a common eye infection. Approximately 94 million individuals globally experience significant vision impairment caused by untreated cataracts. According to findings from the National Blindness and Visual Impairment Survey conducted in India, cataracts are the leading factor behind blindness in individuals aged 50 and above.

These statistics highlight the potential harm of untreated cataracts, a prevalent eye issue. However, delving into ‘what is cataract’ and exploring its treatment becomes crucial. Let’s unravel all the details surrounding it.

What is a Cataract?

A cataract happens when the clear lens in your eye becomes cloudy, like trying to see through a foggy window. Cataracts can make engaging in activities like reading or driving at night challenging. Cataracts usually develop slowly and don’t cause problems initially, but can blur your vision over time. Adults mostly experience this condition. It would help if you consult an ophthalmologist for cataract treatment.

Symptoms of Cataract

The symptoms of cataracts are slow onset. The common signs are:

• Eyesight that seems cloudy, blurry, foggy, or filmy.
• Difficulty seeing things up close (for older individuals).
• Changes in how you perceive colours.
• Issues driving in the dark (such as glare from headlights).
• Difficulty with glare in daylight.
• Experiencing double vision in one eye.
• Problems with glasses or contacts do not help much.

Causes of Cataract

Let us now look at what causes cataract. As you age, developing cataracts is common. Some experts believe approximately half of individuals will develop a cataract by reaching 60. Here are some causes:

• Smoking
• Exposure to ultraviolet radiation
• Extended use of steroids and certain medications
• Certain illnesses like diabetes
• Physical injuries
• Radiation therapy

Types of Cataract

Outlined below are the various types of cataracts:

• Nuclear Cataracts: This cataract category develops at the centre of the lens and is the most prevalent type.
• Cortical Cataracts: These form on the outer part of your lens, known as the cortex. They begin as white wedge-shaped patterns, resembling triangles that point towards the centre of your eye. As they enlarge, they disperse light.

• Posterior Subcapsular Cataracts: Posterior subcapsular cataracts are a specific type of cataract that develops at the back of the lens capsule, which is the outer covering of the eye’s lens.

• Congenital Cataracts: Cataracts that are present at or shortly after birth, known as congenital cataracts, occur in only 2 out of every 10,000 births. If cataracts in babies are small or located away from the centre of the lens, they might not require treatment.

• Traumatic Cataracts: Various types of injuries can cause cataracts. A blow to the eye from a ball or injuries from burns, chemicals, or splinters can result in the development of a cataract.
• Radiation Cataract: Cataracts can develop due to radiation therapy used to treat cancer.
• Secondary Cataracts: Cataracts that occur due to diseases or medications are called secondary cataracts.

Risk Factors Associated With Cataract

The risk factors associated with cataracts:

• Ageing
• Alcohol
• Excessive smoking
• Obese tendency
• Hypertension
• Any history of eye injuries
• Anyone in the family has cataracts
• Excessive sun exposure

Diagnosis of Cataract

It is essential to get the cataracts diagnosed at the right time. The doctor performs several tests to detect if it’s a cataract or some other eye condition, the types of the cataracts, and more.

Firstly, your doctor can perform a visual acuity test, assessing your vision clarity by instructing you to read letters at a distance, initially with one eye and then the other. Additionally, they may conduct a glare test and perform a slit lamp test.

The medical professional utilises a specialised microscope with bright light during this process. They inspect the cornea, the transparent outer layer, the iris, and the lens behind it. The lens plays a crucial role in bending light as it enters your eye. They may also conduct a retinal examination.

Treatment of Cataract

Typically, cataract treatment involves surgery, although it may require some time. Early detection of the issue allows temporary vision improvement with new glasses prescription featuring a stronger lens. Using a brighter lamp or magnifying glass can address reading difficulties. Special glasses with anti-glare coating can be beneficial for concerns about glare, especially during night driving. It is crucial to monitor how cataracts affect your vision. If they start to impede daily activities, particularly making driving unsafe, it is advisable to consult your doctor about the possibility of surgery.

How Can Cataracts Be Prevented?

You can take some preventive steps to keep this disease at bay:

• Avoid smoking.
• Regularly get your eyes checked.
• Develop a habit of wearing sunglasses.
• Include antioxidants in your diet through fruits and vegetables.
• Ensure that you maintain a healthy diet.
• Manage diabetes and other health conditions effectively.
• Ensure proper hydration for overall eye health.
• Control elevated blood pressure by implementing lifestyle modifications and, if needed, medication.

Dengue is a highly lethal disease with global implications, impacting individuals across the world. Its prevalence in India and escalating incidence rates raise significant public health concerns. A collective effort is imperative for individuals and communities to comprehensively grasp dengue fever’s various facets. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, known for their aggressive biting tendencies, are the primary carriers responsible for its transmission. A confluence of factors, including urbanisation, travel, and climate change, facilitates the swift dissemination of dengue. Now, let’s delve into the intricacies of dengue for a more in-depth understanding.

What is Dengue?

Dengue fever, pronounced ‘DENgee,’ is a debilitating and agonising illness transmitted by mosquitoes. Dengue is caused by any of the four closely linked dengue viruses, and these agents are connected to the ones accountable for yellow fever and West Nile infection. Globally, an estimated 400 million cases of dengue fever are reported annually, with around 96 million resulting in illness. Most instances occur in tropical regions, with the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Southern China, Taiwan, the Pacific Islands, Mexico, and Africa facing the highest risk.

The transmission of dengue illness occurs through the bite of an Aedes mosquito carrying the dengue virus. It becomes infected when this mosquito bites a person whose blood contains the dengue virus. The virus cannot be transmitted directly from one individual to another.

Symptoms of Dengue

The indicators of dengue typically manifest within the initial one or two days of infection. Some of the dengue symptoms include:

• Sudden high fever
• Severe headaches
• Pain behind the eyes
• Severe stomach pain
• Painful joint and muscle pain
• Fatigue
• Nausea
• Continuous vomiting
• Skin rash emerging between two to five days after the fever begins
• Bleeding from the gums or nose
• Subcutaneous bleeding resembling bruising
• Laboured or rapid breathing
• Blood in urine, stool, or vomit

Sometimes, dengue fever symptoms may be mild, resembling the flu or another viral infection. Younger individuals and those experiencing the disease for the first time often exhibit milder cases than older children and adults. Nevertheless, severe complications can arise, including dengue haemorrhagic fever, an unusual condition marked by elevated body temperature, harm to lymph and blood vessels, bleeding from the nose and gums, enlargement of the liver, and a breakdown of the circulatory system. These symptoms may progress to severe bleeding, shock, and potential fatality, known as dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Prompt recognition of these signs is crucial for timely medical intervention, mitigating the disease’s severity and averting dire consequences.

Diagnosis of Dengue

Given the similarity of early symptoms to other febrile illnesses, a precise diagnosis requires laboratory tests. The most common method involves detecting the virus’s genetic material or specific antibodies in the patient’s blood. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are pivotal in confirming dengue infections.

Treatment of Dengue

No specific antiviral exists for dengue fever treatment; management primarily focuses on supportive care. Patients are advised to stay hydrated to counteract the fluid loss associated with fever and potential bleeding.

Pain relievers such as acetaminophen are recommended for dengue treatment over non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to alleviate symptoms without increasing the risk of bleeding.

Avoid medicines with aspirin, which could worsen bleeding. In severe cases where complications like dengue haemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome arise, hospitalisation becomes essential.

How can Dengue be Prevented?

Preventing bites from infected mosquitoes is the most effective method to ward off the disease. This involves personal protection measures and initiatives to control mosquito populations.

To safeguard oneself:

• Apply mosquito repellents, even indoors.
• Wear long sleeves and pants, and tuck pants into socks when outdoors.
• Utilise air conditioning when indoors, if possible.
• Ensure secure, hole-free window and door screens. In unscreened or non-air-conditioned sleeping areas, use mosquito nets.
• Consult a healthcare professional if you observe symptoms of dengue.

Conclusion

This comprehensive blog equips readers with vital information on dengue, encompassing its causes, symptoms, prevention, and healthcare measures. Understanding the significance of early detection and adopting preventive strategies is crucial in mitigating the impact of this widespread disease. As dengue remains a global health concern, the knowledge shared here is a valuable tool for individuals to protect themselves and their communities. Having adequate health insurance coverage becomes essential, as it provides financial protection during dengue treatment and hospitalization. By staying informed and proactive, one can contribute to the collective effort to manage dengue effectively, emphasising the importance of public health awareness and individual responsibility in this challenging health issue.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your general physician or another certified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition. Relying on any information provided in this blog is solely at your own risk, and ICICI Lombard is not responsible for any effects or consequences resulting from the use of the information shared.

The gallbladder in your body is typically a pear-shaped organ located right below your liver. It stores bile, a digestive fluid made by your liver to help break down fats. Your gallbladder has three main layers of tissue, namely, an inner mucosa, a middle layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis, and an outer layer called the serosa. Nowadays, the incidence of gallbladder cancer is on the rise. In this blog, we will discuss all the important details that you should know about gallbladder cancer.

What is Gallbladder Cancer?

This type of cancer germinates when normal cells in your gallbladder begin to multiply uncontrollably, leading to the emergence of a tumour. This tumour's growth can take two paths: a malignant tumour that can infiltrate surrounding areas of your body or a benign tumour that grows but stays confined in a particular part of your gallbladder without spreading further. Note that irrespective of the type of gallbladder cancer, it starts in the inner layer of your gallbladder and then spreads outward as it grows.

Causes of Gallbladder Cancer

The question of what causes gallbladder cancer still remains a mystery among scientists. While the exact causes of most cases are still unclear, certain recognisable factors have been identified as potential risks.

Remember, different types of gallbladder cancer are tied to different risk factors. Having one or even a few of these factors doesn't necessarily mean you'll definitely get that type of cancer. They simply act as potential signs that might make you more vulnerable.

Risk Factors Associated with Gallbladder Cancer

The following are some of the most common risk factors associated with gallbladder cancer -

1. Gallstones and inflammation of the gallbladder, scientifically referred to as cholecystitis, are the most prominent risk factors for gallbladder cancer. Gallstones, resembling solid pebbles, form within your gallbladder, primarily composed of cholesterol and other substances present in bile. If you have a history of gallbladder conditions, especially gallstones, your risk of cancer is approximately five times higher compared to those without such conditions. Most cases involving inflamed gallbladders or gallstones do not progress to cancer.
2. As you age, your risk of developing gallbladder cancer increases, particularly if your age range falls between 85 and 89.
3. If you have a family history of gallbladder cancer, your risk of developing the condition is multiplied by five compared to those without such a familial background. However, due to the rarity of the cancer type, the increased risk associated with a family predisposition remains relatively minor.
4. Gallbladder cancer happens to be more prevalent among females than males, with 71% of diagnosed cases occurring in women. This gender difference is a notable characteristic of the disease.
5. Ionising radiation used in medical scans like X-rays and CT scans increases your risk of cancer.
6. If you have diabetes or a history of heavy alcohol consumption, your risk of gallbladder cancer is elevated. Note that these factors are not direct factors of what cause gallbladder cancer, but they can adversely aggravate your condition.
7. If you smoke, your risk of cancer is heightened, and being overweight or obese also increases your susceptibility to this type of cancer. Excess weight induces hormonal changes, particularly in women, potentially explaining the heightened risk.
8. Porcelain gallbladder, a consequence of persistent inflammation leading to calcium buildup on the inner wall of your gallbladder, is linked to an increased risk of gallbladder cancer. If you frequently experience inflamed gallbladders, you may be at risk of developing this type of cancer, and thus your doctor might recommend surgical removal of your gallbladder.

Symptoms of Gallbladder Cancer

The following are some of the commonly known symptoms of gallbladder cancer.

In the early stages of cancer, you might not experience any symptoms. As the cancer advances, symptoms tend to appear later. Some of them are -

• You might experience nausea and vomiting.
• Watch out for signs of jaundice, like yellowing of your skin and eyes, itching, dark urine, and pale stools, as it could be caused by blocked bile flow.
• You may start feeling discomfort on your right side, almost like a dragging sensation.
• Enlargement of your gallbladder due to blocked bile ducts might be noticeable during a physical exam or ultrasound.
• If cancer or gallstones block your bile ducts, the pain could become more intense.

Less common symptoms you could experience include

• swelling in your abdomen,
• loss of appetite,
• unexplained weight loss.

The liver is one of the largest organs of your body. It is situated in the upper right part of your abdomen and sheltered by your rib cage. Made up of two lobes, the liver's crucial functions involve creating bile to aid in breaking down dietary fats, storing glycogen as an essential energy reserve, and purifying harmful substances from your bloodstream, which are then expelled through your waste and urine. A critical ailment like liver cancer can adversely affect these operations by damaging the liver cells and disturbing their normal functioning. A staggering 905,677 instances of liver cancer were identified worldwide in 2020, ranking it as the third primary cause of cancer-related fatalities on a global level. Given the high risk it is only imperative to be well aware of what is liver cancer, what are the symptoms of liver cancer and how it is diagnosed and treated.

In this blog, we will discuss all the necessary information that you should know about liver cancer.

What is Liver Cancer?

Cancer is generally a condition characterised by cells growing uncontrollably; such cells that develop in your liver cause liver cancer. Your liver may get affected by cancer that either starts within it or comes from other parts of your body, eventually spreading to the liver. The majority of such cancer instances are secondary or metastatic, indicating that they actually begin somewhere else in your body. Your liver is made up of various types of cells, which can result in different types of tumours. These tumours can include both benign growth (non-cancerous) and malignant forms (spreads across your body).

Types of Liver Cancer

There are four primary types of liver cancer that can affect different parts of your liver simultaneously. Given below are the classification of different categorisation of liver cancer.

Hepatic angiosarcoma, an uncommon and aggressive form of malignancy, originates within the blood vessels of your liver. Hepatoblastoma, a rare form of liver cancer tends to primarily target infants and young children. The cells of this cancer closely resemble fetal liver cells and tend to cluster together, forming a sizable and distressing mass within your liver. In certain situations, this cancer could lead to the release of hormones that trigger premature puberty. Another primary liver cancer type is cholangiocarcinoma, commonly known as bile duct cancer. This rare and aggressive malignancy originates in the slender tubes responsible for carrying bile from your liver and gallbladder to your small intestine. The most widespread form of liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma, which emerges within your liver tissues and predominantly impacts those dealing with chronic liver conditions such as cirrhosis, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C.

Symptoms of Liver Cancer

By knowing what are the symptoms of liver cancer, you can ensure timely diagnosis and treatment. The following are some of the most common symptoms of liver cancer –

• Unexplained weight loss
• Abdominal pain or tenderness
• Jaundice (yellowing of skin/eyes)
• Loss of appetite
• Fatigue
• Swelling in abdomen
• Nausea and vomiting
• White, chalky stools
• Fever and chills
• Enlarged liver
• Itchy skin
• Pale-coloured stools
• Back pain
• Dark urine
• Ascites (fluid buildup in the abdomen)
• Weakness
• Vomiting blood
• Confusion or disorientation
• Early satiety
• Elevated liver enzymes

Risk Factors Associated with Liver Cancer

The following are some of the risk factors that can trigger cancer in your liver.

• Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), shows a clear gender difference. It is more prevalent among men. This is largely due to behavioural patterns affecting specific risk factors. Notably, the fibrolamellar subtype of HCC is more frequently found in women.
• If you smoke, are obese, or have type 2 diabetes, your risk of cancer is also elevated. Inherited metabolic disorders, exposure to carcinogenic substances called aflatoxins (produced by fungi contaminating certain foods), and contact with chemicals like vinyl chloride or thorotrast can similarly increase your risk of cancer.
• The risk of liver cancer is further heightened by cirrhosis, a condition marked by liver cell damage and scar tissue formation.
• Certain autoimmune diseases, namely primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), contribute to cirrhosis by damaging bile ducts, increasing the risk of liver cancer.
• Hereditary hemochromatosis, a condition involving excessive iron absorption, can lead to cirrhosis and, subsequently, the development of cancer.

Anabolic steroids typically used by athletes to increase muscle mass can also raise the risk of cancer.

Oesophageal cancer is a cell malignancy arising in the oesophagus, the tubular organ that runs from the throat to the stomach of your body. It is the sixth most frequent cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Hence, it is of major concern and a global health challenge. Oesophageal cancer develops slowly and thus takes several years for the symptoms to appear but once it starts to manifest, the condition may progress rapidly. It is observed more in men than women.

What is Oesophageal Cancer?

Cancer of the oesophagus develops when the cells that line the inner portion of the food pipe start to multiply in an uncontrolled way causing tumours. These cancer cells can occur anywhere in the oesophagus and can invade more regions of the gullet, as the condition progresses. Two types of oesophageal cancer are identified depending on the type of tissue where the malignancy starts -

• Adenocarcinoma: Adenocarcinoma arises from the tissue that produces mucus. It often affects the lower portion of the oesophagus.
• Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of oesophageal cancer forms in the squamous cells that line the interior of the food pipe. It can occur anywhere along the oesophagus but most commonly it is found to start in the upper and middle part of the gullet.

Symptoms of Oesophageal Cancer

The most common oesophagus symptoms of cancer are:

• Dysphagia- difficulty in swallowing down the food
• Heartburn or acid reflux that persists
• Indigestion that doesn’t go away
• Loss of appetite
• Feeling lethargic or fatigued
• Unexplained weight loss
• Pain in throat and hoarseness in voice
• Persistent cough
• Pain behind the breastbone

Block stool and coughing up blood are the rare symptoms associated with cancer of the oesophagus.

Risk Factors Associated with Oesophageal Cancer

There is a wide range of risk factors that increase the probability of developing oesophageal cancer in a person. Smoking and the use of smokeless tobacco pose a risk of developing oesophageal cancer. Chronic and heavy alcohol drinking is also found to elevate the risk of oesophageal cancer. Furthermore, having an unhealthy body weight may cause inflammation in the food pipe, which can later lead to cancer. Chronic untreated acid reflux disease can also lead to changes in the cells lining the lower part of the food pipe. This increases the chances of these cells becoming cancerous. It is important to note that Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection can bring about changes in the tissue in the vocal cord and mouth. This alteration in the cells may also lead to the development of cancer. Individuals who have had cancer in the neck or head are at risk of developing oesophageal cancer. Cancer of the oesophagus is also linked to rare diseases like achalasia and tylosis.

How is Oesophageal Cancer Diagnosed?

After inquiring about the symptoms and medical history of an individual, the doctor will recommend tests to diagnose the condition. One of them is the barium swallow test. In this special imaging test, barium and X-rays are used to produce images of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The patient needs to drink a liquid containing barium and then the healthcare provider will conduct the X-ray test.

CT(Computed Tomography) scan is one of the most commonly suggested processes for cancer.  A CT scan helps locate the position of the cancer in the oesophagus. It also looks at the chest, abdomen and pelvis to check whether the malignant cells have invaded these areas. For oesophageal cancer Gastroscopy/ Oesophago gastric duodenoscopy(OGD) is also suggested. It is an endoscopy test that uses a long flexible tube called an endoscope fitted with a tiny camera to get a picture of the inside of the oesophagus. This looks for abnormal areas or growths.

Alternatively, Endoscopic Ultrasound(EUS) can also be done. An endoscopic ultrasound scan combines ultrasound and endoscopy to investigate the inside of the food pipe. This can help the doctor find out the size of the tumour and check whether the cancerous cells have spread to other parts. Lastly, for identifying cancer, the biopsy is considered one of the most appropriate modes of diagnosis. The biopsy is the microscopic examination of the cells taken from the food pipe during an endoscopy.

Hyperthyroidism is the condition which occurs when the thyroid gland starts making and secreting too much thyroid hormone which results in a condition called an overactive thyroid that boosts up your metabolism in the body. The early diagnosis and treatment of hyperthyroidism can help the patient get some relief from their symptoms and can prevent severe complications. In some cases, several health conditions can lead to hyperthyroidism, most commonly caused by Graves’ disease.  The hyperactive condition of the thyroid gland more commonly occurs in women than men between the ages of 20 to 40 years.

What is Hyperthyroidism?

Hyperthyroidism conditions occur when the thyroid which is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck produces more amount of thyroid hormone. This gland is responsible for the body’s metabolism and controls the way the body uses energy. This hormone can affect nearly every organ in your body and control many bodily functions. For example, it affects your breathing, heart rate, weight, digestion, and moods and if it is not treated then hyperthyroidism can cause serious problems with your heart, bones, and muscles, So, it is always advisable to seek medical help when diagnosed with the condition of hyperthyroidism.

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

There is a wide range of hyperthyroidism symptoms that can impact your entire body. The major ones are:

• Rapid or irregular heartbeat
• Unintentional Weight loss
• Nervousness, anxiety and irritability
• Increased appetite in the younger generation
• Diarrhoea and more frequent bowel movements
• Blurry vision
• Shaky hands and tremors sometimes
• Impaired muscles that result in weakness in the body
• Urge to pee more frequently
• Persistent thirst
• Loss of interest in sex
• Women can notice some menstrual changes monthly
• Trouble tolerating those results in excessive sweating in the body
• A person experiences sleep issue
• Hair loss and change in hair texture
• Bulging of the eyes that can be seen with Graves disease
• Mood swings
• A person may experience a condition; Goiter in which the thyroid gland gets enlarged which may cause the neck to look swollen. The symptoms may vary based on the age of a person as it is noticed that older people start losing their appetite and feel disconnected from society

Causes of Hyperthyroidism

Discussed below are some of the major hyperthyroidism causes:

• Graves’s disease: It is an autoimmune disorder in which your immune system attacks your thyroid which makes your thyroid create too much thyroid hormone. Graves’ disease is a hereditary condition that can pass down in the family if any member of your family has this disease, then there are more chances that others in the family could have it, too. This disease is more commonly reported in females at birth than in males. Graves’s disease is known to be the major cause of hyperthyroidism which makes up to 85% of cases.
• Thyroid nodules: If any sort of nodule or lumps of cell growth is seen in the thyroid gland then it is said to be thyroid nodule which is rarely cancerous.
• Thyroiditis: It is the inflammation of your thyroid gland which is mostly painless and may appear post-delivering a baby in women, a condition known as postpartum thyroiditis. If in case your thyroid has not recovered then it may lead to hypothyroidism.
• Consuming excess iodine: Excessive intake of iodine in your body increases the risk for hyperthyroidism that activates your thyroid gland and more thyroid hormone is produced in your body. Some sort of treatment and medication can also increase the chances of hyperthyroidism. If in case a patient is receiving intravenous iodinated contrast (iodine “dye”) then he may be at risk of getting hyperthyroidism. The medicine name, Amiodarone contains a high amount of iodine that may also cause hyperthyroidism. Other medicines that may cause hyperthyroidism are cough syrups, seaweed and seaweed-based supplements.
• Too much thyroid medicine: If a person is taking too much of medicines to treat hypothyroidism (underactive hypothyroidism) can also be affected.

Hey there! Ready to explore the world of hypothyroidism with us? Buckle up as we take a relaxed yet informative journey through the realm of underactive thyroids. If you've ever wondered why your energy levels hit snooze or your metabolism is playing hard to get, we've got the lowdown on hypothyroidism. This condition might just be the culprit. This sneaky condition messes with your thyroid gland, making it slack off, and producing enough thyroid hormones. Stick around to uncover the symptoms, causes, and treatment options, all while keeping it light and breezy.

What is Hypothyroidism?

Ever wondered about that little gland in your neck that seems to have a say in how you feel and function? Well, that's your thyroid. Do you know what is hypothyroidism? Alright, when your thyroid decides to take a bit of a nap on the job, we call it hypothyroidism. We use this fancy term as a way of saying that your thyroid gland isn't producing enough thyroid hormones to keep things running smoothly. These hormones are like the conductors of a symphony, directing everything from your metabolism to your mood. It's like the orchestra losing its rhythm when they're in short supply.

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism, that tricky condition where your thyroid decides to take a snooze, doesn't just play it subtly. It brings a whole bouquet of hypothyroidism symptoms that might have you wondering what's going on. Here is the lowdown on what to watch out for:

• Fatigue: Ever feel like you are lugging around a bag of bricks? Hypothyroidism might be the culprit, draining your energy like a leaky faucet.
• Weight Gain: Suddenly, your jeans seem to be having a shrinking spell. Your metabolism slowing down can cause uninvited pounds to settle in.
• Feeling Chilly: Winter might be over, but you're still wrapped in layers. Hypothyroidism can leave you cold when everyone else is soaking up the warmth.
• Dry Everything: Your hair turns into a straw-like mess, your skin is dried, and your sense of humour? Well, that might be feeling a bit dry too.
• Mood Swings: If your emotions go on a rollercoaster ride without your consent, the thyroid might play puppeteer with your mood strings.
• Brain Fog: It is like someone switched off the lights in your mental attic. Memory lapses and confusion become regular guests.
• Muscle Aches: Your muscles are throwing a protest party, leaving you with stiffness and discomfort.
• Slow Heartbeat: Your heart seems to have taken up slow dancing, beating to its leisurely rhythm.
• Voice Changes: Did someone steal your voice and replace it with a croak? That's hypothyroidism, making your vocal cords a bit hoarse.
• Swelling: Your face might be puffier than a marshmallow, and your joints? They're joining the party with stiffness and swelling.
• Constipation: Your digestive system's engine seems sputtering, causing frustrating constipation.

Causes of Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is like a puzzle; its pieces can be traced back to various factors that disrupt the thyroid's harmony. Let's uncover these pieces of hypothyroidism causes one by one:

• Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: This sneaky culprit is an autoimmune condition where your body's defence system decides to attack your thyroid gland. The result? Inflammation and damage leave your thyroid struggling to produce enough hormones.
• Radiation Therapy: Sometimes, treating other health issues, like certain cancers, requires zapping your neck area with radiation. Unfortunately, this can damage thyroid cells, hampering hormone production.
• Radioactive Iodine Treatment: This treatment is often used for an overactive thyroid. However, it can backfire and cause an underactive thyroid as the radiation intended to slow down the thyroid's activity might overshoot the mark.
• Medications: Some meds, like amiodarone for heart problems and certain cancer treatments, can be thyroid disruptors. They might interfere with hormone production, leading to hypothyroidism.
• Thyroid Surgery: If your thyroid is partially or completely removed due to a condition like thyroid cancer, hypothyroidism might knock on your door. Without your trusty thyroid, hormone production takes a hit.
• Iodine Deficiency: Iodine is like fuel for your thyroid, helping it produce hormones. Your thyroid might go on strike if your diet is low on iodine (a rare scenario in many developed countries).
• Pregnancy: Hormones during pregnancy go on a rollercoaster ride. Sometimes, this can lead to inflammation of the thyroid post-pregnancy, a condition known as postpartum thyroiditis.
• Congenital Thyroid Issues: Some babies are born with a thyroid that doesn’t function properly. It is congenital hypothyroidism, requiring early diagnosis and intervention to prevent complications.
• Pituitary or Hypothalamus Issues: These brain areas play directors to your thyroid, releasing hormones that tell it what to do. If these areas stumble, your thyroid's performance might hit a roadblock.
• Ageing: Like a car engine that loses a bit of its pep with time, your thyroid can also slow down as you age. It can lead to a decrease in hormone production.
• Autoimmune Disorders: Some autoimmune conditions like type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis can tag hypothyroidism as an unwanted plus-one.
• Genetics: If thyroid issues run in your family, you might be more likely to deal with hypothyroidism at some point.

The ongoing Monkeypox global situation has resulted in the unfortunate loss of 20 lives. Between May 13th, 2022 and September 19th of the same year, the world witnessed the registration of more than 62,000 instances of human monkeypox cases across 104 nations. Notably, 97 of these countries had no prior history of monkeypox outbreaks. This sudden spread of the Monkeypox virus has put the global health think tank to pause and ponder. Subsequently, there is a lot of discussion going around aspects like monkeypox symptoms, and monkeypox treatment. By knowing the relevant information about this condition, it is easy to spot the symptoms and get medical intervention whenever necessary.

What is Monkeypox?

Monkeypox, also known as Mpox, is a zootonic disease. It is important to understand that zoonotic illnesses, also called zoonoses, emerge when pathogens are transferred between animals and humans.

This virus appears in two primary forms or clades: Clade I, which originates in Central Africa, and Clade II, emerging from West Africa. The ongoing worldwide outbreak spanning from 2022 to 2023 can be traced back to Clade IIb, a specific subtype within the milder West African clade.

Causes of Monkeypox

The Mpox virus is the primary cause of monkeypox. This virus belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus in the Poxviridae family. It is worth noting that encounters with Mpox are rare, making it an infrequent phenomenon. It is important to understand that this virus has the potential to affect anyone. The virus is primarily transmitted to humans through direct contact with infected animals, particularly rodents like squirrels and monkeys, or via consumption of their meat. Person-to-person transmission can occur through respiratory droplets, skin lesions, or close contact.

Symptoms of Monkeypox

The following are some of the commonly known monkeypox symptoms.

It is important to note that after you have been exposed to the virus, there's an average period of 1 to 2 weeks before symptoms become apparent. The initial monkeypox symptoms are quite similar to flu-like symptoms. If you have had close contact with someone with monkeypox, seeking medical help is recommended. You might experience chills, fatigue, fever, headache, muscle and back discomfort, and swollen lymph nodes.

Generally, the illness caused by monkeypox sticks around for about 2 to 4 weeks.

There may be a rash that might resemble pimples or blisters and might make you uncomfortable. It can pop up on different parts of your body, such as your face, mouth, hands, feet, chest, genitals, or anus. In severe cases, seeking emergency medical attention is crucial. This applies if you experience extremely stiff neck, chest pain, trouble speaking, passing, difficulty in moving, seizures or problems in breathing.

Potential Complications Associated with Monkeypox

By knowing what is monkeypox's potential complications, you can take adequate steps as soon as possible. You should be aware that potential complications associated with the Mpox condition typically include bronchopneumonia, sepsis, encephalitis (inflammation of brain tissue), corneal infection affecting the outer layer of your eye, and the risk of secondary infections.  During the recent monkeypox outbreak, 41% of individuals with HIV had the virus, raising worries about its persistence in HIV/AIDS patients.

How Does Monkeypox Spread?

Direct contact with the skin lesions, blood, or bodily fluids of an infected person puts you at risk of contracting the monkeypox virus. Monkeypox spreads primarily through rodents like dormice, striped mice, Gambian rats, and African rope squirrels. This virus can essentially affect anyone belonging to any age, gender, race, or sexual orientation. Be cautious about indirect transmission, like touching areas of an infected person's body such as the eyes, mouth, genitals, or items they've touched, like bedding or towels.

Close contact with bodily fluids or lesions of an infected animal is also a potential route. If an animal carries the virus, it can be transmitted to you through actions like scratching, licking, or biting. When you consume the meat of an infected animal, it can result in virus transmission to you.

Activities as personal as sexual contact can also lead to the virus transferring. If you are pregnant and infected, there's a risk of passing the virus to your developing foetus. In some cases, the virus can enter your system through infected respiratory droplets released when someone coughs or sneezes. This means you could contract the virus without direct physical contact.

Hey there, let us dive into the world of myositis! It is a condition that messes with your muscles, causing inflammation and discomfort. We will break down what is myositis, from the reasons behind it to how to deal with it.

What is Myositis?

Imagine your immune system gets a little mixed up and starts attacking your muscles. That is myositis meaning for you! Simply put, it is like your body's defence team turning on itself, causing chronic inflammation in your muscles. The result? Weakness, pain, and a not-so-pleasant feeling overall. Myositis is a type of myopathy.

Causes of Myositis

Alright, let us dig deeper into the root myositis causes. This condition is like a puzzle with various pieces, each contributing to the inflammation and discomfort in your muscles.

Autoimmune conditions play a significant role in sparking myositis. Think of your immune system as an overenthusiastic friend who can't tell friends from foes. Conditions like dermatomyositis and polymyositis are examples of your immune system going rogue, attacking your muscles. It is like your body's defence mechanism turns into a misdirected missile.

Viruses and bacteria can be party crashers regarding myositis. Some viruses like the common cold, flu, or even HIV, can directly invade your muscle tissue or release substances that cause muscle damage. It is like they are throwing a wild dance party, and your muscles are caught in the crossfire. Bacterial infections, though less common, can also lead to myositis.

Believe it or not, some medications can be troublemakers for your muscles. Certain drugs, such as alpha-interferon, alcohol, cocaine, and statins, have been linked to muscle damage. It might not cause full-blown inflammation, but it sure stirs up some discomfort. These meds are prying on your muscles, leaving them in a mess.

Even your love for exercise can sometimes contribute to muscle discomfort. Vigorous workouts can lead to temporary muscle pain, swelling, and weakness. It's like your muscles send out an SOS after a tough workout. But fret not; rest and recovery usually do the trick to get them back in action.

Rhabdomyolysis Drama is like fast and furious muscle breakdowns. Rhabdomyolysis occurs when your muscles break down at an accelerated rate. It can be due to various reasons, including severe physical exertion or certain medical conditions. The result? Muscle pain, weakness, and urine that might turn dark brown or red. It's like a dramatic episode in the muscle world.

Symptoms of Myositis            

When it comes to myositis symptoms, your body might send out some unmistakable signs that something is amiss. Muscle weakness takes centre stage, making everyday tasks more challenging. Imagine feeling like your muscles are playing a disappearing act, leaving you struggling to lift, grip, or even stand up. This weakness often develops gradually over weeks or months, primarily affecting larger muscle groups like your neck, shoulders, hips, and back.

But that is not all – the inflammation party comes with other uninvited guests. You might find yourself dealing with muscle pain, a sensation of ache that just won't quit. It is like being constantly reminded that your muscles are in a bit of a tiff with inflammation. Sometimes, this pain might be absent, leaving the weakness as the main performer.

And if your immune system's overzealous attack extends to your skin, a rash might appear grand. Fatigue might sneak into the picture, making you feel like your energy levels are running low. Thickened skin on your hands, difficulties swallowing, or even breathing troubles could join the ensemble of symptoms.

For those whose myositis is triggered by an infection, the party might start with classic viral symptoms like a cough, fever, runny nose, or sore throat. Interestingly, these viral myositis symptoms might vanish days or weeks before the myositis-related discomfort kicks in. It's like your body is playing a game of musical chairs with symptoms.

Diagnosis of Myositis

Diagnosing myositis disease involves a comprehensive approach to understanding the underlying myositis causes and manifestations. Doctors typically consider a person's medical history, physical examinations, and laboratory tests to reach an accurate diagnosis. They also elevated levels of muscle enzymes, such as creatine kinase. Using blood tests doctors can indicate muscle inflammation. Additionally, specific antibodies may be identified through blood tests, aiding in pinpointing potential autoimmune conditions.

Advanced imaging techniques like MRI scans provide detailed images of muscles, helping to identify regions of myositis and any changes occurring over time. Electromyography (EMG) involves the insertion of needle electrodes into muscles to assess their response to electrical nerve signals, helping to detect muscle weaknesses or damage attributed to myositis.

For definitive diagnosis, doctors often perform a muscle biopsy. This procedure for myositis involves extracting a small sample of muscle tissue from a weakened muscle, which is then analysed to confirm the presence of myositis and determine its specific type. This biopsy is considered the most accurate diagnostic tool for myositis

Due to the overlap of symptoms with various other conditions causing muscle weakness and pain, diagnosing myositis may require time and thorough evaluation. The multifaceted diagnostic process ensures that the underlying cause of muscle inflammation and weakness is accurately identified, allowing for appropriate treatment strategies to be initiated.